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![]() Applied Mathematics, 2011, 2, 369-378 doi:10.4236/am.2011.23044 Published Online March 2011 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/am) Copyright © 2011 SciRes. AM Optimal Interpolatory Wavelets Transform for Multir esolution Triangular Meshes Chong Zhao, Hanqiu Sun Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China E-mail: czhao@cse.cuhk.edu.hk Received November 7, 2010; revised January 27, 2011; accepted January 30, 2011 Abstract In recent years, several matrix-valued subdivisions have been proposed for triangular meshes. The ma- trix-valued subdivisions can simulate and extend the traditional scalar-valued subdivision, such as loop and 3 subdivision. In this paper, we study how to construct the matrix-valued subdivision wavelets, and pro- pose the novel biorthogonal wavelet based on matrix-valued subdivisions on multiresolution triangular meshes. The new wavelets transform not only inherits the advantages of subdivision, but also offers more resolutions of complex models. Based on the matrix-valued wavelets proposed, we further optimize the wavelets transform for interactive modeling and visualization applications, and develop the efficient interpo- latory loop subdivision wavelets transform. The transform simplifies the computation, and reduces the mem- ory usage of matrix-valued wavelets transform. Our experiments showed that the novel wavelets transform is sufficiently stable, and performs well for noise reduction and fitting quality especially for multiresolution semi-regular triangular meshes. Keywords: Lifting Scheme, Subdivision Wavelets, Matrix-Valued Subdivision 1. Introduction The development of graphics applications and virtual re- ality demand complex models often with millions of ver- tices, which need large resources to process and also transmission through the networks. Since the subdivision based wavelets can efficiently represent highly detailed geometric models in resolutions, they are widely used in geometry compression and multiresolution editing. In ad- dition, subdivision wavelets can be further customized to possess some desired properties, such as stability, ortho- gonalization and vanishing moment, using the lifting scheme. Since the lifting steps can be converted into lo- cal in-place operations in wavelet transform, if they are locally conducted, the reconstruction and decomposition of the resulting wavelets are not necessary to allocate auxiliary memory or solve a global system of linear equa- tions. The fast wavelet transform based on the lifting scheme is usually simple, and can be performed in linear time. Subdivision wavelets can be constructed based on sub- division schemes. Since the wavelets based on approxi- mate subdivision have good shape preserve ability, effi- cient subdivision wavelets are constructed based on the approximate subdivision. In some applications, such as reversed engineering of scattered data and study of point clouds, where control points are data points, surface in- terpolation is an important requirement. In this paper, we propose an efficient wavelets construction for the matrix- valued interpolatory loop subdivision, for triangular me- shes based on the lifting scheme. The resulting biortho- gonal wavelet inherits the attractive advantage of having the most resolution levels of interpolatory loop refine- ment. As the analysis and synthesis transforms of the re- sulting wavelet are composed of only local lifting opera- tions, they can be performed very efficiently in linear time using fully in-place calculations. In the rest of the paper, we first briefly review other work most related to our approach in Section 2. We introduce the background of matrix-valued subdivision, in particular the matrix- valued interpolatory loop subdivision in Section 3. We describe the lifted wavelets based on the matrix-valued subdivision in Section 4, and the algorithm to optimize the matrix-valued wavelets transform for multiresolution modeling/rendering applications in Section 5. The expe- rimental results for the interpolatory wavelet analysis and their performance evaluation are given in Section 6. Fi- nally, the summary of our work is given in Section 7. ![]() C. ZHAO ET AL. Copyright © 2011 SciRes. AM 370 2. Related Work Wavelets based on subdivision surfaces have been pro- posed for geometry mesh processing for years. Louns- bery et al. [1] presented a new type of wavelets based on subdivision, generally on the surface of arbitrary topolo- gy. By generalizing the uniform subdivision in topology to a new irregular subdivision scheme, Valette and Prost [2,3] extended the work of Lounsbery and proposed a