Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2014, 4, 197-207
Published Online March 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojog
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojog.2014.44033
How to cite this paper: Devabhaktuni, P., Gupta, P.C., Bhupatiraju, S., Puranam, B. and Abdul, S.M. (2014) Uterine Fibro-
myoma and Intravascular Thrombosis—Eight Cases. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 4, 197-207.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojog.2014.44033
Uterine Fibromyoma and Intravascular
Thrombosis—Eight Cases
Pratibha Devabhaktuni1, Prem C. Gupta2, Somaraju Bhupatiraju3,
Balamba Puranam4, Saleem M. Abdul5
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, CARE In stitu te of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
2Department of Vascular Surgery, CAR E Institute of Medic al Sciences, Hyderabad, India
3Department of Cardiology, CARE Institute of Medical Sciences, Hy derab ad, India
4Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, India
5Department of Surgery, CARE Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
Email: dpdnk@yahoo.com
Received 27 December 2013; revised 25 January 2014; accepted 3 February 2014
Copyright © 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishin g Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Abstract
Objectives: We pres ent eight cases of v ascular thrombosis of the pelvic vessels and deep venous
thrombosis (DVT) of the low e r lim b, second ary to compression of the pelvic vessels by the uterine
fibroid, m anaged ove r a span of twelve years from 2001 to 2013 . We discuss the mean size of the
leiomyoma, the predi li cti on for DVT of the left low er limb, the role of or al contrace ptives when
used in women wit h large fibroids, to increase the risk of DVT and present a brief literature
review. Results: Age, the mean age of our patients was—41.12 yrs, range—18 yrs to 50 yrs. Parity
and Menopausal Status: Seven were parous wome n. On e was unmarried, nulligravid. Seven wer e
premenopausal and one was postmenopausal. Vascular Thrombosis: In one it was arterial
thrombosis and in seven it was venous thrombosis. DVT was on the left side in 6/8 - 75%. Clinical
Complaints: The presenting complaints were heavy menstrual bleeding in three, severe dysme-
norrhoea and heavy bleeding in one, mass per abdomen in one, heavy mens es and abdomi nal
mass in one, no complain ts apart fr om DVT in one. Uterine Enlargeme nt: The size of the uterus
was between 12 to 26 weeks. The mean size was 20 weeks. It was a single fibromyoma in six and
multiple, t wo in t wo. Use of Or al Contraceptives: OC pills were used to control heavy menstrual
bleeding in three cases—3/8, 37.5%. Discussion: T he DVT was on the left side in six of our cases,
75% were on the left s ide in our series . Menstrual problems like heavy bleed ing can be secondary
to fibromyoma. Three of the eight—37.5%, women used OC pills to control menorrhagia. One
developed DVT after on e cycle of use of OC pi lls; th e second developed arterial thrombosis of the
pelvic vessels after four cycles of OC pill use; the thir d used OC pills for a longer period, on and off.
P. Devabhaktuni et al.
198
The woman who developed ar teri al thrombosis wa s usin g OC pills wi t h 50 mcgs of oestrogen and
0.5 mg norgestrel. Conclusions: Uterine lei omyoma can cause vascu lar thrombosis secondary to
compression of the pelvic vessels. The mean size of the uterine enlargem ent by the fibromyoma
was 20 weeks and in 6/8, it was a solitary fibromyoma. DVT was on the left side in 75% of our cases.
Use of OC pills in women with an enlarged uterus with leiomy oma can incre ase the ris k of DVT.
Keywords
Fibroid; Leiomyoma; DVT; Intravascular Thrombosis; IVL; Intravenous Leiomyomatosis; PTE
1. Introduction
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the pelvic and femoral veins has been reported in association with uterine fi-
bromyoma [1]-[16]. In women presenting with acute pulmonary thromboembolism, the possibility of uterine
leiomyoma causing DVT of the pelvic vessels should be entertained [17]-[25]. Acute PTE secondary to a large
uterine leiomyoma without DVT of the lower extremities has also been reported [26]. Multiple cer ebral emboli
due to foramen ovale and u terine fibromyoma have been reported [27]. Chronic non healing leg ulcer secondary
to compression of the pelvic veins by the fibromyoma, leading to venous insufficiency in the leg veins, resolu-
tion and complete healing after hysterectomy has been reported [28]. Acute abdomen due to mesenteric vein
thrombosis secondary to compression by a large fibroid [29] and claudication due to compression of the right il-
iac artery by the fibroid have been reported [30].
