Open Access Library Journal, 2014, 1, 1-13
Published Online June 2014 in OALib. http://www.oalib.com/journal
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1100508
How to cite this paper: Rana, S. and Rana, K.K. (2014) Review on Medicinal Usefulness of Vitex negundo Linn. Open Access
Library Journal, 1: e508. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1100508
Review on Medicinal Usefulness of
Vitex negundo Linn
Suparna Rana1, Kalyan Kumar Rana2*
1Department of Applied Science, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, WB, India
2Department of Chemistry, Gushkara Mahavidyalaya, Gushkara, Burdwan, WB, India
Received 2 April 2014; revised 7 May 2014; accepted 12 June 2014
Copyright © 2014 by authors and OALib.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Abstract
Vitex negundo Linn. is a woody plant found mainly in Indian subcontinent and its neighbouring
countries. Almost all the sections of the plant possess a massive amount of phytochemical second-
ary metabolites that impart an unparalleled variety of medicinal uses of the plant. Point to note
that a single plant species finds use for treatment of a large spectrum of human health ailments in
traditional as well as folk medicines, lion part of which have been experimentally proved to be
absolutely true. In fact the plant is a constituent of a number of commercially available herbal
formulations and has also shown an efficient bio-control instrument. Exercise of biotechnologi-
cally advanced procedures would provide resources of rapid proliferation and management of the
plant species and from the point of view of phytochemistry, it furnishes opportunities for aug-
mentation of the quality and quantity of the biologically potent secondary metabolites occurring
in the plant. In this paper the already reported medicinal uses and pharmacological activities of
different parts of the plant have been reviewed.
Keywords
Vitex negundo, Medicinal Uses, Analgesic, Anti-Inflam matory, Antioxidant, Anti fu nga l
1. Introduction
Our globe is slowly progressing towards herbal formulations which in practice are known to be extremely valu-
able against a large inventory of diseases and sicknesses. Moreover, they are not known to be responsible for
any notable bad effects [1] and are readily available at inexpensive prices [2]. Prajapati et a l. [3], however, cau-
tioned us stating that plant medicines are efficien t and without side-effects, provided that they are chosen prop-
*Corresponding a uthor.

S. Rana, K. K. Rana
2
erly and taken under correct medical direction. The active constituent, habitually a second ary metabolite, differs
in quality and quantity for a given plant species growing in different places. The market value of such plants
depends on their active substance rather than simply on their ample growth. Purohit and Vyas [4] guess that
roughly 70,000 species of the plant kingdom have been used as herbal medicine at one time or other.
Ethnobotany is considered as the study of the native uses of plants and the relationship between man and
plants. Study of ethnobotany reveals that Vitex negundo has been used since ancient times as a female remedy
[5]. It was found to diminish sexual desire and it is recorded that Roman wives whose husbands were abroad
with the legions spread the leaves of Vitex negundo on their beds for this purpose [5]. Later, it became known as
the chaste (meaning innocent or faithful) berry tree! During the middle ages, chaste berry is thought to effect on
sexual desire that gradually made it a food spice at monasteries, where it was commonly called “Monk’s p epp er”
or “Cloister” (a covered arcade usually meant for the monks) pepper [5]. In folklore, it was also acknowledged
as an important European remedy for controlling and regulating the female reproductive system [5]. Long bef ore,
it was used as a regulator to menstrual periods and to treat amenorrhea (abnormal suppression of menstruation)
and dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation). It also helped ease menopausal troubles and relieve the child birth
process [5].
2. Plant Description
Vitex negundo is an erect shrub or a small tree that grows from 2 to 8 m in height. The bark is usually red dish-
brown. Its leaves are br anched into th r e e to fi ve finger like lanceolate leaflets (Figure 1). Each leaflet is around 4
to 10 cm in length, with the central leaflet being the longest and possess a stalk. The leaf edges are toothed or
notched like saw and the bottom surface is covered with hair [6]. The copious purple-white flowers are borne in
panicles about 10 to 20 cm in length (Figure 1). The petals are of different lengths, w ith the middle lower lobe
being the longest. Both the corolla and calyx are covered in dense hairs [6]. The fragrant flowers are hermaph-
rodite [5] (have both male and female organs) in nature and are pollinated by insects.
