Int. J. Communications, Network and System Sciences, 2011, 4, 189-195
doi:10.4236/ijcns.2011.43023 Published Online March 2011 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/ijcns)
QoS Aware Power and Hop Count Constraints Routing
Protocol with Mobility Prediction for MANET Using
SHORT
Senthilkumar Maruthamuthu1, Somasundaram Sankaralingam2
1Department of Computer Technology and Applications, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India
2Department of Mathematics, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India
Received November 16, 2010; revised January 15, 2011; accepted January 17, 2011
Abstract
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is composed of mobile nodes, which do not have any fixed wired com-
munication infrastructure. This paper proposes a protocol called “Delay, Jitter, Bandwidth, Cost, Power and
Hop count Constraints Routing Protocol with Mobility Prediction for Mobile Ad hoc Network using Self
Healing and Optimizing Routing Technique (QPHMP-SHORT)”. It is a multiple constraints routing protocol
with self healing technique for route discovery to select a best routing path among multiple paths between a
source and a destination as to increase packet delivery ratio, reliability and efficiency of mobile communica-
tion. QPHMP-SHORT considers the cost incurred in channel acquisition and the incremental cost propor-
tional to the size of the packet. It collects the residual battery power of each node for each path; selects mul-
tiple paths, which have nodes with good battery power for transmission to satisfy the power constraint.
QPHMP-SHORT uses Self-Healing and Optimizing Routing Technique (SHORT) to select a shortest best
path among multiple selected paths by applying hops count constraint. It also uses the mobility prediction
formula to find the stability of a link between two nodes.
Keywords: QoS, Power Consumption, Hop Count, Routing, Mobility Prediction, MANET
1. Introduction
Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) do not have any
fixed wired communication infrastructure. They can be
deployed in the applications such as military battlefields,
emergency search, rescue sites, classrooms and conven-
tions, where participants share information dynamically
using their mobile devices [1]. The issues addressed in
MANET are routing, mobility management, security,
reliability and power consumption [2].
Quality of Service (QoS) in MANET is defined as the
collective effect of service performance, which deter-
mines the degree of satisfaction of a user of the service
[3]. The QoS constraints are classified as: Time con-
straints—(Delay, jitter); Space constraints—(System buffer);
Frequency constraints—(Network/system bandwidth); and
Reliability constraints—(Error rate). QoS is needed in
MANET because different applications have different
service requirements; for example, VoIP considers issues
like delay, jitter and minimum bandwidth [2]. Some of
the QoS models applicable for MANET are Integrated
services (IntServ), Differentiated Services (DiffServ),
Flexible QoS Model for MANET (FQMM), Complete
and Efficient QoS Model for MANETs (CEQMM). The
IntServ model is a stateful model. It maintains per flow
reservation state at QoS network entities. It gives guar-
anteed bandwidth for flows.
The optimal allocation of bandwidth for nodes peri-
odically to use shared or multiple wireless links is the NP
complete problem. Due to huge resource consumption
and computation power limitation, this model is not
suitable for MANET [4]. The DiffServ model is a light-
weight stateless model. There is no reservation of re-
sources. The QoS can be achieved through the mecha-
nisms namely Admission Control, Policy Manager, Traf-
fic Classes and Queuing Schedulers. Intermediate nodes
give higher priority to real-time traffic than bulk traffic.
There is no absolute bandwidth guarantee for flows. It
relies on the type of the traffic [5].
FQMM is a hybrid model where traffic conditioning

