ABSTRACT

The flow of viscous incompressible fluid through a tube is considered. The similarity transformation is used to reduce the governing equations into nonlinear ordinary differential equation. The solution procedure includes application of long series analysis with polynomial coefficients. The series representing physical parameters (, ) reveal qualitative features which are comparable to pure numerical results. The analysis enables in extending region of validity. A complete description of the solutions is presented.

1. Introduction

Unsteady flows produced by a simple contraction or expansion of the wall have wide applications, for example, in physiological pumps, peristaltic motion Jafrin [1] problems involving collapsible tubes etc. Bertram et al. [2]. The unsteady flow of a viscous fluid produced by contraction of the walls of a vessel with one end closed has applications to:

1) Flow through a thin veins where the flow is controlled by a valve system;

2) Flow in coronary arteries which are subjected to a varying external pressure.

Secomb [3] extended the analysis of earlier authors for the channel with pulsating walls.

The field of computational fluid dynamics demands innovative new methods for the flow conditions. The explosive growth of numerical algorithms and easy access to bigger and faster computers are keeping in phase with each other. The expressions of the theoretical physicists and others are presenting new scenarios and novel methods in harnessing the remarkable power of digital computers. One method in this class is the semi-analytical semi numerical technique of computer extended series solution. Van Dyke [4] pioneered the use of long series analysis in fluid dynamics. In an earlier study Bujurke et al. [5] also successfully used this method.

In this paper, we investigate the problem of unsteady flow in contracting or expanding pipe, studied by Skalak and Wang [6] using long series methods. This problem Figure 1 for some particular choice of a(t), admits similarity transformation leading to a nonlinear differential equation. The initial approximations enable us, in proposing a series expansion with polynomial coefficients to calculate enough terms (universal coefficients) by computer. Using a Domb-Sykes plot we find the nature and location of singularity restricting the convergence of the singularity. Then the problem is also analysed using Pade’ approximants and other useful techniques.

2. Mathematical Formulation

Let the inside tube be prescribed by a(t). The NavierStokes equations then admit similarity solutions if

(2.1)

where and are constants.

Let u and v be the velocities in cylindrical polar coordinate system in the directions of z and r respectively. Then the following transformations

(2.2)

(2.3)

(2.4)

(2.5)

where is normalized radius, p is the pressure, density, Kinematic viscosity. The constant A and the

function are to be determined from the boundary conditions.

The boundary conditions are on

, (2.6)

(2.7)

Using above equations, the Navier-Stokes equations take the form

(2.8)

with the boundary conditions

(2.9)

Here S is a squeeze number defined by.

3. Method of Solution

We seek the solution of (2.8) in power series of S in the form

(3.1)

Substituting (3.1) into (2.8) and equating the like powers of S on both sides, we get

(3.2)

and

(3.3)

The relevant boundary conditions take the forms

(3.4)

The solutions of the above equations up to are

(3.5)

4. Computer Extended Series

As the series (3.5) is slowly converging it is not reliable to analyze the problem accurately with just few terms. It is essential to get higher approximations. As one proceeds to higher approximations the algebra becomes cumbersome and it is difficult to calculate the terms manually. We propose a systematic series with polynomial coefficients which is quite useful and efficient in the calculation of higher approximations. In this method we get analytic structure of the solution just by generating universal coefficients. The series (3.5) gives solution for only up to S = 0.9. The forms of polynomial solutions (3.5) and nature of boundary conditions (3.4) suggest form of to be of the form

(4.1)

on substituting (4.1) into (3.3) and equating the coefficients of various powers of on both sides we get recurrence relation in the form

(4.2)

where, m = n – L and J varies from.

and

The expression for

(4.3)

The expression for

(4.4)

The relation (4.3) and (4.4) represents the shear stress and pressure gradient respectively. Domb-Sykes plot (Figures 2 and 3), after extrapolation Vandyke [7], confirms the radius of convergence of the series (4.3) and (4.4) to be = 0.98 & 0.97 respectively. The region of validity of the above series increased by considering Pade’ sum which are given in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 1. Comparison of results for obtained by various methods for different S.

Table 2. Comparison of results for obtained by various methods for different S.

5. Conclusion

A new type of series is presented for studying the problem of unsteady flow produced by squeezing of viscous fluid from a tube. Using recurrence relation (4.2) we generate universal coefficients (A_n,k,;). These coefficients in turn give universal polynomial functions f_n(η). The series (4.3) gives and (4.4) represents have random sign pattern. Using Domb-Sykes plot (Figures 2 and 3), we locate the position ad identifying the nature of the nearest singularity of the series restricting the convergence. The series (4.3) and (4.4) are summed using Pade’ approximants Bender and Orszag [8]. Earlier series solution results were only for small value of S. But we are able to go upto S = 100 using Pade’ approximants. The results are in very close agreement with the numerical findings Skalak and Wang [6].

6. Acknowledgements

The research is supported by Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. (Under R & D scheme of M. I. T., Manipal) and one of us (KBC) wishes to thank the higher authority of Department of Collegiate Education, Govt. of Karnataka for their encouragement and support.

REFERENCES

Appendix

Pade’ Approximants

The basic idea of Pade’ summation is to replace a power series

by a sequence of rational functions of the form

where we choose without loss of generality. We determine the remaining (M + N + 1) coefficients so that the first (M + N + 1) terms in the Taylor’s series expansion of match with first (M + N + 1) terms of power series. The resulting rational function is called a Pade’ approximant. If is a power series representation of the function, then in favourable cases, pointwise as. There are many methods for the construction of Pade’ approximants. One of the efficient methods for constructing Pade’ approximants is recasting the series into continued fraction form. A continued fraction is an infinite sequence of fractions whose (N + 1)th member has the form

(A)

The coefficients D_n are determined by expanding the terminated continued fraction in a Taylor series and comparing with those of the power series to be summed. An efficient procedure for calculating the coefficients D_n’s of the continued fraction (A) may be derived from the algebraic identities (8.4.2a)-(8.4.2c) (Bender and Orszag [7]). Contrary to representations by power series, continued fraction representation may converge in regions that contain isolated singularities of the function to be represented, and in many cases convergence is accelerated. Based on these D_n’s we get terminated continued fractions of various orders from the algorithms (8.4.7), (8.4.8a) and (8.4.8b) (Bender and Orszag [7]).

Pade’ approximants perform an analytic continuation of the series outside its radius of convergence. It is clear that it can approximate poles by zeros of denominator. With branch points it extracts single valued function by inserting branch cuts, which it simulates by lines of alternating poles and zeros.

NOTES

^*Corresponding author.