Taxonomical classification: Kingdom—Plantae, Subkingdom—Tracheobionta, Superdivision—Sper mat o-
phyta, Class—Magnoliopsida, Subclass—Asteridae, Order—Lamiales, Family—Verbenaceae, Genus—Vitex,
Species—negundo.
3. Distribution and Habitate
Vitex negundo is native to tropical Eastern and Southern Africa and Asia [7]. Countri es it is indige nous to i nclu de
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Indi a, Indon esia, Ja pan, Kenya, Madagascar, Malaysia,
Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tan zani a, Thailand, and Vietnam
[7]. It is commonly found throughout India, mainly in warmer areas and ascending to an altitude of 1500 m in
outer Western Himalayas [5]. The plant prefers sandy and loamy soils of acidic, neutral or basic character and
requires well-drained soil. It can even grow in nutritionally poor soil [5]. The plant is generally found near water
bodies, grasslands and mixed open forests [8].
Figure 1. The plant Vitex negundo with five lanceolate leaflets and panicles of purple-white flowers.

S. Rana, K. K. Rana
3
4. Phytochemistry
According to Namdeo [9], about a quarter of all the prescribed pharmaceuticals in developed countries include
compounds that are directly or indirectly, obtainable from plants. Vitex negundo has been found to be a ware-
house of a number of biologically active components or phytochemicals that possess generous use in the phar-
maceutical industries. Generally, phytochemicals or secondary metabolites occur in the form of complex mix-
tures that differ among plant organs and stages of development [10] [11]. Ta ble 1 offers a detailed report of the
different phytochemical constituents that have been isolated from different parts of Vitex negundo.
5. Medicinal Importance
The value of natural products in modern medicine has been well recognized. Inspection of medical indications
by source of compounds has demonstrated that natural products and related drugs are used to treat about 87% of
all categorized human ailments [27]. A report of World Health Organization says that more than 80% of world
population depend on traditional medicine for their primary health care needs [28]. The increased interest in
Table 1. Phytochemical constituents of different plant parts of Vitex negundo.
Plant body part Phytochemical components References
Leaves
5-hydroxy-3,6,7,3’,4’-pentamethoxyflavone [10]
6’-p-hydroxybenzoyl mussaenosidic acid; 2’-p-hydroxybenzoyl mussaenosidic acid [12] [13]
5, 3’-dihydroxy-7,8,4’-trimethoxyflavanone; 5,3’-dihydroxy-6,7,4’-trimethoxyflavanone [14]
Viridiflorol; β-caryophyllene; sabinene; 4-terpineol; gamma-terpinene;
caryophyllene oxide; 1-oceten-3-ol; globulol [15]
Betulinic acid [3β-hydroxylup-20-(29)-en-28-oic acid]; ursolic acid [2β-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-
oic
acid]; n-hentriacontanol; β-sitosterol; p-hydroxybenzoic acid [16]
Protocatechuic acid; oleanolic acid; flavonoids [17]
Angusid; casticin; vitamin-C; nishindine; gluco-nonitol; p-hydroxybenzoic acid; sitosterol [18]
Seeds
3β-acetoxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid; 2α,3α-dihydroxyoleana-5,12-dien-28-oic acid;
2β,3α diacetoxyoleana-5,12-dien-28-oic acid;
2α,3β-diacetoxy-18-hydroxyoleana-5,12-dien-28-oic acid [19] [20]
Vitedoin-A; vitedoin-B; α-phenylnaphthalene-ty pe lignan alkaloid, vitedoamine-A;
five other lignan derivatives [21]
6-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-
7-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-2-naphthaldehyde [22]
β-sitosterol; p-hydroxybenzoic acid; 5-oxyisophthalic acid; n-tritriacontane, n-hentriacontane;
n-pentatriacontane; n-nonacosane [18]
Root
2β,3α-diacetoxyoleana-5,12-dien-28-oic acid; 2α,3α-dihydroxyoleana-5,12-dien-28-oic acid;
2α,3β-diacetoxy-18-hydroxyoleana-5,12-dien-28-oic acid; vitexin and isovitexin [23]
Negundin-A; negundin-B; (+)-diasyringaresinol; (+)-lyoniresinol;
vitrofolal-E and vitrofolal-F [24]
Acetyl oleanolic acid; sitosterol;
3-formyl-4,5-dimethyl-8-oxo-5H-6,7-dihydronaphtho-(2,3β)-furan [25]
Essential oil of
fresh leaves, flowers
and dried fruits
δ-guaiene; guaia-3,7-dienecaryophyllene epoxide; ethyl-hexadecenoate; α-selinene;
germacren-4-ol; caryophyllene epoxide; (E)-nerolidol; β-selinene;