190 S. MARUTHAMUTHU ET AL.
scheme is used at ingress router. In FQMM, the highest
priority traffic is governed by IntServ model, and Diff-
Serv governs remaining data traffic [6]. CEQMM is also
a hybrid model which combines IntServ and DiffServ
models. The highest priority flows can be determined
based on multiple metrics using IntServ. The remaining
flows can be handled using DiffServ model. Due to con-
trol overhead, nodes consume more battery power. It spe-
cifies the QoS Optimized Link State Routing (QOLSR)
protocol [7].
In-band signaling system for supporting QoS in
MANET (INSIGNIA) is a QoS signaling protocol. It
uses soft state method and manages each flow individu-
ally. It piggybacks resource reservations onto data pack-
ets, which can be modified by intermediate nodes to in-
form the communication endpoint nodes in case of lack
of resources due to topological change. In INSIGNIA,
the resource is allocated to a particular flow, if available.
Otherwise, best effort service is performed [8]. Service
Differentiation in Stateless Wireless Ad hoc networks
(SWAN) is a stateless QoS model. It differentiates real-
time and best effort packets and shapes only the best-
effort packets using a leaky bucket traffic shaper algo-
rithm. The per-flow reservation state is not maintained in
intermediate nodes [9].
Some of the QoS routing algorithms for MANET are
Core Extraction Distributed Ad hoc Routing (CEDAR),
Ticket-Based Probing (TBP) and QoS-AODV (QAODV).
CEDAR uses clustered network architecture and selects
the core dynamically. Core node gets the details of high
bandwidth and stable links. Low bandwidth and low sta-
ble links are used within each domain of a cluster. All
cores are initially connected. Partial QoS paths are iden-
tified and concatenated at last. It suffers from control
overhead and bottleneck at core [10].
The routing protocols in MANET can be categorized
as proactive and reactive [11]. Proactive protocols are
table driven which function on the basis of predefined
tables constructed before communication takes place.
Frequently tables are updated. Periodical exchanging of
table information among nodes in dense area will create
communication overhead. If more nodes are in mobility,
it requires more updates in tables, which increases com-
munication overhead. Reactive protocols are used when
the source has data to send. These are suitable for high
mobility. Both the protocols are used for route discovery
and route maintenance between a source and a destina-
tion. In proactive routing, route discovery is easy but
route maintenance is hard. In reactive routing, route dis-
covery is hard but route maintenance is easy.
The Section 2 describes the literature review of QoS
routing protocols. In Section 3, the network model of the
new protocol has been explained. In Section 4, mobility
prediction mechanism is explained. In Section 5, a new
protocol QPHMP-SHORT with path discovery and path
maintenance procedures is explained with an example.
The Section 6 gives the simulation set up and the per-
formance of QPHMP-SHORT. Finally Section 7 gives
the conclusion and future scope of this research work.
2. Literature Review
QAODV is based on reactive routing. In QAODV, the
source node specifies the QoS parameters in the RREQ
packet. Every intermediate node checks whether or not it
can support that QoS [12]. TBP is a multi-path QoS
routing scheme. In TBP, the source node sends N num-
ber of tickets to find N paths. It has three types. In type I,
resource reservation is done on more than one path and
each packet is routed along each path. In Type II, re-
source reservations are done along multiple paths, but
one path is used as a primary path. In type III, even
though multiple paths exist, resources are reserved only
on the primary path. There is no clear-cut heuristics for
computing tickets. Resource Reservation for one flow
denies the availability of that resource for other flows
[13]. There can be multiple paths between a source and a
destination. The links associated in each and every path
between a source and a destination, have the QoS con-
straints based on the QoS parameters such as delay, jitter,
bandwidth and cost. A path can be chosen as an optimal
path if it satisfies all the above said constraints [11].
The protocol multiple QoS constraints routing proto-
col with mobile predicting (MQRPMP) discusses the
QoS routing problem with multiple QoS constraints, the
delay, delay jitter, bandwidth and cost metrics. It at-
tempts to reduce the overhead for reconstructing a rout-
ing path with multiple QoS constraints by mobile pre-
dicting. It has better Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) than
TBP. The cost of communication overhead is also less
than TBP [11]. The mobile nodes suffer from battery
consumption in MANET. But MQRPMP does not con-
sider power constraint, the incremental cost proportional
to the size of the network layer packet and hop constraint
to select a path. The Optimized Polymorphic Hybrid
Multicast Routing (OPHMR) protocol [14] for MANET
is based on the principle of adaptability and multi be-
havioral modes of operations.
It is able to change the behavior of nodes in different
situations in order to improve certain metrics like maxi-
mizing battery life, reducing communication delays, im-
proving deliverability, etc. The incremental cost propor-
tional to the size of the network layer packet can be con-
sidered as a node constraint along with the cost incurred
in channel acquisition [14]. The power consumption of