Association of de ep venous thrombosis with fibromyoma has be en described in cas es of intravenous leio-
myomatosis also [31] [32].
Intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL), showing unusual growth patterns of uterine leiomyoma, is a rare neo-
plasm characterised by intravascular proliferation of a histologically benign looking smooth muscle tumor mass,
but not invading the tissue.
The criteria for the diagnosis of IVL should take into account one of the following cir cumstances [33]:
1) Multiple uterine fibroids with pathologic changes involv ing parauterine tissues and annex, especially when
worm like or cable like invasive tumors are found in the blood vessels under the microscope.
2) Patients have a history of uterine fibroids or uterine surgery, accompan ied by one of the following: the right
atrium tumor, right heart dysfunction, inferior venacava obstruction syndrome, Budd Chiari syndrome or deep
vein thrombosis.
There is a need to increase the awareness regarding the assosciation between DVT due to compression of the
pelvic vessels by a large fibroid and intravenous leiomyomatosis with fibromyoma, among gynaecologists, vas-
cular surgeons and cardiologists for proper early diagnosis and management.
We presen t eight cases of vascular thrombosis of the pelvic vessels secondar y to compression of the pelvic
vessels by the uterine fibroid, managed over a span of twelve years from 2001 to 2013.
2. Material & Methods
2.1. Case One—2001
Mrs. C, 50 yrs, para-1, live-1, abortion-1, last child birth was 27 yrs ago, attain ed menopause 10 years ago, pre-
sented with deep ve in thrombosis of left lower limb in the year 2001. Doppler venous study, duplex & real time
ultrasonography confirmed left ilio femoral thrombosis. Therapeutic anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin
was initiated and the patient was referred to the gynaec department of Government maternity hospital, Hydera-
bad, from the medical ward of Nizams institute of medical sciences. On gynaecological examination a firm mass
corresponding to 24 weeks gestation was detected and a provisional diagnosis of uterine fibromyoma was made.
She had no menstrual problem prior to menopause and no postmenopausal bleeding per vaginum. She had no
problem related to micturition. There was no evidence of pelvic malignancy. CA-125 levels were normal. Pap.
smear was normal.
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199
Transvaginal ultrasonography and doppler blood flow to the mass were done, endometrium was thin (3 mm),
endocervical canal was normal. Ectocervix was healthy. Other investigations were normal. Total abdominal
hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy were performed two months after anticoagulation, when
doppler venous study revealed partial recanalisation of the thrombosed iliofemoral veins.
The patient who was on oral anticoagulant after DVT, was given preoperatively and postoperatively low mo-
lecular weight heparin and later again switched to ora l anticoa gulantion. Postoperativ e period was uneventful.
Histopathology confirmed fibromyoma. Figure 1 shows the specimen of uterus enlarged to 20 weeks size due to
a solitary fibromyomacase one.
2.2. Case Two2001
Miss S, 18 yrs, unmarried adolescent presented with mass per abdomen, swelling and pain over left lower limb,
difficulty in walking and fever of one week duration. She gave history of mass per abdomen, gradually increas-
ing in size since one year. She did not have any menstrual disturbances. Gynaecological examination revealed a
24 weeks s ize fibromyoma uterus. Duplex venous ultrasonography showed extensive thrombus extending from
saphenous v ein in mid thigh upwards into femoral, external iliac and common iliac veins. A provisional diagno-
sis of a large fibromyoma uterus causi n g DVT was made on 7.12.2001. She was on LMW Heparin from
17.12.01 till 8.01.02 and later on, oral anticoagulant was started.
Repeat doppler studies on 11.01.02 and 29.01.02 revealed partial DVT, good collateral veins and absent
thrombus in common iliac vein. She underwent Myomectomy on 7.02.2002. She was transfused three units of
whole blood preoperatively and two units postoperatively. She was kept on oral anticoagulants for two months
and discharged to attend the out patient department.
