Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications
Vol. 2  No. 1 (2012) , Article ID: 18174 , 8 pages DOI:10.4236/jcdsa.2012.21006

Evaluation of the Behaviour of Wrinkles Fibroblasts and Normal Aged Fibroblasts in the Presence of Poly-L-Lactic Acid

Carol Courderot-Masuyer1, Sophie Robin1, Hélène Tauzin1,2, Philippe Humbert2,3,4,5*

1Bioexigence SARL, Espace Lafayette, Besançon, France; 2Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Cutaneous Biology, Besançon, France; 3Clinical Investigation Center, Besançon, France; 4University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France; 5INSERM UMR1098, SFR FED 4234 IBCT, Besançon, France.

Email: *philippe.humbert@univ-fcomte.fr

Received November 8th, 2011; revised November 27th, 2011; accepted December 8th, 2011

Keywords: Wrinkles; Poly-L-Lactic Acid; Collagen; Fibroblast

ABSTRACT

Background: Wrinkles are characterized by changes in the organization and structure of the dermis. Human wrinkle fibroblasts (WF) have a different functional behaviour in comparison with normal-aged fibroblasts (NF). Decreases in migration capacities and collagen I synthesis are observed. Mitochondrial function is impaired with an increase in lactate production during aging. Sculptra® (poly-L-lactic acid: PLLA), a biodegradable synthetic polymer, is used for subcutaneous volume restoration. Thus we decided to investigate different fibroblast functions when placed in contact with PLLA. Objectives: The potential of PLLA to compensate for the reduction of metabolic activity, to restore the migration capacity of WF and to inhibit the lactate production, was investigated and compared to NF. Methods: Two different skin samples were used from each of the three women’s facelift (one inside a face wrinkle and one from normal aged skin). Collagen I, lactate productions and proliferation capacities were investigated on monolayer cultures. Migration properties were evaluated using three-dimensional collagen lattices. Results: PLLA increased collagen I synthesis, restored migration capacities and tended to decrease lactate production in WF, whereas PPLA stimulated proliferation in NF and tended to improve the migration of NF. Conclusion: These results suggested that PLLA from Sculptra® acted as a stimulus for collagen production in WF and that it is suitable for correcting skin depressions, such as wrinkles.

1. Introduction

Injectable Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) was introduced into Europe in 1999 as New-fill®, receiving European Union approval to increase the volume of depressed areas, such as skin creases, wrinkles, folds and scars. In February of 2004, this indication was extended to include largevolume corrections of lipoatrophy, and in the same year it received U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for the restoration and/or correction of the signs of facial lipoatrophy in people with human immunodeficiency virus [1]. Its cosmetic use was approved by the FDA in 2009 [2] and relies upon volumetric expansions as well as the formation of new collagen and elastic fibers. Thus, the gradual increase in dermal thickness in patients receiving PLLA injections is thought to be due to the induction of a local tissue reaction such as acute inflammatory reaction. This effect is characterized by a foreign body reaction that includes an initial increase in fibro blast activity and a subsequent progressive increase in collagen fiber deposition over the course of weeks to months [3,4]. Previous studies have demonstrated a particular behavior of WF different from that of NF. These fibroblasts populations were obtained after punch biopsies performed inside a wrinkle present on discarded tissues from a facelift and also on surrounding normal aged skin. After a comparison of these two populations of fibroblasts, a significant decrease in collagen I production and a significant impairment of migratory capacities were observed in WF compared to NF from the same patient [5]. Reduced synthesis of collagen I is partly responsible for the aging of the skin because it confers resistance to stresses and traction. The reduction in collagen I synthesis was also demonstrated by a lower in vitro production of type I procollagen by dermal fibroblasts isolated from skin of old versus young individuals. There is a failure to replace damaged collagen I with newly synthesized material [6]. To our knowledge, no study was performed in order to evaluate the effect of PLLA on the behavior of specific WF. During aging, an alteration of mitochondrial respiration is often associated with increased lactates production [7]. Indeed it was observed that senescent skin fibroblasts displayed higher rates of utilization of glucose and amino acids and produced more pyruvate and lactate, compared with young skin fibroblasts [8]. We therefore decided to investigate the effects of PLLA on the production of lactates in WF compared to NF. In the present study, the effects of PLLA (0.1% Sculptra®) on proliferation, migratory capacities, collagen I and lactates production of WF compared to those of NF from the same patients were investigated.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Products

Vials of dry powder of Sculptra® (poly-L-Lacid acid, Sanofi aventis, France) were used in the present study. 5 ml of sterile water were added to the dry powder of Sculptra® and 0.1% of this solution was added to culture medium of fibroblasts.

