ABSTRACT

This study aimed at assessing the relationship between executive functions and left sided hemiplegia due to non hemorrhagic supratentorial infarction in elderly Egyptians. It is considered a case control study which was conducted among 90 elderly participants, who were divided into two groups: a case group, 45 cases with cerebral infarctions of 6 months duration or more, and a control group who did not have previous cerebral infarctions. Both groups were selected from Ain shams University Hospital. Each participant was subjected to comprehensive geriatric assessment, executive functions assessment using, block design test, digit span, letter verbal fluency test, animal verbal fluency test and clock drawing test, and then a Computed Tomography (CT) brain was performed. It was found that cases were suffering from more functional impairment than controls, and have had significant lower scores in Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) (P < 0.01). Significant difference was found between both groups as regards performance of executive function tests (P < 0.05). Significant effect of Parietal lobe infarctions was found on Block Design Test, Digit Span Test, Animal Verbal Fluency and Clock Drawing Test (P value < 0.05). Conclusion: There was a significant difference between cases and controls as regards their performance in cognitive and executive function tests.

Keywords:Executive Functions, Cerebral Infarctions, Elderly

1. Introduction

The prevalence of executive impairment is high and it is common among medical inpatients [1] . The failure to identify medically ill patients with executive impairments could have important clinical consequences, especially with regard to medication adherence, preservation of autonomy, relapse prevention, post discharge placement, and potential for rehabilitation [2] .

Cerebral infarction is the second most common cause of cognitive impairment and dementia. The accumulation of lacunar infarcts, ischemic white matter disease and cerebral hypoperfusion are the most common causes of cognitive impairment/dementia due to cerebral infarction that can go unrecognized. Infarctions predominantly affect the connections between areas of cortex that associate complex types of information, the disruption of which leads to impaired cognition and function. Larger infarctions are usually detected clinically and cognitive impairment is thus more likely to be detected early. Detecting infarctions early allows initiation of the appropriate treatment that can prevent or substantially delay the onset and progression of cognitive impairment [3] -[7] .

The most common types of cognitive deficits arising from cerebral infarction are disturbances of attention, language syntax, delayed recall and executive dysfunction affecting the ability to analyze, interpret, plan, organize, and execute complex information [8] -[11] .

This study aimed to assess the relationship between cerebral infarctions and executive functions in the elderly.

2. Method

The study is a case control study, which was conducted among 90 elderly subjects, who were 60 years old or elder males and females. They were divided into two groups: Group A (case group): 45 cases who had cerebral infarctions of 6 months duration or more, and Group B (control group) 45 controls who did not have previous cerebral infarctions, but have other co morbidities matched to those of controls. Both groups 1 and 2 were selected from hospitalized patients and those attending outpatient clinics in Ain shams University Hospital. An informed consent was taken from all participants. A comprehensive geriatric and neurological assessment was done. Tests to assess executive function were also performed.

Mental state assessment was performed using the mini mental status examination (MMSE) for assessment of cognitive function [12] with its Arabic version [13] . Functional assessment was performed by: Activities of Daily Living (ADL) [14] and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) [15] . Assessment of executive functions was assessed by multiple tests; Arabic version of Block design test [16] [17] , Arabic version of Digit span (forward and backward) [16] [17] , Letter verbal fluency test [18] , Animal verbal fluency test [19] , and Clock drawing test [20] . Then, every participant was subjected to a Computed Tomography (CT) brain.

After that, collection of result and statistical analysis were performed by using the 13^th version of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Description of all data in the form of mean (M) and standard deviation (SD) for all quantitative variables was done. Frequency and percentage for all qualitative variables were calculated. Comparison between quantitative variables was done using t-test to compare two groups. Comparison of qualitative variables was done using the Chi-square test. Significant level measured according to P value (probability), and P < 0.05 is significant.

3. Results

Cases and controls were matched as regards mean age (65.311 ± 6.8 years in cases, 65.244 ± 5.4 years in controls P = 0.07). Similarly they were matched as regards sex (51% males and 49% females in cases and 56% males and 44% females in control group P = 0.6).

Thirty-four cases had single cerebral infarctions, eight cases had two attacks of cerebral infarctions, and 3 had three attack or more.

