Resource Differentiation of Knowledge
216
namely, internal and external institutions should be dis-
tinguished. Therefore, considering the fact that knowl-
edge generation is one of business lines by enterprises,
an initial criterion in terms of classification of insti-
tutions for new knowledge generation is their relation-
ship to an economic entity. Therewith, the first line pro-
vides analysis of enterprises and firms “on the inside”, i.е.
through a system of standards, agreements and contracts
specified by various management approaches to new
knowledge generation. The second line studies economic
organizations “on the outside”, i.е. it considers regula-
tions of economic entities’ interaction [3].
Application of modern economic approaches to activ-
ity by economic agents requires examination of a cate-
gory referred to market potential of an enterprise. In the
process of generation of an institutional structure of new
knowledge generation processes by economic entities on
the basis of market potential of the enterprise, the follow-
ing functions referred to endogenous institutions should
be singled out: management, use of resources, interaction
with third parties; for external institutions-relationship
with contractors, market condition influence. Functional
structure model of market potential of an enterprise is a
requisite criterion for classification of institutions for
new knowledge generation [4].
The block referred to institutions for management in-
cludes newly developed mission, strategy and objectives
of new knowledge generation. The given block is pre-
sented as a set of components relative to the system of
management: planning, organization, stimulation and con-
trol [5].
There is an established conception in the economic lit-
erature concerned with external uncontrolled factors of
enterprise’s macroenvironment; the conception includes
analysis into technological, economic, social and politi-
cal factors. The author of the present research considers
it essential to add analysis of environmental factors as
well [6]. A complex of the given factors generates the
block of institutions for external condition influence.
In order to understand a conception regarding probable
lines of development, an essence of institutional structure
of new knowledge generation activity by economic
agents at a minimal economic level, classification of
mini-economic institutions for new knowledge genera-
tion is required.
Elements of market potential of an enterprise can be
structured in terms of four management functions: plan-
ning, organization, stimulation and control, and in terms
of three scopes of activity by an enterprise: analytics,
production and communication [4].
To classify institutions for knowledge-based mini-
economy, the following approaches can be applied. One
of the approaches to classification is a method of posi-
tioning at a two-dimensional plane suggested by a French
professor О. Favereau [7]. The given method assumes
disposal of the available theoretical models and ap-
proaches at coordinates “internal market of an enter-
prise-external market” and “actual rationality of decision
-procedural rationality”. О. Williamson in his studies
suggests such a classification approach as generation of a
hierarchical system “hierarchy of goals” [3].
Since dominant features of institutions are endogen-
eity or exogeneity of their generation or application, and
the fact that the activity by the given institutions extends
over the activity by singular employees or the enterprise
as a whole, so it is exactly those features of minieco-
nomic institutions for new knowledge generation that
have to be employed as basic features for classification.
The elaborated classification of institutions for new
knowledge generation based on the criteria stated above
is demonstrated in Figure 2.
Thus, the analysis of the obtained fundamental theo-
retical and empirical results of the research carried out by
the authors, results in the following basic points.
First, classification of mini-economic institutions for
new knowledge generation accomplished on the basis of
the methodological apparatus for institutional economics
and applicable to a minimal economic level affords an
opportunity to reduce uncertainty in terms of analysis
and organization of new knowledge generation, in terms
of evaluation and prediction of development of the given
economy elements.
Second, development of institutions for new knowl-
edge generation as standards and regulations of organiza-
tion referred to it has an effect of considerable reduction
of costs and risks, which, being high, impede generation
of new knowledge at a required level, and, correspond-
ingly, satisfaction of needs in new knowledge by eco-
nomic entities.
Institutions for knowledge management are subject to
the established system of decision-making inside of a
particular economic entity. Regarding the issues related
to new knowledge generation, it is exactly the estab-
lished knowledge management standards at an enter-
prise—institutions for knowledge management—which
determine activity lines, necessity and capability of fi-
nancing new knowledge generation at an enterprise.
Endogenous institutions include standards of intera-
ction between economic agents, which are established
inside of a particular economic entity.
Exogenous institutions are standards established due
to external factors in reference to an enterprise.
5. External Effects
One should mention the fact that new knowledge that is
applied for technology and thus increases technological
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