2.2. Fibroblast Cultures

Punch biopsies were performed inside a wrinkle and also on surrounding normal aged skin of patients after surgical procedure. Wrinkles fibroblasts (WF) and normal aged fibroblasts (NF) were obtained from discarded tissues from three healthy female patients who had given their written consents (aged 55, 49 and 50 years old). Three fibroblast lines of WF and NF were obtained: L1 (55 years), L2 (49 years) and L3 (50 years). Cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum (FCS) and 40 mg/ml of gentamicin and 2 mg/ml of fungizone (DMEMc). They were grown for several weeks in plastic flasks in a moist atmosphere of 5% carbon dioxin and 95% air at 37˚C. Confluent monolayers were propagated by trypsination (trypsin-EDTA 1X solution, Gibco) and replated at 1:2 dilutions. Subcultures of fibroblasts over 10 were not used.

Different groups were used for each experiment:

• NF: normal aged fibroblasts (n = 6)

• NF + PLLA (0.1% Sculptra®) (n = 6)

• WF: wrinkle fibroblasts (n = 6)

• WF + PLLA (0.1% Sculptra®) (n = 6)

2.3. Fibroblasts Proliferation

Fibroblast proliferation in monolayers was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) dye-reduction assay after the action of PLLA for 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours. All cultures were set up in 10 wells. Fibroblasts were placed in 96-well microliter plates at a cell density of 5 × 103 cells per well. After 24 hours of incubation, PLLA was added to the culture medium of WF or NF. The fibroblasts were seeded with PLLA, one for 24 hours, one for 48 hours and the final one for 72 hours. Then MTT was added. The extraction buffer was added after 4 hours. Absorbance of each well was assessed using a Multiscan Ex (Thermo, France) equipped with a 550 nm filter.

2.4. Migratory Capacity

NF and WF were embedded in three-dimensional hydrated collagen using a modified version of the technique developed by Bell et al. [9]. Collagen lattices were made by mixing: six volumes of 1.76 X concentrated medium, three volumes of rat tail type I collagen solution (2 mg/ml) and one volume of fibroblast suspension (8·105 cells/ml). This mixture was poured into plastic Petri dishes (60 mm diameter) (n = 10). The gel polymerized in less than 10 minutes at 37˚C. After one hour, culture medium was added and changed every 48 hours. To measure the retracted lattice diameter, the culture dishes were placed on a transparent metric scale. The measurement of the lattice diameter was taken each day for 10 days.

2.5. Collagen I Synthesis

Fibroblasts were seeded in 12-well plates at 0.04 × 106 cells per well. The plates were incubated at 37˚C with and without the presence of PLLA in DMEMc with 1% foetal calf serum for 7, 21, 30 and 42 days respectively (n = 6). The culture medium was changed twice a week. After this period, the supernatant was placed in an antiprotease solution (10% v/v, Calbiochem, France). The samples were stored at –80˚C until the analysis by Elisa method was performed. Collagen I was evaluated using murine anticollagen I monoclonal antibody (5). The antimurine second antibody was peroxidase conjugated (Sigma-Aldrich, France). Color was developed using a TMB substrate. The absorbance was read by a spectrophotometer at 620 nm (Multiscan, Thermo, France). The number of cells was counted and the amount of collagen I was expressed as µg of collagen I/million of cells. Different groups were used at T = 0, 7, 21, 30 and 42 days of fibroblast cultures.