2.3. Case Three—2010
A 45 years woman, para 3, live 3, all three vaginal deliveries, presented to Kamineni hospital with abdominal
pain and heavy menstrual bleeding of two months duration, was admitted on 18.05.2010. Clinical examination
revealed the uterus to be enlarged to 26 weeks size, due to a large fibromyoma. Past history: She had deep ve-
nous thrombosis in the left lower limb six years ago, she was on anticoagulants at that time. Though she was ad-
vised surgery for fibroid, did not heed advise.
Venus doppler study on 18.05.2010 demonstrated partial chronic thrombosis of femoral vein, saphenous vein
and complete thrombosis of popliteal veins, incompetent left saph en o femoral junction with dilated great
saphenous vein and varicos ities. She had TAH + BSO on 20.05.2010, received prophylactic anticoagulation, for
four days postoperatively. She was advised screening for thrombophilia conditions.
2.4. Case Four2011
A 49 years premenopausal woman was admitted with DVT of the left lower limb. Therapeutic intravenous
Figure 1. Solitary uterine fibromyomacase one.
P. Devabhaktuni et al.
200
anticoagulation was initiated. Gynaecological examination reve a l ed the uterus enlarged due to a fibromyoma,
confirmed by vaginal sonography, a solitary fibroid was detected and she was advised regarding the need to un-
dergo hysterectomy at the time of discharge. But she did not report to us for surgery, must have had it elsewhere.
2.5. Case Five2012
Mrs. N, 45 yrs, para 2, live 2, both normal vaginal deliveries, last childbirth was 22 yrs ago, tubectomy done,
presented with heavy menstrual bleeding and sever e dysmenorrhoea of one year duration. She was hypothyroid
on 100 mcgs. Of tab Eltroxin since four years, known hypertensive using drugs since three years . She had DVT
in the rt. lower limb in July 2012, was on LMWH and chan ged over to oral anticoagulant. While on anticoagu-
lants she had heavy vaginal bleeding and progesterones were given to arrest the bleeding episode. Uterus was
enlarged to 14 to 16 weeks size, sonogr aphy revealed two fibroids of sizes 58 × 49 mm in fundus and 28 × 24
mm in the anterior wall of uterus. Dobutamine stress ech o was negative for inducible ischaemia, 2D ECHO was
normal, cardiology fitness taken for surgery. On venus doppler of rt. lower limb on 13.09.12, there was no evi-
dence of DVT. TAH + LSO were performed. Bicornuate uterus with two fibroids and a small polyp in the left
cornua were noted on cut section.
2.6. Case Six—2012
Mrs R, 42 yrs, P2 L1 D1 A2, presented with history of heavy menstrual bleeding of three years duration. She used
oral contraceptives (OC) for controlling menorrhagia for one month, as per the gynaecologist advis e. Developed
deep venous thrombosis of left lower limb three years ago. S onography confirmed the presence of uterine fi-
broids. She postponed hysterectomy for three years and was on anticoagulants. Uterus was enlarged to 24 weeks
size with multiple fibroids. She had chronic rheumatic heart disease, moderate mitral stenosis, mild mitral regur-
gitation. She had hypertension. She was admitted on 5-03-2012 for severe anaemia and palpitations. Two units of
packed cells were transfused and oral haematenics given. Underwent total abdominal hysterectomy on 26-3-2012.
2.7. Case Seven—2013
A 49 yrs, Mrs. S, P2, L2, had tubectomy, consulted for menorrhagia since four months and on hormonal therapy
(Ovral G) to control heavy bleeding. She had pain in the right lower limb, painful blisters over the right little toe
two months ago. She was taking treatment for diabetes mellitus since two months and for hypertension since 15
years. Examination revealed moderate pallor, BP = 150/100 mm of Hg, on speculum examination, cervix and
vaginal mucosa were healthy, bleeding through the os was noted and vaginal examination noted the uterus
enlarged to 12 weeks size, fixed and not tender. Her haemoglobin was 8.6 gms, sonography revealed intramural
fibroid uterus, 98 × 48 mm size, in the posterior w a ll.
