Effects of chitosan on dental bone repair

doi:10.4236/health.2011.34036

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Vol.3, No.4, 200-205 (2011) Health

doi:10.4236/health.2011.34036

Effects of chitosan on dental bone repair

Fatemeh Ezoddini-Ardakani1*, Alireza Navab Azam2, Soghra Yassaei3,

Farhad Fatehi4, Gholamreza Rouhi5

1Associate Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,

Yazd, Iran; *Corresponding Author: ezoddini@gmail.com;

2Lecturer of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran;

3Associate Professor of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran;

4Yazd Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran;

5Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences,

University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Received 26 February 2011; revised 12 March 2011; accepted 1 April 2011.

ABSTRACT

Objectives: Bone defects following tumor re-

section and osteolysis due to dental and bone

lesions and periodentium tissue disorders are

serious challenges. One of these materials used

is chitosan, a derivative of crustaceans’ exo-

skeleton. The aim of this study was to assess

effects of chitosan on socket repair after dental

extraction. Methods: Twenty four dental sockets

of 15-24 year-old patients were visited by a

maxillofacial surgeon for extracting premolar

teeth for orthodontic purposes. The sockets in

one side were filled-in by chitosan. In the other

side, the sockets were left unfilled. After 10

weeks, periapical radiographs were obtained

from the repair sites, were digitalized and then

evaluated for densitometry using Adobe Pho-

toshop Software. Each socket was divided into

coronal, middle and apical. Dental density of

each socket in case and control groups was

recorded. The density of regenerated bone was

comp ared a gainst the maximum bone density of

each individual. Wilcoxon Singed-Rank test and

paired t-test were used for data analysis. Re-

sults: Bone density in middle and apical sec-

tions in case group was significantly more than

control group. In apical section in case group

regenerated bone reached up to 98.2% of nor-

mal bone density. In each patient, the bone

density in epical and middle sections was in-

crease 29.3% and 10.8% of normal bone density.

Conclusions: Chitosan significantly increased

bone density in epical and middle sections.

Chitosan can be used fo r bone rep air in cases of

bone loss. Various densitometry studies for

evaluating chitosan effects in different bone

defects are suggested.

Keywords: Chitosan; Bone Regeneration/Drug

Effects; Biocompatible Materials/Administration &

Dosage

1. INTRODUCTION

Bone defects may develop in various systemic and

dental disorders. Osteolysis in periodontal diseases ac-

counts for the most cases of need for bone repair. The

conventional methods of bone repair which commonly

are used, such as autografts and allografts have their

own shortcomings and drawbacks. Autografts are lim-

ited in terms of availability of materials and may result

in donor site morbidity [1]. Using allografts may be

more desirable in some cases, but the possible immune

reaction and infection transmission limit their applica-

tion. To overcome these limitations, various synthetic

bone substitutes made of metal, ceramics, polymers,

and various composite structures have been introduced

to accelerate and improve the process of bone regen-

eration; though their safety, effectiveness and efficacy

remain uncertain [2]. Recently, by increasing the rate of

invasive surgical procedures especially in the fields of

orthopedics and dentistry, the bone repair techniques

using new materials are getting more popular. The new

materials which are used should help us reduce the op-

eration time, scar size, post-operation pain, and also

improve patient recovery [3,4]. One of the best materi-

als which fulfill these requirements is chitosan [5-7].

Recently a special attention has been made toward

using the materials which are derived from nature.

Such materials would have some advantages over syn-

thetic ones. Most notably, they have been shown to

F. Ezoddini-Ardakan et al. / Health 3 (2011) 200-205

201201

yield faster healing with less incompatibility in human

beings [8].

Chitosan is a chitin derived polymer which is pro-

duced by deacetylation of chitin. Chitin is mainly found

in exoskeleton of crustaceans and also in some fungi.