α-cedrene; germacrene D; hexadecanoic acid; p-cymene and valencene [26]

S. Rana, K. K. Rana
4
plant derived drugs is mainly because of the wide spread belief that the herbal medicines are safer than precious
synthetic (mainly allopathic) drugs which, in general, possess side effects. On the other hand, there is a conti-
nuous development of resistant strains that pose the need for search and advancement of new drugs to cure dis-
eases [29]. Usually, herbal medicines, rath er than merely curing a particular disease, aims at returning the body
back to its natural state of health [3 0]. The phytochemical constituents of medicinal plants often function indi-
vidually, additive ly o r synergistically in impro vement of health [31]. After having analyzed the various chemical
components available in different parts of Vitex negundo, it is essential that focus shif ts to the medicinal app lica-
tions of the plant. Many medicinal properties have been endorsed to Vitex negundo and the plant has also been
comprehensively used in treatment of a large number of ailments [32]. These properties have been categorized
under thre e heads—traditional medicine, folk medicine and pharmacological studies.
Traditional Medicine: Traditional medicine mainly comprises of Indian Ayurveda, Siddha, Arabic Unani and
Chinese herbal medications. Larg ely in Asia and Latin America, people con tinue to use traditional medicin e as a
result of long past ritu al and cultural beliefs. Tr aditional medicine accounts f or a large part of all health care de-
livered in China. Even greater part of people in Africa depend on traditional medicines to help meet their health
care requirements [33]-[36].
Ayurveda—Vitex negundo is mentioned in the verses of the Charaka Samhita which is unquestionably the
most ancient and authoritative textbook of Indian Ayurveda. The plant has been designated as an anthelminthic
(drugs that expe l parasitic worms i.e., helminths, from the body) (verse Su: 4 - 15) and is prescribed as a vermi-
fuge (verse Vi: 7 - 21) in the description on the Charaka Samhita by Sharma [37]. Other Ayurvedic uses of Vitex
negundo are illustrated by Tirtha [38]. People sleep on pillows stuffed with Vitex negundo leaves to get rid of
catarrh (secretion of excess mucus through nose and throat because of cold) and headache and smoke the leaves
for relief. Crushed leaf poultice is applied to cure headaches, neck gland sores, tubercular neck swellings and
sinusitis. Essential oil of the leaves is also successful in treatment of sexually transmitted disease s and other sy-
philitic skin ailments. A leaf decoction with Piper nigrum is used in catarrhal fever with heaviness of head and
dull hearing. Application of Vitex negundo for the treatment of dysmenorrhea in Ayurveda is reported by Jadav
and Bhutani [39]. Patkar [40] noted to the preparations enumerated in Anubhoga Vaidya Bhaga, a compendium
of formulations in cosmetology, in outlining the use of Vitex negundo leaves along with those of Azadirachta
indica, Eclipta alba, Sphaeranthus indicus and Carum copticum in a prominent renovation treatment known as
Kayakalpa. Vish agarva taila, an important Ayurvedic nervine sedative contains extracts of different parts of Vi-
tex negundo [41].
Siddha—Reported to have evolved more than ten thousand years ago in southern India, the Siddha system of
medicine is considered one of the most ancien t trad itional medical syste ms. The pr emier scien tists of this system
are known as Siddhars and Agathiyar is said to be the guru of all Siddhars whose numerous disciples wrote
thousands of texts on Siddha, including medicine and formed the propounders of the system to the world. The
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha (CCRAS, New Delhi), established in 1978, by Depart-
ment of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy), Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare, Govt. of Ind ia, coordinates and promotes research in this field. Also, the Central Council of In-
dian Medicine ( CCIM, New Delhi), a statutory body established in 1971 under AYUSH, monitors higher educa-
tion in the areas of Indian medicine, including Siddha.
Unani—Khare [42] outlines the purposes of Vitex negundo, commonly known as Nishinda in Unani medicine.