CT-Angiogram was done, thrombosis in the right superficial femoral artery, popliteal, posterior tibial and
profunda femoris arteries was identified. Vascular surgeon was consulted. Because of menorrhagia an emer-
gency hysterectomy was planned as the first step. So emergency TAH + BSO was done under spinal anaesthesia,
on 2nd Jan. 2013. Anti-coagulation, low molecular weight heparin, Inj. Clexane 40 mg SC, BD, started 12 hours
after surgery. Histopathology reported as fibromyoma. Right transfemoral thrombectomy was done on 10th Jan.
2013. Tab. aspirin 150 mg OD and tab. warfarin 5 mg OD started from 11th January.
2.8. Case Eight2013
Mrs. R.S. 31 yrs. P2, L2, both lscs, tubectomy done, had last child birth, three and a half years ago. She was on
oral anticoagulants when she consulted at care hospital in March 2013 for DVT of external iliac and femoral
veins of left lower limb. There was associated marked left hydronephrosis & le ft hydroureter and mild rt. hy-
dronephrosis, which was considered secondary to extraneous pressure eff ect by the mass. The uterus was
enlarged to 24 weeks size, non mobile and tender on examination. She had MRI and CT abdomen done in addi-
tion to doppler. TAH was done on 8 03 13, a large mass stony hard in consistency, from the cerv ical region fill-
ing the entire pelvis was noted with no plane of cleavage to enucleate the fibromyoma. W ith difficulty the mass
had to be removed in pieces, unlike the enucleation of a fibroid. There was suspicion whether it was an adeno-
myoma. There could have been small pieces left behind which could not be removed. The ovaries were healthy
and conserved . Histopathological examination confirmed uterine fibromyoma. Later after one month, renal
P. Devabhaktuni et al.
201
function tests revealed the left kidney found to be non functional (95%). Rt. ureter stenting was done. On 8.08
2013, cystoscopy and rt. ureter stenting, laparoscopic left nephroureterectomy were performed. Exploratory
laparotomy and removal of the mass remnants and bilateral oophorectomy were performed at the same sitting.
Histopathology report was, adenomyoma, secr etory en dometrium, hydronephrosis and chronic pyelonephritis.
ovariescorpus luteal cyst rt ovary, follicular cyst lt ova ry.
3. Results
3.1. AGE
The mean age of our patients was41.12 yrs, range18 yrs to 50 yrs.
3.2. Parity and Menopausal Status
Parity: Seven were parous women. One was unmarried, nulligravid.
Seven were premenopausal and one woman was ten years postmenopausal.
3.3. Vascular Thrombosis
In one it was arterial thrombosis and in seven it was venous thrombosis.
DVT was on the left side in 6/8 - 75%, and involving the right lower limb in 2/8 - 25%.
3.4. Clinical Complaints
The presenting complaints were heavy menstrual bleeding in three, severe dysmenorrhoea and heavy bleeding in
one, mass per abdomen in one, heavy menses and abdominal mass in one, no complaints apar t from DVT in one.
3.5. Uterine Enlargement
The size of the uterus was between 12 to 26 weeks. The mean size was 20 weeks. It was a s ingle fibromyoma in
six and multiple, two in two.
3.6. Use of Oral Contraceptives
OC Pills were used to control heavy menstrual bleedig in three cases37.5% and T. Medroxy progesterone
acetate was used in one to control HMB, after DVT while she was on anticoagulants.
3.7. DVT to Surgery Interval
The interval between DVT and surgery was, two months in three cases, one month in one, 3 years in one, 6
years in one and emergency hysterectomy in one, among the s even operated cases.
3.8. Comorbid Conditions
Comorbid conditions were diabetes mellitus and HTN in one, hypothyroidism and HTN in one and chronic
rheumatic heart disease in one.
3.9. Surgical Details
Surgery: H ysterecto my was done in one case, myomectomy was done in one, hysterectomy with bilateral
salpingo-oophorectomy in four and TAH + LSO in one. One patient did not report to us for surgery.
A second surgical procedure five months later was needed in one, to remove the residual mass and ovarian
removal, combined with left nephroureter ectomy.
The clinical profile, hormonal use and surgical management are shown in Table 1.
3.10. Histopathology
Histopathology reported as fibromyoma in six cases, fibromyoma and adenomyosis in one case.