2.6. Lactate Production

Fibroblasts were seeded in 12-wells plates at 0.04 × 106 cells per well. The plates were incubated at 37˚C both with and without the presence of PLLA for 7, 21, 30 and 42 days of fibroblast cultures (n = 6). The culture medium was changed twice a week. After the incubation period, the supernatant was placed in an antiprotease solution (10%, v/v, Calbiochem, France). The samples were stored at –20˚C until the analysis. The dosage of lactates was performed by the biochemistry department of St Jacques hospital (Besançon, France) using DimensionÒ system. The oxidation of lactate in pyruvate with reduction of NAD is obtained with rabbit lacticodeshydrogenase. One molecule of NAD is transformed into one molecule of NADH for each molecule of lactate. Absorbance of NADH is proportional to the concentration of lactate and measured by spectrophotometry (340 nm). The number of cells is counted and the amount of lactates is expressed as µmoles of lactates/million of cells.

2.7. Statistical Analysis

The results shown were expressed as the mean of the obtained results with the 3 cell lines (L1, L2 and L3).

The groups with PLLA and those without PLLA were compared by using one way (for cell proliferation) or two ways (for the other experiments) variance analysis followed if necessary by Fisher test. Values were considered significantly different when p < 0.05.

3. Results

3.1. Cell Proliferation

The viability of NF and WF of the 3 women was higher than 80% in the presence of PLLA (0.1% of Sculptra®) providing the chosen dose for the following experiments. PLLA induced a cell proliferation in NF after 72 hours of culture (Figure 1).

3.2. Migration Capacity

The migration of fibroblasts was evaluated through their capacity to retract free floating collagen lattices. The retraction of collagen lattices obtained with normal aged fibroblasts depended on the time (a decrease of 68% from the initial diameter was observed at the end of 10 days). A significant difference was observed between the retraction of collagen lattices obtained with NF and WF. The cell migration was slower with WF than NF. The presence of PLLA tended to improve the retraction of collagen lattices from NF (the difference was significant for cell lines L1 and L2) suggesting a beneficial effect of PLLA on migratory capacities of NF (Figure 2). PLLA restored the migration capacities of WF to the same level as basal values of NF.

3.3. Collagen I Production

Figure 3 shows the basal amount of collagen I in NF and WF groups (D0). The production of collagen I was significantly lower in WF than in NF. PLLA increased the mean production of collagen I of WF after 42 days of culture but did not modify the collagen I production of NF (Figure 4).

Figure 1. Proliferation of WF (n = 3) or NF (n = 3) after 24, 48 and 72 hours of culture in the presence of PLLA.

Figure 2. Mean of lattices diameter of WF (n = 3) or NF (n = 3) in the presence of PLLA.

Figure 3. Mean basal Collagen I synthesis on D0 of WF or NF.

3.4. Lactate Production

The amount of lactate was significantly higher in WF than in NF after 30 and 42 days of culture. There was not a statistically significant decrease in lactates in WF in the presence of PLLA but there was a trend for a reduction in lactate production with 2 individual cell lines (L1 and L3 showing a significant decrease). The presence of PLLA in the culture medium of NF did not affect its lactate production level (Figure 5).

4. Discussion

Wrinkles are one of the main expressions of skin aging

Figure 4. Collagen content of WF (n = 3) or NF (n = 3) from D7 to D42 with and without the presence of PLLA.

Figure 5. Mean lactate production of WF (n = 3) or NF (n = 3) in the presence of PLLA from D0 to D42.

and are characterized by numerous alterations in dermis organization and structure [6]. During chronological aging, the dermis becomes thinner as the dermo-epidermal junction flattens and the stratum corneum loses its integrity. Dermal content in collagen is diminished [10], collagen meshwork tends to disappear and therefore interactions between fibroblasts and collagen are reduced leading to randomly oriented collapsed fibroblasts [6]. These alterations are due to a weaker procollagen synthesis such as procollagen I by the fibroblasts [11] and a slight increase in collagen degradation by active MMPs [12]. In addition to these changes, the more substantial volume loss and predominant source of facial wrinkles and folds are not only derived from lipoatrophy and an overall fat redistribution associated with aging, but also related to repeated muscle contraction.