wavelet-based multiresolution analysis, to be applied di- rectly to irregular meshes whose connectivity is unchan- ged in the wavelet analysis. Samavati et al. [4] showed how to use least-squares data fitting to reverse subdivi- sion rules and constructed the wavelets by straightfor- ward matrix observations. Samavati et al. [5] constructed multiresolution surfaces of arbitrary topologies by local- ly reversing the Doo-Sabin subdivision scheme. Since the lifting scheme proposed by Swelden [6] can generate new biorthogonal wavelets from the classic wavelets and lazy wavelets, it is an important tool to construct subdi- vision wavelets. Based on lifting scheme, Schroder and Sweldens showed how to construct lifting wavelets on the sphere with customized properties [7]. Using local lifting operations performed on polygonal meshes, Ber- tram et al. [8,9] gave a new construction of lifted bior- thogonal wavelets on surfaces of arbitrary two manifold topology, and introduced the generalized B-spline subdi- vision-surface wavelets. Using local lifting and the discrete inner production, Bertram [10] constructed a biorthogonal wavelet on the Loop subdivision. Li et al. [11] proposed unlifted Loop subdivision wavelet by optimizing free parameters in the extended subdivisions. Wang et al. [12] developed an effective wavelet construction based on general Catmull- Clark subdivisions and the resulted wavelets have better fitting quality than the previous Catmull-Clark like sub- division wavelets. They also constructed several new bi- orthogonal wavelets based on3subdivision over trian- gular meshes, and approximate and interpolatory2sub- division over quadrilateral meshes [13-15]. Zhang et al. presented a biorthogonal wavelet approach based on dual Doo-Sabin subdivision with the aid of the barycenter of the V-faces corresponding to old vertices [16]. The initial work on computing matrixvalued subdivision wavelets is presented by Zhao et al. in [17]. Chui and Jiang proposed a new approach to construct subdivision schemes, called matrix-valued subdivision [18,19]. Different with the scalar-valued subdivision, the dilation coefficients is not a number, but a matrix. He constructed the matrix-valued loop subdivision and3 subdivision on the triangular mesh and Catmull-Clark subdivision on quadrilateral mesh. The data processed by the matrix-valued subdivision is a row vector including geometry information and other parameters for shape control. For matrix-valued subdivisions, versions of in- terpolatory subdivisions were introduced particularly for the purpose of Hermite interpolation. These considera- tions, however, are too restrictive to be useful for the construction of interpolatory matrix-valued templates in general. The most general extension of interpolatory loop and 3surface subdivisions, from scalar to matrix con- siderations and without any restriction, for constructing symmetric interpolatory matrix-valued templates is for- mulated in [20]. 3. Matrix-Valued Subdivision I computer graphics, surface subdivision schemes are de- signed to generate visually continuous and smooth sur- faces from some initial triangulations in the 3D domains iteratorly. For each iterative step, the subdivision has two simple operations: generating a new set of vertices, and connecting the vertices for new triangulation of higher resolution. The former is decided by the topological rule, which determines how the new vertices connect to the existing vertices. And the later is decided by the local averaging rule, which is designed to generate the new vertices by taking some weighted averages of the posi- tions of the neighboring vertices. Local averaging rules can be designed by considering the refinement equation: 2 k x=2 , k pxk Rx - Here, x is called a refinable function, and the fi- nite sequence k p called its corresponding refinement sequence or subdivision mask. For a control net with control points m k v, the subdivision mask k p provides the local averaging rule: -2 =p,=0,1, m+1 m jkjk k vv m where, for each =1,2,m, the set m k v denotes the set of vertices obtained after taking m iterations. The smoo- thness of the limiting 3-D subdivision surfaces is derived from the smoothness and polynomial preservation prop- erties of the refinable basis function. Matrix-valued subdivision derives local averaging rules for the subdivision; and the refinement equation is natu- rally modified to be: 2 k x=A , k pxk Rx - where A is the dilation matrix, the refinable function f is extended to an r-dimensional vector valued refinable function 0-1 =,, r (called refinable function vec- tor). And refinement sequence of r-dimensional square matrices k p are the subdivision mask. For