S. MARUTHAMUTHU ET AL.
191
nodes is also a known key constraint, which affects the
performance of MANET [14]. It can be treated as a node
constraint. By collecting the residual battery power of
each and every node in a path; we can find a path, which
has nodes with good battery power for transmission. But
OPHMR does not address the impact of link constraints
namely jitter and bandwidth.
The Temporarily Ordered Routing Algorithm with
Self-Healing and Optimizing Routing Technique (TORA-
SHORT) described in [15] shows better performance
than Temporarily Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA).
The Self-Healing and Optimizing Routing Technique
(SHORT) is a mechanism that optimizes the route length
to reduce delay and increase throughput of communica-
tion [16]. A path with minimum hop counts can be se-
lected as a shortest path using SHORT. But TORA-
SHORT does not consider the link constraints namely
jitter, bandwidth and cost.
The proposed protocol is a source based multi con-
straint reactive protocol with mobility prediction for
finding optimal path in MANET. In which, if a path sat-
isfies link and node constraints namely delay, jitter,
bandwidth, with highest Link Expiry Time (LET),
minimum hops, and good battery power whose cost is
minimal can be selected as an optimal path.
3. Network Model
The network model in MANET can be denoted by G =
{V, E} where V is the set of interconnected nodes and E
is the set of full-duplex directed wireless communication
links. The network model considers the existence of
multiple links between any two nodes and each link con-
siders the QoS parameters namely Delay (D), Jitter (J)
and Bandwidth (B). The links in the routing paths for the
model should satisfy the QoS constraints. The Cost func-
tion (C) can be modeled as a linear function as shown
below where b is the fixed cost of channel acquisition
and m is the incremental cost proportional to the size of
network layer packet to be transmitted between the nodes
i and j. It can be the transmission cost of the packet.
The model also considers the Energy Level (EL) of
each node (Vi) on each path, which meets a power con-
straint (Pc) for mobile communication. The EL of each
node is the residual battery backup, which is collected
and summed up for each routing path as to select the best
path. Among the existence of multiple paths (P1, P2,
P3 … and Pn) between a source and a destination, a path
Pk is selected which satisfies the above said constraints.
If Pk represents multiple paths then the SHORT proce-
dure is applied to find an optimum path with least hop
count (H) and highest LET where ∑ Dij and ∑ Jij are less as
well as ∑ EL (Vi) is highest. During the selection, if a
path has lowest LET with least hop count, it is rejected since
it is not a stable path. If the path has highest ∑ EL (Vi)
and highest hop count is also rejected since it contains
more nodes where the accumulation of residual battery
power of all the nodes is normally high.
So the problem of multiple QoS constraints with
power awareness and optimized hop count can be de-
fined as follows:
Select Pk whose LET is largest among (P1, P2, P3 …,
Pn).
Where ∑ Dij ≤ Dc
∑ Jij ≤ Jc
Bij ≥ Bc
Cij = m * size + b
EL (Vi) ≥ Pc
MIN (∑H)
Such that (∑ Dij and ∑ Jij) < other paths
With MAX (LET)
MIN (∑ Cij)
MAX (∑ EL (Vi))
4. Mobility Prediction Mechanism
This section describes the mobility prediction formula
for finding LET. In MANET, the reliability of a path is
affected due to frequent changes in network topology.
The reliability of a path depends on the stability or
availability of each link of this path. It supposes a free
space propagation model [17], where the received signal
strength solely depends on its distance to the transmitter.
Here the node-moving pattern is random waypoint. We
also assume that all nodes in the network have their
clock synchronized [e.g., by using the NTP (Network
Time Protocol) or the GPS clock itself] [18]. Therefore,
using the motion parameters such as speed, direction,
and the communication distance of two neighbors, the
duration of time can be determined in order to estimate
that two nodes remain connected or not. The LET be-
tween any two nodes is calculated at each node using the
well-known mobility prediction formula. Assume that
two nodes i and j are within the transmission range r of
each other. Let (xi, yi) be the coordinate of mobile host i
and (xj, yj) be that of mobile host j. Also let vi and vj be
the speeds, and

i and

j be the moving directions of
nodes i and j respectively. Then, the amount of time that
they will stay connected—LET, is predicted by the for-
mula given in the Equation (1).