These shells which were simply regarded as g arbage in

the past times are now seen as a valuable source of chi-

tin [9]. Many biomedical applications have been identi-

fied for chitosan including wound healing, bandage,

skin grafting, homeostasis, hemodialysis, drug delivery,

preventing d ental p laqu e, h yperten sion contro l, calciu m

absorption, bilirubin absorption, and cholesterol control

[10-13].

Several desirable properties have been described for

chitosan including high osteoinductivity, osteointegra-

tability, easy application and gradual biodegradability

that makes it a good candidate for bone regeneration.

Some researchers have studied the effects of chitosan

compounds on animal bone repair [14-16]. Regarding

the characteristics of chitosan as a biomaterial for bone

repair, in this study, investigation was made to see the

effects of chitosan on dental socket repair after tooth

extraction.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, we recruited 12 female orthodontic pa-

tients with the age of 16 to 24 years old. They were un-

dergoing extraction of 2-4 first premolar teeth as part of

their orthodontic treatment and were qualified as ASA

class I category. After extraction of the teeth, dental

socket on the right jaw was filled with chitosan powder

and duly sutured. The cavities on the opposite side got

sutured without filling by any excessive material. Chito-

san powder was procured from capsules made by Spring

Leaf Co., Sydney, Australia. Each capsule contains 250

mg of chitosan powder. The contents of 20 capsules were

removed to special plastic bags and sterilized by gamma

radiation of 13 -1 5 Ki l o gray ( KGy).

2.1. Surgical Procedures

After anesthetizing the patient by injecting 1½ car-

tridge of lidocaine 2% with 1:100 000 Epinephrine (Da-

rou Pakhsh Pharma. Chem. Co. Tehran, Iran), an intra-

sulcular incision was made to raise a distal papilla and

marginal gingival. This exposed the marginal bone to

allow visualization of the alveolar bon level. Extraction

of all the first premolars was done at one setting for each

patient using a straight elevator and forceps. After ex-

traction of all the premolar teeth, 2cc of fresh blood was

collected from the extracted tooth socket and mixed with

the chitosan powder for producing a thick pasty material

with which each socket on the right side was filled, and

the socket on the left side was left unfilled to be used as

control. None of the sockets were covered with a barrier

membrane or mucoperiosteal flap. The distobuccal, me-

siobuccal and palatal papilla with attached gingival at

the extraction sites were stabilized with two interrupted

suture to reduce the opening of the socket and also the

amount of exposed material. All the patients were pre-

scribed a course of prophylactic antibiotic therapy and

pain medication with post operative instructions for 7

days, at which point the suture was removed. The dress-

ing of all wounds was performed by the same nurse.

2.2. Radiological Study

The patients were recalled 10 weeks after surgery for

periapical dental radiography. Periapical radiographs of

the extraction sites were obtained using Planmeca

Proline X-ray unit (Planmeca Co., Helsinki, Finland) set

to 10 KVP, 8 mA and 0.16 sec. The radiographs were

taken by the same technician under the same conditions.

The films were processed by Velopex dental x-ray film

processors (Medivance Instruments Ltd., London, UK)

at 27˚C for 4 minutes (Figure 1).

2.3. Qualitative Histopathological Scoring

The radiographs were digitized by a scanner with 300

DPI resolution and the densitometry was done using

Adobe Photoshop software (Adobe Systems Incorpo-

rated, San Jose, CA) on a personal co mputer. Each socket

was vertically divided into 3 equal zones: coronal, mid-

dle, and apical. Regenerated bone density was assessed

2.4. Statistical Analyses

 

(a) (b)

 

Figure 1. Periapical radiography of mandibular first premo-

lar in case (a) and control (b); and maxillary first premolar in

case (c) and control (d).

F. Ezoddini-Ardakan et al. / Health 3 (2011) 200-205

202

in each zone, in both intervention and control cavities.

The density of normal adjacent bone to each cavity was

also assessed to be compared with rege nerated bone.

Data were analyzed by SPSS ver. 11 (SPSS Inc., Chi-

cago, USA) using Paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed rank

test. P-values less than 0.05 were considered as signifi-

cant.