The seeds are taken internally with sugarcane vinegar for elimination of bulges. Pulverized seeds are used in
spermatorrhea (excessive accidental ejaculation) and found to serve as an aphrodisiac (increases se xual desire)
when used along w ith dry Zingiber officinale a nd milk.
Chinese Herbal Medicine—This is one of the most rich and widely cultivated form of traditional medicine
that also finds use of Vitex negundo from remote past. This Chinese Pharmacopoeia prescribes the fruits of the
plant in the treatment of reddened, painful, and inflated eyes, headache and arthritic joints [43].
Folk Medicine: Folklore systems of medicine in the region of Indian subcontinent and Africa continue to
serve a large segment of rural population, especially those in trib al areas, r egardless of the introduction of mod-
ern medicines [44]. Table 2 and Table 3 show the varied use of Vitex negundo as folk medicine along with its
ethnobotanical diversity and ubiquity.
Pharmacological Studies: The entire plant is used for medicinal purposes. The leaves are astringent, febrifuge
(red uces fev er), s ed ative, s timulant, vermifuge (expels intestinal worms) and used to reduce severe pain in rheu-
matic joints. The extract of the leaves is utilized for insecticidal activity, removing foetid (offensively malodor-

S. Rana, K. K. Rana
5
Table 2. Uses of Vitex negundo in folk medicine in India.
State Region Local name Used in the treatment of Reference
Andhra Pradesh Puttaparthy Tella vavilli Asthma, cancer [45]
Used as bath for women in puerperal state
and for new born children
Unpublished
Assam - Pochatia
Jaundice [46]
Urticaria, cellulitis, abcesses, carbuncles, ecze ma [47]
Liver disorders [48]
Himachal Pradesh
Garhwal Sambhalu Kwashiorkor [1]
Parvati Valley Bana Wounds, body ache [49]
Karnataka
Dharwad Lakki, Karilakki Toothache [50]
Mysore Bilenekki Febrile, catarrhal and rheumatic afflictions [1]
Uttara Kanada Nekki Migraine [51]
Maharashtra
Konkan Lingur Rheumatism [1]
Amaravati Samhalu Encephalitis [52]
Chota Nagpur Nirgundi Expectorant [1]
Satpura Nirgundi Joint ache [44]
Odisha Malkangiri Languni Jaundice [53]
Tamil Nadu
Southern parts Notchi,
Chinduvaram,
Nirnochchi,
Nochchi,
Vellai-nochchi
Antidote for snake bite [54]
Madurai
Respiratory disorders, fever, headache
[55]
Kanchipuram [56]
Salem and Tiruchirapalli [ 57]
Uttar Pradesh
Jaunsar-Bawar Hills S omi Eye pain [ 58]
Moradabad Mala Refrigerant for cattle [59]
Uttaranchal - 48 different types of ailments [60]
Table 3. Uses of Vitex negundo in folk medicine outside India.
Country Region Local name Used in the treatment of Reference
Bangladesh Chitagong Nishinda Weakness, headache, vomiting, malaria, black fever [61]
China Guangdong Muching, Huangjing Common cold, flu and cough [62]
Nepal Kali, Gandaki Simali Sinusitis, whooping cough [63]
Pakistan
Buner Marvandaey Chest-pain, backache
used as toothbrush [64]
Kot Manzaray
Baba Valley Sambhalu Used as anti-allergenic agent [65]
Margallah hills Nirgud Gum and skin diseases [66]
Siran valley Kalgari Used as medicine for buffaloes in colic [67]
Phillipines - Lagundi A number of ailments including cancer [68]
Sri Lanka - Nika Eye disease, toothache, rheumatism
used as a tonic, carminative and vermifuge [1]

S. Rana, K. K. Rana
6
Table 4. Pharmacological evidences of Vitex negundo.
Entry Ailments Reference
1
Anti
-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-rheumatic activity: detailed studies have established anti-inflammatory
properties of
Vitex negundo extracts in acute and sub-acute inflammation. Anti-inflammatory and
pain suppressing activities of fresh leaves of
the plant are attributed to prostaglandin synthesis inhibition,
antihistamine
, membrane stabilizing and antioxidant activities.
[69]-[80]
2
Antioxidant
activity: leaf extracts of Vitex negundo were determined to possess anti-oxidant potential.