some finite mask to be constructed, A is a 22´ matrix with integ- er entries such thatdet3 or4|A|= . Examples of such ![]() C. ZHAO ET AL. Copyright © 2011 SciRes. AM 371 matrices A are: 012 12 2120 =,= 2= 211 , 202 AAI - -- - The local averaging rule is then given by: +1 - k =, =0,1, mm jkjAk vvpm where 1, =,, mm m kkn,k vv v is a “row-vector” whose th l component m l,k v is a parameter relative to the point in 3D domain, for =1, ,ln. The first component m l,k v is used as the geometry coordinates of the vertices of the triangulation resulting from the th m iterative step. m l,k v, =2, ,ln can provide the parameters for shape control of the smooth subdivision surfaces, if necessary. For matrix-valued loop subdivision scheme [18], the matrix-valued refinable function vector is 01 =, , where 0 fis showed as Bezier net in Figure 1 and 1 x -1 01 T =jAx . The dilation matrix is2 2 I . The matrix- valued subdivision provides a free parameter (shape con- trol parameter), for adjusting shapes of surface geometry. So if we set the control parameters to be zero at each iterative step, the matrix-valued loop subdivision can generate the surface identical to the surface generated by loop subdivision scheme. By selecting the function vector as: T 011 1 +, 2 where 00 = 110 00 000 1,11,00, 1 1, 11,00,1 -- - - Figure 1. The Bezier net of basis function0 . Jiang et al. [20] extended the matrix-valued loop sub- division scheme to the interpolatory loop subdivision scheme. The refinement stencils for ordinary points are showed in the first row of Figure 2, where 3117 1 3 1723672 72 8,, 1377 1 1 0363636 36 2 GJ K - - 11111 01614428872 144 ,, 111 11 087214436 72 LM N -- - -- The refinement stencils for extraordinary points are showed in the second row of Figure 2, where 33 311 31 00 722 72 , 171 1 4364 36 ss JK - 2 1 0 1 116 , 16 27 0 08(54 - 31) n α α HH α xs - - The value of s should be chosen between 0 and 36 31 and the values of x2 and α depend on s. In this paper, we choose36 =31 s,2 1 =4 x- and 64 =29 α in theory analysis and experiments. Figure 2. The refinement stencils of interpolatory loop sub- division. The first row shows the masks for the ordinary points, and the second row shows the masks for extraordi- nary points. ![]() C. ZHAO ET AL. Copyright © 2011 SciRes. AM 372 4. Biorthogonal Wavelets 4.1. Lazy Wavelet Transform From the subdivision theory, we know that the subdivi- sion can generate a series of smooth meshes from the ini- tial mesh. For given mesh n C and fixed subdivision masks ,P we can get a new mesh +1n C, which has more points than n C. It can be described as: 1n+ n C=PC By reversing the process, the meshes generated by the subdivision can also be easily decomposed to the simpler ones. But for an arbitrary mesh, which may be not gen- erated by the subdivision, there will be some redundancy that cannot be decomposed after reversed subdivision. Supposing the given mesh is n C, we can describe the mesh as: 11nn- n- C=PC+QD where 1n C is the points in coarser level, Q is the de- composition masks, and 1n- D are the redundancy in level 1n (wavelets). How to optimize the decomposi- tion algorithm and reduce the redundancy is the key problem we will consider in this section. For the interpolatory subdivision, each point in 1n C is identical to the one in n C. So it is natural to consider the “distance” between the edge points generated by sub- division and relative points in 1n C as the redundancy. So, we group the points of mesh at level n into 2 sets: the points n V, which are the vertices of triangles of mesh at level n-1 and the edge points n E, which are generated from the edge of mesh at level n1-. Sup- pose n Φ is the basis function of subdivision scheme and Φn v is the basis function relative to the point of n V, Φn e is the basis function relative to the point of n E. The surface generated by subdivision can be described as: =Φ+Φ nnnnn ve SVE For a given surface T, which is not generated by sub- division, just as Figure 3 showed, we can group the points of given surface into 2 sets: V (yellow points) Figure 3. The points of given surface are grouped into two sets. and E (red points). We have: =Φ+Φn ve TV E We consider V is the set of vertices of 1n C and sub-divide V and get the set of edge points E. Then: nn nn ve e T=VΦ+EΦ=S+ EEΦ - (1) From the subdivision theory, we know that: 11nn-n- S=V Φ (2) From both (1) and (2), we get: 11nn-n- nn e S=VΦ+EEΦ - (3) By this way, we have constructed a wavelet, which is called “lazy wavelet”, to decompose the mesh from n C to 1n C . Thought the lazy wavelet can be used to decompose the meshes, in most cases, the lazy wavelet analysis is unstable, which means the shape of result meshes