2
222
22
LET
abc dacra dbc
ac
 
 (1)
where a = vi cosθi – vj cosθj,
b = xi – xj

192 S. MARUTHAMUTHU ET AL.
c = vi sinθi – vj sinθj , and
d = yi – yj
Note that when vi = vj and θi = θj, LET is set to ∞
without applying the above equation.
5. QoS Aware Power and Hop Constraints
Routing Protocol with Mobility Prediction
for MANET Using SHORT
This section describes path discovery and path mainte-
nance procedures for the proposed protocol. During path
discovery, an optimal path is selected based on multiple
QoS constraints and power constraint with mobility pre-
diction formula. The two neighboring nodes use GPS
information and LET is calculated [17]. The path with
minimal cost, with good battery power and highest LET
is considered as a stable and optimal path for transmis-
sion.
5.1. Path Discovery
When a source has data to send then it sends route re-
quest packet with following fields: Source-address, Des-
tination-address, sequence number, position, speed, mov-
ing direction of mobile node, D, J, B, EL and C. The
route discovery procedure for the proposed protocol is
given as follows:
Procedure for Source (S):
If Source S has no Paths to Destination D
Broadcast Route Request packet with HC as 0
Execute Route Reply Handling Procedure
Endif
Route Request Handling procedure:
If it is an intermediate node I
If the received Route Request packet is not duplicate
If ( B
ij >= Bc )
If Entry for (S,D) is found and the
Difference in HC > 2
Update Record (S, D, HC, PREV) in
its hop comparison array
Forward Route Request
with HC = HC + 1
Else
Record (S, D, HC, PREV)
in its hop comparison array
Forward Route Request
with HC = HC + 1
End if
Else
Discard Route Request
End if
Else
Discard Route Request
End if
End if
If the node is D
If the received Route Request packet is not
duplicate
Execute Route Reply Handling Procedure
End if
End if
Route Reply Handling procedure:
If it is an intermediate node I or destination D
If the received Route Reply Packet is not
duplicate and EL (Vi) >= Pc
Update EL as EL = EL + EL (I) within
received Route Reply
Update Routing table
Forward new Route Reply to S
End if
Delete the corresponding Hop
Comparison entry in I
End if
If the node is S
Receive the Route Reply packets
Collect the Paths to D
If the Collection is not NULL
For each Path P
If ∑ Dij <= Dc and ∑ Jij <= Jc
Calculate ∑ Cij
Calculate total LET
Else
Delete routing path
from the Collection
Endif
End for
Delete the corresponding
Hop Comparison entry in S
Select P
k with HC (Pk) is low and
highest LET among multiple paths
(P
1, P2, P3 … , Pn) given ∑ Cij is
minimum and ∑ EL (Vi) is maximum
If P
k has lowest LET with least hop count,
reject P
k Endif
If P
k has highest ∑ EL (Vi) and highest hop
count, Reject P
k Endif
If LETs and/ or ∑ EL (Vi) of several Pk s
are equal Select the least hop path Endif
End if
End if