P. Devabhaktuni et al.
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Table 1. Fibromyoma & vascular thrombosis, clinical profile and surgical management of eight cases2001 to 2013.
NOTE: 1. TAH+BSO
-Total abdom inal hyste r ectomy & bilateral salp i ngo oophorectomy. 2. HMB-Heavy mens trual blee di ng. 3. OC pil l -Oral contraceptive pill. 4. CRHD-Chronic rheumatic heart dise ase.
P. Devabhaktuni et al.
203
4. Discussion
During pregnancy, the enlarging uterus impeding blood flow in the pelvic venous system and the passage of fe-
tal head through the birth canal causing trauma to the pelvic veins are two reasons mentioned, along with other
hemostatic changes, to explain the greater occurrence of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy [34]. In a simi-
lar manner an enlarged uterus with fibromyoma can cause impedence to blood flow in the pelvic veins predis-
posing to thrombus formation.
The mean age of our eight cases was 41 years, range 18 to 50 years, which is in agreement with other re-
ports.Riat R. reported the mean age at presentation of th eir nine cases of fibroids with thrombosis was 41 years,
range (33 - 51 years) [35]. The mean size of the fibroid uterus was 20 weeks, ran g e between 12 to 26 weeks and
it was a solitary fibromyoma in 6/8 in our study. The incidence of DVT was found to be higher in cases where
uterine weight was 1000 gms, or higher [8].
The DVT was on the left side in six of our cases, and on the right side in two, 75% were on the left side in our
series. DVT were in the left leg in 81.9% during pregnancy [36]. Deep venous thrombosis occurred in the left
lower extremity in 76% of the pregnant and 47% of the postpartum women [34]. In pregnant women with deep
venous thrombosis, involvement of the left leg was reported in 82% and in 71% thrombosis was restricted to the
proximal veins without involvement of the calf veins [37]. There is a greater predeliction for iliofemoral deep
vein thrombosis on the left side, this may be as a consequence of the rt. iliac artery crossing the left iliac vein
and compression of the left iliac vein by the gravid uterus [37].
One of the main p resenting complaints in women with uterine fibromyoma is heavy menstrual bleeding.
Menstrual problems like heavy bleeding can be secondary to fibromyoma. Hormonal preparations ar e used to
control heavy menstrual bleeding when mefenamic acid and tranexamic acid are unsuccessful. Three of the eight
women used OC pills to control menorrhagia. One developed DVT after one cycle of use of OC pills, the second
developed arterial thrombosis of the pelvic vessels after four cycles of OC pill use, the third used OC pills for a
longer period, on and off. The woman who developed arterial thrombosis was using OC pills with 50 mcgs of
oestrogen and 0.5 mg norgestrel. Medroxy progesterone acetate was used to control heavy menstrual bleeding in
a woman on anticoagulants after she developed deep venous thrombosis.
Currently available oral contraceptives still have a major impact on thrombosis occurrence and many women
do not use the s af est brands with regards to the risk of venous thrombosis [38]. The risk of venous thrombosis
with the cur rent oral contraceptives is fivefold compared with nouse and the risk differed with the type of pro-
gestogen and dose of oestrogen. The risk of venous thrombosis in oral contraceptive users was fourfold with
levonorgestrel progestogen, 5.6 fold for gestodene, 7.3 fold for desogestrel, 6.8 fold for cyproterone acetate and
6.3 fold for drospirenone, compared to nonusers [38 ].
Women taking third generation oral contraceptives have a 1.7 fold increased risk of venous thrombosis com-
par ed with those taking second generation oral contraceptives [39]. Second and third generation oral contracep-
tives increase the risk of venous thromboemblolism in carriers of factor V Le iden mutation by 3.3 fold and 4.2
fold respectively [40]. Factor V leiden may be important here since APC resistance has been reported in 30% of
oral contraceptive pill associated thrombosis. Women using oral contraceptives with drospirenone are at similar
risk of venous thromboembolism to those using oral contraceptives with desogestrel, gestodene or cyproterone
and higher than those using oral contraceptives with levonorgestrel [41]. The risk of VTE was not reduced by
using 20 mcg oestrogen instead of 30 mcg oestrogen in oral contraceptives with drospirenone [42]. Roberts L. N.