may be affected greatly by little errors after several times decom- position. The reason of instability is that the wavelet fun- ction n e of lazy wavelet and scaling function 1n are not sure to be orthogonal. In fact the 1n is the linear combination of n e and n v . So we need to perform ad- ditional operations for the lazy wavelet transform to in- crease the orthogonality of wavelet function and scaling function. We construct a new wavelet ψ by accumula- ting the scaling functions 1n around the edge point to the corresponding lazy wavelet n e . To improve the or- thogonality of wavelet transform, the new wavelet ψ should be orthogonalized with the scaling functions around it. 11 and 0. n nn- n- eiii i=0 ψ=+w ψ,= (4) 4.2. Lifting Scheme The weights i w for lifting can be got by solving (4) if we know the inner product of lazy wavelet. There are se- veral ways to define the inner product of wavelets. Most widely used one in classical wavelets is the continuous inner product which is often defined as: ˆ ˆ 1 ,xIδ δIV M ψψ x jxdx ares where VM is the set of triangular faces of mesh M . From the view of mathematic theory, it is clear and con- vincible. But it is hard to be computed; sometimes it cannot be computed as the numeric value, especially for the basis function of subdivision. Since the scaling function and wavelet function have been given in previous sub section, we adopt the conti- nuous inner product for our wavelet. The basis function ![]() C. ZHAO ET AL. Copyright © 2011 SciRes. AM 373 of matrix-valued subdivision is often represented as a Bezier net on triangular mesh. Figure 1 showed the Bezier net of 0 , which is a basis function of matrix-va- lued interpolatory loop subdivision. From the Bezier net of basis function, we can write the mathematic represen- tation of basis function. Here, since we only want to cal- culate the inner product, which is an integral. We can partition the triangle into thousands of blocks, multiply and ψ at each block, then sum the results. It is more convenient to compute numeric value. Though the computation of continuous inner product is more complex than the discrete inner product, the inner product can be precomputed as the computation is inva- riant of the geometry mesh. So it won’t reduce the effici- ency of wavelet transform. The lifting template depends on what we need, if we want the wavelet transform more efficiency, we can select a small template. In general, it ensures the orthogonality of wavelets if we choose the lifting template which can cover the support of wavelet function. Figure 4 shows the lifting template covers 10 points. 5. Efficient Wavelets Transform 5.1. Ordinary Points Treatment In previous section, we have constructed a biorthogonal wavelet in theory. While, directly computing the wavelet analysis via the matrix-valued wavelets will cost a lot of computation. Here we develop an algorithm to compute fast matrix-valued subdivision wavelets for purpose of mesh simplification. The base idea of this algorithm fol- lows the steps: 1) constructing fast algorithm for lazy wavelet analysis by reversing subdivision; 2) lifting the lazy wavelet with the weights introduced in previous sec- tion. The most important step to construct efficient subdivi- sion wavelets is the first one. The general method to con- struct the lazy wavelet needs to reform the subdivision Figure 4. Constructing a wavelet as linear combination of a lazy wavelet ψand the scaling functions i (i = 0,…,9). rules and make it satisfy 2 constrains: 1) the reformed subdivision should be equal to the original subdivision when the wavelet coefficients are zero; 2) thereformed subdivision could be directly reversed, which enables us to decompose the mesh to the version of lower resolution efficiently. But, in comparison with the scalar-valued subdivision, this reforming is very hard to be applied in matrix-valued subdivision wavelets in vector space. De- spite of the affection of the elements of vector to each other, the larger size of stencil to generate edge point e (comparing to the vertex v) make it hardly to be calcu- lated without solving a global system. Since our research focus on the application on the mesh simplification and the geometry coordinates of vertex are most important results of wavelet analysis, we can simplify the subdivi- sion by setting the initial vector as ,0v éù ëû , where v is the geometry coordinates of vertex and the rest element of vector are zero. The matrix-valued subdivision can be reformed as: 6 =1 24 1i3 810 59 ,,0 ,0* 00 00 xi i xii i= = ii i= i= vv =v*G+vL e,e=e,+v,0*K+v,*J +v,*M+ v,*N (5) where the meaning of subscribe i are the same as they are shown in Figure 2. From the