Received 26 August 2015; accepted 10 December 2015; published 17 December 2015

ABSTRACT

The stability of three water-based slurries containing different loads of Al microparticles was measured by laser scattering. The slurries displayed a Newtonian behaviour and the evolution of viscosity over nine days was found to be constant. Ground surfaces of nickel were also wetted similarly irrespective of the Al content in the slurries (30, 40 or 50 wt%) thereby demonstrating that the 1/10 PVA/H₂O water based slurries are adequate for spraying. After deposition and annealing of the as-sprayed coatings, a thermal barrier coating system was formed with a top coat of hollow alumina spheres, an intermediate thermally grown oxide and a bottom aluminized bond coat. The coating system is shown to display very low thermal conductivity and remarkable oxidation resistance at high temperatures.

Keywords:

Slurry, Viscosity, Wetting, Thermal Barrier Coating, Thermal Conductivity, Oxidation

1. Introduction

Thermal barrier coating systems in the high pressure aeronautical turbines are based on a (Ni, Pt) Al diffusion layer with a yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) on top (e.g. [1]). However, many different coating techniques and steps are needed making them very costly. Therefore, their application is limited to other turbine components. In contrast, slurries composed of a suspension of insoluble particles in a liquid phase find a wide range of applications. For high temperature corrosion protection, plasma sprayed coatings [2] and simple [3], Si-doped [4] and Y-doped [5] diffusion aluminides were investigated. Full thermal barrier coatings from water-based slurries containing Al microparticles have been recently proposed onto different substrates using water-based [6] and organic-based slurries [7] and their mechanisms of formation discussed [8]. Among the water-soluble binders, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is preferred because of its adsorption onto aluminium (e.g. [9]). Yet the water/organic ratio is of prime importance to ensure appropriate wetting properties through adequate viscosity of the slurry (e.g. [10]) although our previous investigation demonstrated the physico-chemical stability of the slurry with ageing time [11]. Reports on the correlations between the water-based slurry formulation and the characteristics of the spray dried granules have otherwise been well documented by Bertrand et al. [12] [13]. However, they referred to ceramic Al₂O₃ and Y₂O₃-ZrO₂ particles and not to Al metal particles, which is the purpose of this communication. The synthesis, thermal conductivity and oxidation behaviour of these smart coatings is also described.

2. Experimental Procedure

1/10 PVA (Merck, CAS n˚: 9002-89-5) to ultra-pure water (R = 18.2 MΩ∙cm⁻¹) wt% ratios were employed as solution into which 30 (slurry A), 40 (slurry B) and 50 (slurry C) wt% of Al microparticles (Sibthermochim, CAS n˚: 7429-90-5) were added. The slurries were shaken manually to obtain homogeneous suspensions and were stored in glass containers for up to 9 days after elaboration. Sedimentation measurements were performed by a multiple light scattering method using a Turbiscan lab expert apparatus (Formulaction, France) for which 3 mL of re-homogenized slurries were analyzed twice per minute every 40 µm, for one hour at 25˚C. Viscosity measurements were carried out in a TA Instrument AR 500 with a 2˚ cone/plane geometry. The data acquisition was realized at 25˚C over an applied shear rate from 0.1 s⁻¹ to 2500 s⁻¹ and the measured shear stress allowed to calculate the values of viscosity using the TA software Rheology Advantage Data Analysis. Wetting of the slurries onto SiC#180 ground nickel substrates was determined with a See System (Masaryk University, Czech Republic) by recording the pictures with a CCD camera. Annealing of the coatings was undertaken in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) apparatus (Setaram TGA-92) as described in [8]. Thermal conductivity was calculated measured by the laser flash method in a LFA-1600˚C (LINSEIS) and isothermal oxidation was performed between 900˚C and 1100˚C for 100 h in air (Setaram TGA-92). Characterization was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a coupled energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and by X-ray diffraction, XRD (Cu k_α radiation).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Slurry Characterization

Figure 1 depicts the evolution of the destabilization measurement of slurry A (30 wt% Al) on the as-prepared condition (i.e. un-aged). Similar curves were also obtained for slurries B (40 wt% Al) and C (50 wt% Al). The evolution of the backscattered signal translates the clarification/sedimentation front with respect the position in the crucible. The decrease of the backscattered signal with time is indicative of a lower concentration of Al particles (clarification) at the top of the crucible whereas the opposite (sedimentation) occurs at the bottom. The inflection points appearing on the sedimentation front highlighted by the red darts of Figure 1 are ascribed to the different sizes of the particles [2 - 10 µm] in the dispersion [14], whereby coarser particles sediment faster than the smallest ones if one assumes a Newtonian fluid [15].