Table 1 shows the localizations of different infarctions in cerebral hemispheres.

As regards neurological deficits 91% of cases were suffering from residual motor neurological deficit, and 71% were suffering from sensory neurological deficit.

A comparison between cases and controls as regards comorbid medical conditions was demonstrated in Table 2.

Cases were suffering from more functional impairment than controls as regards ADL and IADL (P < 0.05). Additionally cases were having significant lower scores in MMSE (26.622 ± 3 in cases and 29.20 ± 0.9 in controls P < 0.01).

Figure 1 shows that cases had significant abnormal performance in Block Design Test, Animal Verbal Fluency Test, and Clock Drawing Test more than controls (P value < 0.05). Meanwhile, comparison between the two groups as regards performance in executive functions was demonstrated in Table 3.

(DM = Diabetes Mellitus, HTN = Hypertension, IHD = Ischemic Heart Disease, HF = Heart Failure, AF = Atrial Fibrillation, PVD = Peripheral Vascular Disease, COPD = Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, BA = Bronchial Asthma, PU = Peptic Ulcer, CLD = Chronic Liver Disease, RF = Renal Failure).

Studying the effect of the site of cerebral infarctions on the executive functions revealed significant effect of  Parietal lobe infarctionson Block Design Test, Digit Span Test, Animal Verbal Fluency, and Clock Drawing Test (P value < 0.05) and significant effect of Temporal lobe infarctions on Block Design Test, Animal Verbal Fluency and Clock Drawing Test, (P value < 0.05). No significant effect of Capsular infarctions on executive function tests (P value > 0.05) but significant effect of Thalamic and Basal Ganglia infarctionson Block Design Test, and Animal Verbal Fluency Test (P value < 0.05) and significant effect of Periventricular infarctions on Block Design Test (P value < 0.05) (Table 4).

N.B. ^* = significant.

4. Discussion

The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between cerebral infarctions and executive functions in elderly. Both groups were matched regarding age, sex and comorbid conditions.

Comparing both groups as regards mental, functional and executive functions revealed that cases had significantly lower performance than controls. This study agreed with previous studies [11] [21] -[23] , taking in consideration the wide range of different neuropsychological batteries used for assessment of cognitive/executive functions in each study. This supports our hypothesis that the effect of cerebral infarctions on executive functions should be considered among patients with a history of cerebral infarctions.

Among cases group, the effect of the location of cerebral infarctions (diagnosed by neurological imaging as CT Brain) on different cognitive and executive functions tests was studied. It was found that there was a significant negative effect of Parietal lobe infarctionson Block Design Test, Digit Span Test, Animal Verbal Fluency,

N.B. ^* = significant.

and Clock Drawing Test. There was also a significant negative effect of Temporal lobe infarctionson Block Design Test, Animal Verbal Fluency, and Clock Drawing Test. As regards Occipital lobe infarctions, it had a significant negative effect on Digit Span Test. There was also a significant negative effect of Thalamic and Basal Ganglia infarctionson Block Design Test, and Animal Verbal Fluency Test. Periventricular infarctions had significant negative effect on Block Design Test.

It was apparent that Parietal lobe infarctions, Temporal lobe infarctions and Thalamic and Basal Ganglia infarctions had the highest significant effect on different cognitive and executive function tests This can support the results of previous studies [24] -[26] . These results can introduce several research questions about the relation between the site of stoke and its cognitive and executive effects.

The current study spot light on the importance on assessing executive functions on multiple categories of patients; patients with previous history of cerebral infarctions or transient ischemic attacks, and elderly having risk factors for cerebral infarctions.

It should be considered as a part of comprehensive assessment of elderly patients especially who are at risk to develop cerebral infarctions or with previous history.

Further studies especially cohort ones are needed to confirm the value of assessment of executive functions.

The effect on executive functions has a serious impact on the functional capacity and quality of life.

5. Conclusion

There was a significant difference between cases and controls as regards their performance in cognitive and executive function tests. The case group showed impaired performance in all the tests in the battery including MMSE. Additionally there is a positive relationship between executive dysfunction with left sided hemiplegia due to non hemorrhagic supratentorial infarction in the elderly.

References