2.5. Ethical Consideration

After explaining the research protocol, an informed

consent was obtained from each subject. The proposal of

this study got approved by the Ethics Co mmittee of Sha-

hid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences.

3. RESULTS

A total o f 2 4 dental so ckets in 12 ortho dontics p atien ts

were studied. The sockets were either in upper or lower

jaws. The sockets on the right side (n = 12) were filled

with chitosan paste, whereas the sockets on the left (n =

12) got sutured after tooth extraction without any filling.

After ten weeks of tooth extraction, the density of re-

generated bone in each socket was assessed for each

three zones (coronal, middle, and apical). Extraction site

of all the cases healed with no complication. The mean

density of the regenerated bone in each zone was as-

sessed by measuring the gray level on the scanned ra-

diographs. The mean density of regenerated bone in each

zone of repaired tooth socket for the case and control

groups is presented in Table 1.

The mean density of regenerated bone was signifi-

cantly higher in middle and apical zones of case group

compared to control group, whereas this difference was

not considerable between the coronal zones of the two

groups.

As the normal bone density differs from one person to

another, the density of regenerated bone in each patient

is compared with the maximum bone density of the same

patient. The mean bone density of the mandibles of the

participants was 92.2 ± 10.4 with a range of 78 to 110.

For each person, the ratio of regenerated bone density to

the maximum mandibular bone density in both groups of

sockets was calculated. These figures and their statistical

analysis results and the differences between the two

groups are summarized in Table 2.

4. DISCUSSION

In this study, an investigated was made on the bone

healing effects of chitosan on 12 patients who referred

for premolar teeth extraction for orthodontic purposes.

The tooth extraction was planned for maxilla, mandible

or both of them.

A substance used for improving bone regeneration

Table 1. The mean gray level of each zone of the sockets in

case and control subjects .

Group Coronal

mean ± SD

(min ~ Max)

Middle

mean ± SD

(min ~ Max)

Apical

mean ± SD

(min ~ Max)

Chitosan

(n = 12) 35.3 ± 12.0

(21.7 ~ 60) 57.7 ± 12.3

(42 ~ 78.2) 90.9 ± 12.5

(68 ~ 110)

Control

(n = 12) 34.2 ± 1.6

(22.8 ~ 57.1) 47.3 ± 13.4

(31.7 ~ 76.3) 64 ± 16.5

(34.3 ~ 95.5)

P value* 0.583 0.05 0.002

*Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test.

Table 2. Ratio of regenerated bone density to the maximum

mandibular bone density at the three zones in chitosan-filled

and control groups.

Group Coronal

% ± SD Middle

% ± SD Apical

% ± SD

Chitosan (n = 12) 37.8 ± 9.8 61.9 ± 7.9 98.2 ± 3.9

Control (n = 12) 37.3 ± 11.6 51.1 ± 13.1 68.9 ± 14.6

P value * 0.896 0.040 0.000

* Paired t-test.

should be biocompatible, biodegradable, and effective. It

should also be cheap and easy to apply [1]. The gold

standard for restoring missing bone is autogenous bone

graft, which is hard to perform and has some limitation-

sand drawbacks [17-19]. Moreover, this method is asso-

ciated with the risk of graft rejection and/or immu-

nological reactions [9,10]. Chitosan has been reported as

a biodegradable and biocompatible substance [20], and

according to numerous studies it is effective in restoring

bone defects [21-26]. Chitosan can be used as a bio-

compatible coating for orthopedic and craniofacial im-

plants [14]. Minimal inflammatory reactions have been

observed in tissues which have been in contact with the

chitosan co ated pins; while the healing sequence of bone

remains typical. So, chitosan coatings have shown to be

able to develop suitable osseointegration of dental and

orthopedic implants [27]. Chitosan microparticles can

also improve drug delivery to localized areas which

leads to increased and accelerated bone growth [28].

Several studies have investigated various effects of

chitosan on bone healing and raised some hypotheses on

its mechanisms [29-31]. For instance, according to a

study by Chevrier and co-workers, chitosan increases the

vascularization of blood vessels and stimulates budding

tissue (tissue comprising of budding capillaries and fi-

broblasts) [32].