The shear stress measured against the applied shear rate for the different slurries resulted in linear curves of which the slope allowed to calculate the viscosity (η) using the Newtonian fluid description [14]. In case of physicochemical changes in the solvent, better monitoring of the slurries with ageing time is usually achieved by measuring the relative viscosity (η_r = η_fluid/η_solvent) in case physicochemical changes occurred in the solvent. However, the viscosity measurements of solvent ranged between 0.029 and 0.028 Pa∙s⁻¹ over the nine days (Figure 2) and thus highlight the stability of the 1 PVA/10 H₂O mixtures. In agreement with many other works in which modified Stokes equations were introduced to consider the shape and density of the load (e.g. [16]- [18]), the greater the Al content, the higher the viscosity value . However, and irrespective of the Al content, the viscosity is slightly lowered between the day of elaboration and two days afterwards and subsequently stabilizes up to the end of the ageing test. Some “crusting” phenomenon was observed though for slurry C (50 wt% Al) leading to a solidification of the slurry for the low shear rates due to the evaporation of the free-water. In spite of this, a Newtonian behavior is derived, which is in contrast with the non-Newtonian behavior reported in Al microsized (1.4 µm) suspensions of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) under dynamic tests [19] but in agreement with the Newtonian behavior observed in nano-sized paraffin oil suspensions [20]. It is therefore believed that the slurry ratios of water, PVA and Al microparticles studied here allow the initial dissolution of PVA in water [21] and the bonding of PVA to the Al microparticles [9], irrespective of the Al load. Therefore, the suspension is stable up to nine days from the sedimentation and viscosity considerations and the SiC#180 polished nickel substrates are thus similarly wetted with all three slurries (Figure 3).

3.2. Coating Deposition and Performance

Annealing of the sprayed coatings in a single step process at 700˚C/2 h + 1100˚C/2 h under flowing Ar(g) resulted in the coating structure illustrated in Figure 4(a). The coating system consists of a top coat of hollow alumina spheres, a thermally grown oxide (TGO) based on alumina and a NiAl bond coat diffused into the nick el substrate. The mechanisms of formation were thoroughly explained in [8]. They appear from supply of Al to the nickel substrate while the shells of the Al microspheres at the top crack and oxidize so as to form hollow and broken spheres with a α-Al₂O₃ crust. The reaction pathway is very fast due to the great exothermal reactions between Al and Ni [22]. A 40 µm thick top coat of hollow spheres exhibit similar thermal conductivity values than a conventional 400 µm-thick YSZ coating deposited by air plasma spray (Figure 4(b)).

The oxidation kinetics between 900˚C and 1100˚C displayed in Figure 5(a) are also shown to be equivalent to a bulk β-NiAl [23] when the top coat is removed because of the remnants of metallic Al in the spheres [24]. Protection is provided by the growth of the alumina TGO. A mixed spinel NiAl₂O₄ oxide forms though at 1100˚C (Figure 5(b)) due to fast outward diffusion of Ni [25].

Figure 3. Drops of the different slurries deposited by pipette onto ground nickel substrates after 30 s and 5 min of drying at room temperature in open air.

Acknowledgements

Part of this study was supported under the programme PARTICOAT FP7-NMP-LARGE-211329 (2008-2012) funded by the European Union.

Cite this paper

F. Pedraza,B. Rannou,G. Boissonnet,B. Bouchaud,Z. Maache-Rezzoug, (2015) Rheological Behaviour, Synthesis and Performance of Smart Thermal Barrier Coating Systems Based on Hollow Alumina. Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering,03,17-22. doi: 10.4236/msce.2015.312004

References

NOTES

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