definition of matrix G,J,K, L, M, N and (4), we can get: v=v 6 1 31 816 x i i= v= vv - (6) 24 810 =1=3=5 =9 31 711 =+ + 7272 14472 ii ii ii ii ee vvv v -- 248 10 =1=3=5=9 11 11 =++ + 72 36288144 x xiiii iii i eevvvv - If e and x e are initialized as zero, the expression of reformed rules (6) equals to original rules (5). Since we focus on the geometry coordinates of points, which are the first elements, we don't care about the rest elements in mesh simplification and in most case; we even don't know the values of rest ones. We can get each v directly from the fist step of (6), and e can calcu- lated from the third step of (6): v= v (7) 248 10 =1 =3=5=9 31 711 =++ 72 7214472 iiii iii i ee vvvv -- This rule can be reverted efficiently. The first and third step of subdivision and their reverted version form ![]() C. ZHAO ET AL. Copyright © 2011 SciRes. AM 374 a lazy wavelet, where e is the wavelet coefficient and v is the coefficient of scaling function. From the defini- tion, it is can be considered as a simplified version of lazy wavelet defined by (3) in previous sub section, which effects when the data vector are ,0v éù ëû at lower resolution and only compute the first element of vector. It is enough for the mesh simplification because in this situation, we only know the geometry coordinates of points, which is the first element of vector. Based on this lazy wavelet, we can develop the efficient biorthogonal wavelet decomposition algorithm for mesh simplification by performing lifting operation introduced in previous section after lazy wavelet analysis (7): =1 = n ii i vv we - where n is the size of lifting template, i e is the coef- ficients relative to the wavelet function in lifting tem- plate, i w is the lifting weights introduced in previous sub section. 5.2. Extraordinary and Boundary Points Treatment The wavelet transform for the extraordinary points is similar to the ordinary points. Since we only focus on the geometry coordinates of points, we can only calculate the first element of vector. Then considering the data vector ,0v éù ëû , the subdivision can be reformed as: v=v 24 =1 =3 31131 =++() 722 72 ii ii eesvs v -(8) where s can be chosen between 0 and 31 36 . This expres- sion is equal to original subdivision if we set the e as zero. So expression (8) and its inverse version can be considered as a lazy wavelet transform for the extraordi- nary points. For the boundary points, there is no special treatment offered by the matrix-valued interpolatory subdivision. But we can consider they are special extraordinary points by setting the coefficient s as 31 36 . In this case, the expression (8) degenerates into a simpler expression: v=v 2 =1 1 =+ 2i i ee v (9) It can be used to process the boundary points. So ex- pression (9) and its inverse version can be considered as a lazy wavelet transform for the boundary points. Based on these lazy wavelets, we can construct the bi- orthogonal matrix-valued wavelet on extraordinary points and boundary points via the lifting scheme. But, since the basis functions of these points cannot be explicit com- puted in mathematics, we can deploy the discrete inner product, instead of the continuous inner product. The in- ner product is introduced by Bertram [10] and used by several efficient subdivision based lifting wavelets to simplify the computation. The idea of discrete inner pro- duct used in subdivision wavelets is based on the assum- ption that the scaling functions of finer resolution form an orthogonal basis without considering all correlation of finer level coefficients. With this assumption, the mutual inner product of wavelets and scaling functions is de- fined as the sum of multiplications of corresponding co- efficients (geometry coordinates of points) at finer reso- lution, and calculated directly from the subdivision tem- plate. It is maybe not accurate, but works well in many works [10-15]. Figure 5 shows the discrete mask of extraordinary masks, where 31 =72 α s and 13 =1 272 s γ-. Based on these discrete masks we can construct the discrete inner product between extraordinary points (or boundary points) and ordinary points, and get the weights for lift- ing operation. The final wavelet decomposition rules for extraordinary points can be got by performing lifting operation in addition to the lazy wavelet analysis: v=v 24 i=1i=3 31131 =() 722 72 ii eesvsv =1 = n ii i vv we where n is the size of lifting template, i e is the coef- ficients relative to the wavelet function in lifting tem- plate, i w is the lifting weights. If we set 36 =31 s and select different lifting template, it can be used to process boundary points too. 6. Experimental Results In general, we can apply the