PLLA has been used for several years in Europe. It received approval from the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of HIV-associated lipoatrophy in 2004 [13,14] and for cosmetic use in 2009 [2]. Sculptra® is a volumizer lasting 18 to 24 months [15]. Sculptra®’s longetivity is based on the low degradation kinetics of the PLLA microparticles, a result of irregularly shaped microparticles [3,16]. The gradual increase in dermal thickness in patients receiving PLLA injections is thought to be due to the induction of a local tissue reaction. This effect is characterized by a foreign body reaction that includes an initial increase in fibroblasts and a subsequent progressive increase in collagen fiber deposition over the course of weeks to months [17-19]. Indeed when PLLA is injected, it causes an immediate tissue expansion (due to the fluid carrier) and physical improvement to the appearance of the skin which is purely mechanical. Once the carrier solution is reabsorbed, a slow process of biodegradation of the microspheres occurs. The process of hydration, loss of cohesion and molecular weight, solubilization and phagocytosis of PLLA by the host’s macrophage [20] slowly degrades the PLLA into lactic acid microspheres and eliminates CO2 (via lactate/pyruvate route) by way of respiratory excretion, thus leaving behind the crystals to stimulate collagen [4,17,19].

Previous studies suggested differences in biomechanical behavior and synthesis capacities between NF and WF. Cell movement in vitro has been reproduced in fibroblast-populated collagen lattices. Indeed NF suspended in a collagen gel can retract and reorganize collagen fibers. Fibroblasts reduce their proliferation potential and three mechanisms seem to be responsible for lattice contraction: cell contraction, cell tractional forced related to locomotion and cell elongation [21]. In our free floating collagen lattices formed with WF, reduced contractile capacities were observed compared to NF and these results are in accordance with previous studies [5]. The rate of collagen I synthesized by WF was lower than that of NF, these results are also in accordance with other studies [5]. During the cutaneous aging process, the mitochondrial respiratory chain function is altered, and an increase in lactate production is observed [22]. Lactates increase proton concentration, so the pH decreases. A decrease in pH can provoke a decrease in myosin ATPase activity through a competition mechanism between Ca2+ and H+. The enzyme myosin light chain kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of the 20,000 dalton light chain of myosin which causes cycloskeleton actin-myosin contraction and therefore fibroblast-populated collagen lattices contraction [23]. This enzyme requires Ca2+-calmodulin for its activity [24]. These changes may be responsible for the reduction in WF contraction in free floating collagen lattices because an increase in lactate production was observed in WF compared to NF. However the decreasing trend in lactate production observed during PLLA treatment, did not improve the cell migration in WF groups. Only NF exhibited an increase in cell migration in the presence of PLLA (observed in 2 of 3 cell lines). Calcium is a well-known factor in collagen synthesis [25]. The cytoskeleton is involved in the regulation of collagen synthesis and secretion. Microtubules are involved in transcellular movements of procollagen. Indeed agents which disrupt microtubular function inhibit the conversion of procollagen to collagen and secretion of procollagen [26]. Actin and myosin interact in the presence of ATP to generate movement. A decrease in the activity of myosin ATPase (Ca2+-calmodulin dependent) could be linked to the decrease in pH [27]. So the low pH (due to high levels of lactates in WF) might also be responsible for the decrease in collagen I synthesis in WF compared to NF because the movement and the secretion of collagen require energy used by the interaction between actin and myosin [28]. Our results suggest that PLLA, through the decrease in lactate production, could induce collagen I synthesis in WF after 42 days of treatment. The fact that PLLA did not modify the migratory capacities of WF could be explained by the results of Bell et al. obtained with normal fibroblasts [9]. Bell demonstrated that, in normal fibroblasts, an increase in collagen quantity could decrease the retraction of collagen lattices. In our study, high level of collagen I content in WF was noted after 42 days of PLLA treatment suggesting an effect of PLLA on synthesis capacities of WF. After 10 days of treatment with PLLA, the migration capacities of WF were restored to the same level as the basal values of NF. It was noted that the content in collagen I of NF was not modified and the treatment with PLLA for 10 days tended to increase the retraction of collagen lattices. Indeed statistically significant alterations in 2 of 3 cell lines were observed after PLLA treatment in our study. It is noteworthy that differences in PLLA response in patients were observed in vivo [29]. This individual variability could also explain the increasing trend in migratory capacities of NF and the decreasing trend in lactate production in WF observed in the presence of PLLA. The present study has shown that PLLA is able to increase the production of collagen I, to restore migration capacities and tends to decrease lactate production in WF. To our knowledge, it is the first study investigating the direct effects of PLLA on human WF. Its possible direct metabolic effect through lactate production on WF enhances the filler action of poly-L-lactic acid.

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NOTES

*Corresponding author.