The extracts were found to be useful in decreasing levels of superoxide dismutase
, catalase and
glutathione peroxidase in Freund’s adjuvant induced arthritic
-rats [82]. This extract also possess the ability to
fight oxidative stress by reducing lipid peroxidation because of the presence of flavones
, vitamin C and
carotene
[83]. Rooban [84] measured the antioxidant and therapeutic potential of Vitex negundo flavonoids
in
modulating solenoid-induced cataract and found it to be effective.
[81]-[85]
3
Enzy
me inhibitory activity: root extracts of Vitex negundo showed inhibitory activity against enzymes such
as lipoxygenase butyryl
-cholinesterase, α-chymotrypsin, xanthine-oxidase, tyrosinase. HIV type 1 reverse
transcriptase inhibitory activity of the aqueous extract of the aerial parts of
Vitex negundo has also been
reported
[90].
[24] [86]-[90]
4
Antimicrobial
activity: this was assessed using the minimum inhibitory concentration assay. Through
bioactivity
-guided fractionation, the fraction responsible for the antimicrobial activity was determined.
The toxicity profile
, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the tetrazolium
cellular viability
, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 5-lipoxygenase assays respectively. The antimalarial
activity of the extracts and isolated compound was also investigat
ed on the chloroquine-resistant
gambian
FCR-3 strain of Plasmodium falciparum using the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporation assay.
[78] [91]
5
Histomorphological and
cytotoxic effects: histomorphological study of Vitex negundo in mice reveals that
the stomach tissue to be unaffected even by toxic doses while dose
-dependent changes were observed in
the heart
, liver and lung tissues. Cytotoxic effect of leaf extracts of Vitex negundo was tested and affirmed
using COLO
-320 tumour cells. It was also observed that the chloroform extracts of Vitex negundo leaves to
be toxic to a human cancer cell line panel while on the other hand there are remark that
Vitex negundo
extracts were non
-cytotoxic on mammary and genito-urinary cells of mice.
[70] [92]-[94]
6
Antinociceptive (reducing sensitivity to painful stimuli)
activity: tail flick test in rats and acetic acid
induced writhing in mice were in use to study the antinociceptive activity of
Vitex negundo leaf extract
which propose that this plant possesses both central and peripheral analgesic activity. The central
analgesic action does not seem to be mediated through opioid receptors.
[78] &
references
cited therein
7
Dru
g potentiating activity: it has been found that Vitex negundo extracts potentiated the result of
commonly used anti
-inflamma tory drugs viz., ibuprofen and phenylbut az on e, analgesics such as meperidine,
aspirin
, morphine and pethidine sedati ve-hypnotic drugs like pentobarbit one, diazepam and
chlorpromazine anti
-convulsive drugs like diphenyl hydantoin and valpor ic acid.
[74] [79]
[95] [96]
8
Effect on
reproductive ability: the flavonoid rich frac tion of seeds of Vitex negundo caused disruption of
the latter stages of spermatogenesis in dogs and interfered with male reproductive function in rats. It must
however be noted that these findings are in sharp contrast with the traditional use of
Vitex negundo as
aphrodisiac. Hu
et al. [73] determined that ethanolic extracts of Vitex negundo showed estrogen-like activity
and propounded its use in hormone replacement therapy.
[42] [97]-[99]
9
Anticonvulsant (prevents intense
, violent and uncontrolled muscular contractions) activity: mainly the
leaf extracts of the plant showed anticonvulsant activities. The root extracts in petroleum provides
protection against Leptazole induced convulsions whereas methanolic extracts of the leaves furnished
significant protection against Strychn
ine and Leptazole induced convulsions. The leaves of Vitex negundo
also have shown ability to potentiate the effects of standard anticonvulsants.
[79] [80] [95]
[100] [101]
10
Antifungal
activity: Vitex negundo has been found to highly effective against the fungus Altenaria
alternate
, Curvularia lunata, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus niger,
Candida albicans
, Fusarium solani , Microsporum canis etc. [102]-[104]
11
Anti
-tumor and anticancer activity: It is found that the methanol extract of Vitex negundo showed
outstanding antitumor activity in a concentration
-dependent approach across all the Agrobacterium strains
in the potato disc bioassay. This result is in accordance with previous findings
, where researchers
observed significant antitumor activity of ethanolic leaf extract against Dalton’s ascitic lymphoma
in Swiss Albino mice
[106] [107].