different lifting template for Figure 5. The discrete masks of extraordinary points. ![]() C. ZHAO ET AL. Copyright © 2011 SciRes. AM 375 various purposes. In this paper we adopt the template showed in Figure 6, because it exactly covers the the points to generate edge point. The weights of lifting oper- ations template can be precomputed, which greatly incr- ease the efficiency of transformation. To be consistence with the optimized wavelet trans- form algorithm, we adopt the full version of basis func- tion instead of the box spline used in [17]. Table 1 shows precomputed lifting weights for ordinary points. With these weights, we test the proposed wavelet transform al- gorithm on the models. Figure 7 shows the result se- quence of surfaces generated by the wavelet transform. For testing the stability of wavelet transform, we made a noise-filtering experiment, which is often used to ex- amine the stability of approximate subdivision wavelets [10-15]. We first perturb all vertices of the mesh at high- est resolution with white noise. The perturbed mesh is decomposed step by step using the wavelet analysis 5 times. At each resolution, we subdivide the mesh to level 5 (the highest resolution) again without considering the wavelet coefficients of any higher resolution. Thus, we get a sequence of low-pass filtered versions of the noisy mesh. We compare the low-pass filtered versions of noisy Figure 6. Multiresolution mesh models (horse, bunny, fe- line): the 1st surfaces show the original models rendered with wireframe. Others are surfaces generated by perfor- ming wavelet analysis 0-5 times, and the last one shows the lowest-resolution model in wirefr ame rendering. Table 1. The precomputed weights of local lifting opera- tions, when the valence n = 6. Ww2 w2w3 w3w4 w4w5 w5w6 –0.17712 –0.177120.0238 0.0238 –0.0016 w6w7 w7w8 w8w9 w9w10 w1w11 –0.0016 0.0249 0.0249 0.0249 0.0249 mesh with the original unperturbed mesh by calculating the corresponding L2-norm errors. The results of experi- ment are showed in Figure 7 and Figure 8. From these figures, we can find that that the error rates don’t increase much after few wavelet analysis operations. So the de- composition is quite stable. For comparison with other wavelet transform, we made the same tests on approximate loop subdivision wavelet, developed by Bertram [10], and lazy interpolatory subdi- vision wavelet. Since the lifting template of Bertram’s scheme only includes 4 points around the edge point. We use our template, including 10 points around the edge point, instead of original one. The more points in template make the wavelet function orthogonal to more scaling functions and the fitting quality of result should be better. All the results of noise-filter experimental results are showed in Figure 7 and Figure 8. These experimental results show that: compared with loop subdivision wave- let and lazy interpolatory subdivision wavelet, the inter- polatory subdivision wavelet has better performance in noise reduction. While, we should pay attention to the fact that, though the L2-norm error of loop wavelet analy- sis is much more than interpolatory subdivision wavelet, the surfaces generated by loop subdivision wavelet trans- form seem smoother than interpolatory subdivision wave- let transform after subdividing. It caused mainly by the awful ability of approximate subdivision to generate smooth surfaces. We also compared the fitting quality of meshes, which come from loop subdivision wavelet analysis and our interpolatory subdivision wavelet analysis individually. Figure 9 shows the results generated by computing wavelet analysis 4 times. The blue circles are used to mark the obvious difference between the results. Since the approximate subdivision averages both the vertices of triangle and edge points, the surfaces are smoother in general. But when performing surface decomposition, the change from eliminated points also affect the residual points and make the result surface bulge and may gener- ate surface with ripples. The interpolation subdivision keeps the points of original surface, which fixes the basic shape of subdivision surface. Because the subdivision wavelets inherit the properties of subdivision, though the lifting operation changed the values of points for both wavelets, the affection to the interpolatory wavelet is less ![]() C. ZHAO ET AL. Copyright © 2011 SciRes. AM 376 (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 7. The comparison of L2-norm errors by noise-filtering experiments on: (a) venus; (b) horse; (c) bunny ; (d) feline. Figure 8. The low-pass filter sequence of noisy me shes from level 5 to level 0: the first row shows the results by approximate