Park and co-workers [33] reported that spongy chito-

san activates osteoblasts and could increase osteogenesis.

F. Ezoddini-Ardakan et al. / Health 3 (2011) 200-205

203203

Klokkevold [34] also reported that chitosan increases the

activity of osteoblasts and helps bone formation. Lee and

co-workers [35] reported that spongy chitosan supports

the proliferatio n of osteoblasti c cells. Considerin g the rate

of bone formation and the speed of bone regeneration in

the dental cavities (see Tables 1 and 2), results of this

study are in agreement of the above mentioned studies.

Kim and co-workers [36] studied chitosan and its de-

rivatives and their applications in tissue engineering,

such as the formation of skin, bone, cartilage, liver,

nerves, and blood vessels. In the present study, chitosan

powder is u sed to see its effect on bone r egener ation . It

was interestingly found that after a period of 10 weeks,

the bone density in the apical zone of the sockets treated

with chitosan was 98.2% of maximum mandibular bone

density, which was 29.3% more than that of untreated

sockets.

In a study by Zhang and co-workers [37], chitosan

was used as a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer

along with mannitol and calcium phosphate cement

(CPC) for bone healing. They reported that this new

formulation could be used for shaping hydroxyapatite in

surgeries and implants. This new formulation can be

used in improving the macroporosity of apatitie frame-

works, in order to help reduce the stress shielding in an

implant-bone complex, also implant longetivity. In our

study, higher speed of bone formation in the apical and

middle zones of the dental sockets filled with chitosan

can be justified by an increase in scaffold and position-

ing of the bone forming cells in this framework. Xu and

co-workers [38] used CPC for repair of teeth and cra-

niofacial tissue. In their study, CPC was used for repair

of periodontal bony tissue and loose teeth following

fractures. They used tetra-calcium phosphate and chito-

san in order to make non-rigid and strong calcium phos-

phate cement, which they believe is more useful in repair

of periodontal tissue and bone surrounding an implant.

Chitosan has been used also for producing fast-setting

CPC and makes it resistant to washout [38]. Chitosan

can solve the problem of handling the particulate form of

calcium hydroxyapatite as it can stabilize the p articles in

surgical sites [39]. Bumgardner and co-workers [14] re-

ported that chitosan is a biopolymer that accelerates

bone formation, facilitates wound healing and has an-

timicrobial properties. It also helps bone formation and

makes orthopedic procedures and craniofacial implants

easier. In the present study, the chitosan powder was

mixed with blood of each person and filled in the dental

socket, and it was found that bone tissue regeneration

will be faster in chitosan-filled socket than untreated

dental socket.

Ma and co-workers [40] studied the heat sensitive ef-

fects of chitosan hydrogel on periodontal bone healing.

They concluded that chitosan thermosensitive hydrogel

loading rhBMP-2 can facilitate regeneration of the peri-

odontal tissue and simplify the surgical operation. De-

fects were made in the anterior section of the jaws of

three healthy dog s and ch itosan hydrogel was injected in

the wounds and the flaps were sutured. But, a number of

defects were left untreated and not filled with the hy-

drogel. After a period of 5 weeks, the periodontal tissue

was regenerated in all main regions of the study group,

while only a small section of the tissue was regenerated

in the control group. In their study, in the cavities filled

with chitosan, not only the bone regeneration was faster,

but also the density was similar to the density of the

bone of the subject under study. Zhang and co-workers

[41] used chitosan scaffold and adenovirus vector for

regeneration of alveolar bone in dental implant defects.

They reported that chitosan-collagen scaffold can be

used as a good mediator in bone regeneration.

5. CONCLUSION

Chitosan has been shown to be one of th e most prom-

ising biomaterials for orthopedic and dental applications.

Due to its interesting characteristics, chitosan is consid-

ered as a suitable alternative for bone graft. Chitosan

improves bone regeneratio n i n dent al bo ne loss.

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