have reported that deep venous thrombosis in association with leiomyoma was more common in women of Afro
Caribbean descent and also that most women would not have thrombophilic disorders [43]. The prevalence of
DVT amongst Indians was significantly higher as compared to whites an d blacks [44]. Amongst the known
thrombophilia markers, only homocysteine was significantly higher in males compared with females (P = 0.006)
[44]. A study on common thrombophilia markers and risk factors in Indian patients with primary DVT revealed
that the commonest were elevated fibrinogen and APC-resistance (17.9% each) followed by low protein S
(16.6%) [45] [46]. Thrombophilia was noted in 20% - 50% of women who experi ence VTE during Pregn ancy
[47]. Our women,though advised did not get the screening tests for thrombophilia. Thrombophilia screening in
women having DVT with fibromyoma would enable us to understand be tter the role of fibromyoma and throm-
bophilias in the occurrence of DVT.
Oral contraceptives, estrogen alone, estrogen plus progestin and progestin with or without estrogen are inde-
pendent VTE risk factors [48]. As per the WHO medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use 2009, OC pills
P. Devabhaktuni et al.
204
can be safely advised to women with uterine fibroids without any fear of increase in the size of the fibroid,
category-1 [49]. If large fibroids are accepted as an independent risk factor for DVT, th en use of OC pills in
such women would compound the risk, as see n in our study.
In one of our cases the tumor could not be removed in toto, she underw en t a second surgical procedure, five
months later in August 2013, to resect the residual mass in the pelvis, bilateral oophorectomy was performed to
prevent recu rrence and she had left laparoscopic nephroureterectomy as the left kidney was non functional.
A two stage operation was performed, hysterectomy for uterine leiomyoma followed by arterial thrombec-
tomy ten days later in one of our cases.
In cases of IVL a cytogenetic characterization of the disease has more recently been described, consisting of
the karyotype, 45, XX,der(14)t(12;14) (q15;q24),-22. These chromosomal aneusomies have been detected at
different tumor sites and in different cases of intravascular and uterine leiomyomatosis, in separate patients, im-
plying that the pathogenesis of both is closely related [50]. Cyto genetic studies would help to differentiate be-
tween fibroids causing DVT due to compression and intravenous leiomyomatosis causing DVT, in addition to
histopathology.
5. Conclusions
A greater awareness regarding the uterine fibroids which are considered benign tumors and complications like
DVT, IVL, ICL leading to life threatening emergency situations is necessary among gynaecologists, vascular
surgeons and cardiac surgeons.
From these eight cases we conclude that a uterus enlarged to 20 w eeks gestation s ize by a fibromyoma would
fill the capacity of the pelvis, leading to compression of the vessels, stasis and predisposes to deep venous
thrombosis.
In the cas es of IVL and uterine myomas, oophorectomy has to be considered in special situations of incom-
plete resection of the tumor mass [33]. Antiestrogen therapy has been used in the cases of residual tumor mass
being left behind [33].
Use of OC pills, especially with high dose estrogens and third generation progestins in patients with an
enlarged uter u s with leiomyoma can increase the risk of DVT. Indiscriminate use of o ral contraceptiv es without
knowledge about the dose of oestrogen and the type of progestogen to control heavy menstrual bleeding needs to
be curbed.
It is necessary to educate the public regarding the need for surgery, when the fibroids cause the u t erus to be
enlarged to 16 to 18 week s size, without procrastination, lest life threatening complications like pulmonary
thromboembolism may occur.
Regarding the use of oral contraceptives in women with large uterine fibromyomas, keeping th e risk of vas-
cular thrombosis in mind, whether the WHO medical eligibility criteria should be revisited or modified is for the
learned to muse.
Deep venous thrombosis is also seen in women with intravascular leiomyomatosis, in addition to leiomyoma
causing deep venous thrombosis, whether these two are two distinct entities or not, the cytogenetic studies may
clarify.
Acknowledgements
We thank the team of doctors at CARE hospitals, Government Maternity Hospital/Osmania Medical College,
Kamineni Hospital and Apollo Hospital who helped us to manage these cases.
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