[105]-[107]

S. Rana, K. K. Rana
7
Continued
12
Laxative
activity: water extract of Vitex negundo showed significant and dose dependant increase in
faecal output of rats at selected dose levels. Researchers endorsed anthracene derivatives to be responsible
for such findings.
[108]
13
Antidiabetic
activity: extracts of Vitex negundo leaves were found to inhibit the catalytic activity of
α
-amylase which is known to catalyze the hydrolysis of α-1,4-glycosidic linkages of starch, glycogen and
various oligosaccharides. The findings are claimed to be significant.
[109]
14
Insecticidal
activity: Vitex negundo show potent insecticidal activity against a number of insects such as
Collosobruchus maculates
(Pulse beetle), Phthorimaea aperculella (Potato-tuber moth), Sitotroga
cerealella
(Angoumois gr ain moth), Aphis citricola (Spirea aphid), Aphis gossypii (Melon or
cotton aphid)
, Myzus persicae (Green peach aphid) etc.
[110]-[115]
15
Hepatoprotective
activity: leaf extract of Vitex negundo were found to possess hepatoprotective
activity against liver damage induced by d
-galactosamine, commonly used tuberc ul ar drugs and carbon
tetrachloride.
[116]-[119]
16
Antileishmanial
acivity: luteolin, obtained from Vitex negundo has been observed as a promising
antileishmanial agent.
[120]
17
Vitex negundo
have also been found to be sufficiently active as an antifeedant (e.g., Spodoptera litura—Asian
army worm
, Achoea janata—Castor sem i-looper), antifilarial (Brugia mal ayi—Microfilarial parasite),
antilarval (
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis—Rice leaf-folder), antiviral (Plasmodium falciperum), larvicidal
(
Anopheles subpictus—Mosquito, Cul ex tritaeniorhynchus—Mosquito, Culex quinquefasc iatus—Mosquito,
Anopheles stephensi
—Mosquito, Plutella xylostelle—Diamond-back moth) and mosquito repellant
(
Culex tritaeniorhynchus—Mosquito, Aedes aegypti—Mosquito etc).
[110] &
references
cited therein
ous) discharges and worms from ulcers, while oil pr epared from the leaf juice is applied to sinus es and scroful-
ous (tuberculous infection of the lymph nodes) sores. The dried fruit is vermifuge and used in treatment of an-
gina (severe pain mainly in chest, also to shoulders, arms and neck owing to an inadequate blood supply to the
heart), colds, coughs, rheumatic difficulties etc.
The fresh fruits are crushed to a pulp and used in the form of a tincture for the relief of paralysis, pains in the
limb s , weakness etc. The root is expectorant (promotes secretion of sputum by the air passages to treat coughs
etc), febrifuge and tonic and used to cure colds and rheumatic ailments. The plant is said to be a malarial pre-
ventive and is also used in the treatment of bacterial dysentery. The extracts of the leaves have also shown anti-
microbial and antitumor activities. The leaves are used to repel insects in grain stores. The fresh leaves are burnt
with grass as a fumigant against mosquitoes. A decoction of the stems is used in the treatment of burns and
scalds (b ur n caused by boiling wat e r).
Some important pharmacological evidences are shown below, in Tabl e 4, citing the ir re levant references.
6. Conclusion
A popular quote [121] of the Western Himalayas says that a man can not die of disease in a region where Vitex
negundo, Adhato da vasica and Acorus calamus are found, obviously, if he knows appropriate usage of the plants.
Even in the Indian traditional community, Vitex negundo is uttered as “sarvaroganivarini” [122], the r emed y fo r
all diseases. A large inv en tory of literature is available regarding this plant that includes tradition al, biochemical,
ethnobotanical and pharmacological experiments, observations and inferences. However, there may have certain
miscommunications which must be properly addressed by contemporary researchers. One must make the best
use of the naturally available resources which provide invaluable raw materials for advancement of research and
knowledge. Nature always put some good lessons in front of us and in due course of time. It is our responsibility
to become eligible and compatible with the plethora of resources of knowledge of the present times to combat
anythin g undesired a nd unnatura l.
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