loop subdivision wavelet; the second row shows the results by lazy interpolatory loop subdivision wavelet; the third row shows the results by lifted interpolator loop subdivision wavelet. ![]() C. ZHAO ET AL. Copyright © 2011 SciRes. AM 377 Figure 9. Multiresolution surfaces by loop subdivision wavelet analysis and interpolatory wavelet analysis. The 1st column shows the original models; the 2nd column shows the results decomposed by interpolatory subdivision wavelet analysis 4 times; the 3rd column shows the results decomposed by loop subdivision wavelet analysis 4 times. Here, blue circles used to enlarge the viewing differences between them. As for loop subdivision, there are ripples in the surfaces generated by loop subdivision wavelets analysis after several times decomposing. The interpolatory subdivision wavelet analysis we propose plays better on avoiding these defects. than it to the approximate subdivision wavelets, accord- ing to the results of experiments. So the interpolatory subdivision wavelet should have better shape preserve ability than the approximate subdivision wavelet in visu- al appearance. This conforms to the fact that L2-norm error of the interpolatory subdivision wavelet is lower than the approximate subdivision wavelet. We tested the efficiency of wavelet transform by using a PC equipped with Intel Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q8200 at 2.33 HZ and 4 G memory. The results are listed in Ta- ble 2. Because the lifting operation is executed on each vertex and the time complexity of each operation is O(1), the time complexity of lifting operations of wavelet transform only depends on the number of vertices. Since it avoids solving a complex system, the proposed trans- form performs efficiently for multiresolution surfaces, in both wavelet analysis and synthesis of mesh models. 7. Summary In this paper, we propose the novel wavelet transform based on matrix-valued interpolatory loop subdivision for multiresolution triangular meshes. Since the matrixva- lued subdivision is directly generated from the basis function vector, it is easy to be used to construct lazy wavelet. For better fitting quality, the additional lifting operations are applied to increase the orthogonality of wa- Table 2. The time cost of performing wavelet transform 5 times. Curent rows show the time cost of algorithm in this paper and previous row show the time cost of algorithm in [17]. Analysis Horse (112642 pt) Venus (198658 pt) Feline (258046 pt) Current 0.08550 sec.0.13247 sec. 0.19051sec. Previous 0.11395 sec.0.200944 sec. 0.258138 sec. Synthesis Horse Venus Feline Current 0.07002 sec.0.11976 sec. 0.18068 sec. Previous 0.107769 sec.0.189748 sec 0.245778 sec. velet. Further from our initial work [17], we have worked on the follo- wing major features: To speed up the wave- lets transform, we work out and optimize the algorithm of interpolatory loop subdivision wavelets in detail. Our ap- proach can deal with the extraordinary points and boun- dary points faithfully. We have designed the full version of basis function of interpolatory subdivision, instead of the simpler version. So the lifting weights can be used for the optimized wavelets transform we propose. By applying these methods, the final transform is effi- cient, and has low memory usage because no additional memory used in the processing of points. The computa- tion is fully in-place and efficient. The testing experi- ments showed that the wavelets transform we develop is ![]() C. ZHAO ET AL. Copyright © 2011 SciRes. AM 378 stable, and has good performance on noise reduction and fitting quality. Our proposed wavelets transform can be applied in a wide range of applications, including 3D- model progressive transmission, data compression, mul- tiresolution rendering, and interactive geometric editing. The construction method we develop is easy to be exten- ded to other matrix-valued interpolatory subdivision sch- emes for triangular and quadrilateral meshes. In the fu- ture work, we will focus on how to eliminate the defect of interpolatory wavelet when generating simplified smooth surface. We will try to construct the transform that has the advantages of interpolatory and approximate subdivision wavelets for such applications. 8. Acknowledgements This work was supported by RGC research grant (Ref. 415806) and UGC direct grant for research (No. 2050423, 2050454). 9. References [1] M. Lounsbery, T. DeRose and J. Warren, “Multiresolu- tion Analysis for Surfaces of Arbitrary Topological Type,” ACM Transaction of Graphics, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1997, pp. 34-73. [2] S. Valette and R. 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