S. MARUTHAMUTHU ET AL.
193
5.2. Path Maintenance
Due to the frequent changes of network topology and
restriction of network resources, the computed optimal
route often gets invalid. When the link is cut off, the up-
stream node issues a route reconstruction packet to the
source and the source starts the route discovery again. If
the source receives route reply and route reconstruction
packets at the same time, it deals with the route recon-
struction packet.
Route maintenance procedure by the Intermediate
node:
If the link is cut off with its neighbor
Construct and Send
Route Reconstruct packet to S
End if
If the Route Reconstruct packet is received from its
neighbor
Forward the Route Reconstruct packet to S
End if
Route maintenance procedure by the Source node:
If the Route Reconstruct packet is received from any I
Broadcast Route Request packet
End if
5.3. Example
Figure 1 depicts a graph with nodes S, A, B, C, and D in
(QPHMP-SHORT). The source S wants to transmit
packets to destination D. Each link in Figure 1 is repre-
sented with the QoS metrics (D, J, B, C) such that C is
expressed in terms of both node and link constraints. Let
the links S-A, A-B, A-C, B-C, and C-D are having the
QoS metrics (2,4,50,9), (5,6,40,6), (7,10,37,10), (3,3,35,4),
and (4,3,39,7) respectively. Let the link thresholds Dc =
15, Jc = 30, Bc = 35 and node threshold Pc = 50. Let the
energy levels of the nodes S, A, B, C and D are 45, 40,
43, 43, and 35. In Figure 1, the node A is within the
range of S. The nodes B and C are within the range of
node A. The nodes A and C are within the range of node
B. The nodes A, B and D are within the range of C.
There exists two paths P1 (S, A, B, C, D) and P2 (S, A,
C, D) from S to D. These two paths are satisfying Dc, Jc,
Bc and Pc. The minimum cost of the two paths is equal.
Both paths are having equal LET values. But P1 has good
battery backup than P2. By applying the SHORT mecha-
nism as explained below, Table 1 is created. From Table
1, it is identified that the path P2 (S, A, C, D) has least
hop count.
Figure 1. Nodes with QoS metrics and transmission range.
Table 1. The entry of the hop comparison array.
S A B C D Shortcut
(i) (0, S)(0, S)— — — —
(ii)(0, S)(0, S)(1, A) (1, A) — —
(iii)(0, S)(0, S)(1, A) (2, B) — —
(iv)(0, S)(3, C)(1, A) (2, B) (3, C) Found at A
(v) (0, S)(0, S)— (1, A) (2, C)
The path P2 is selected as the best route than P1 be-
cause the total end-to-end delay ∑ D
ij and end-to-end
jitter ∑ Jij is very low due to least hop count as well as
path maintenance is so easy when number of links are
reduced.
i) S needs to forward a packet to A. An entry is ini-
tialized in S’s hop comparison array as (S, D, 0, S). It
broadcasts the packet while marking HC as 0. Node A is
within the transmission range of S and receives the
broadcast. So it records (S, D, 0, S) in its hop comparison
array.
ii) Node A broadcasts the packet with a HC of 1 des-
tined for D. Nodes B and C also receive the packet as
they are in the transmission range of A. B and C record
(S, D, 1, A) in their hop comparison array.
iii) Node B broadcasts the packet with a HC of 2.
Nodes A and C have an entry corresponding to (S, D).
Since the difference in HCs not more than 2, nothing is
updated.
iv) While forwarding the packet to D, C broadcasts the
packets with a HC of 3. Nodes A, B, and D are in the
transmission range of C. Node D consumes the packet as
it is the destination node. B compares the HC with its
stored entry. As the difference in HC is not more than 2,
nothing is updated at B. At A, the HC difference is 3.
So, node A then updates its own routing table to point
to C as the next hop node for destination D.
v) The corresponding entry of the hop comparison ar-
ray at S, A, and C is deleted. Thus, path A-B-C is short-
ened to A-C. The final path is shown in Figure 2. This

194 S. MARUTHAMUTHU ET AL.
shortcut path formation is termed as (2, 1) reduction.
The Table 2 shows the comparison of the paths P1 and
P2 in terms of cost, energy level, LET and hops count.
The cost and LET values are equal for P1 and P2. The
path P2 has least hop count and less energy level than
P1. The path P2 can be selected as an optimal path since
∑ Dij and ∑ Jij are less in P2 than P1. As well as, link
maintenance is easy in P2 than P1.
6. Simulation
The protocol QPHMP-SHORT is simulated in ns2 [19].
The simulation parameters are shown in the following
Table 3. The parameters used for evaluating QPHMP-
SHORT are cost of control overhead and success rate of
data transmission. It is compared with MQRPMP and
TBR in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Success rate of data transmission vs. Node’s mo-
bility speed.
Table 2. Selection of optimal path.
Path P1 Path P2
Metrics
P1 (S, A, B, C, D) P2 (S, A, C, D)
ij
D
 14 13
ij
J
 16 17
ij
C
 26 26

i
EL V
 206 163
LET 4 4
Hops 4 3
Table 3. Simulation scenario.
Simulation Parameters Values given
MAC Layer IEEE802.11
Simulation Area 500 m × 500 m
Simulation Time 500 s
Node Mobility Speed 20-100 m/s
Node Moving Pattern Random Way Point
Traffic Type CBR
Packet Size 1024 bytes
The average end to end delay 0.2 s
Transmission range 250 m
The success rate of data transmission is compared with
the node’s mobility speed in Figure 2 to show the per-
formance of QPHMP-SHORT over MQRPMP and TBR.
When the node’s mobility speed is 3 m/s then the success
rate of data transmission of MQRPMP and QPHMP-
HORT reaches the value 0.98 which is higher than the
TBR value 0.8. But while increasing the node’s mobility
speed above 3 m/s, the performance of MQRPMP, and
TBR is drastically going down.
But among them, in QPHMP-SHORT the success rate
of data transmission is still higher than the others and
reaches 0.6 when node’s mobility speed is 10, since it
uses the mobility prediction mechanism to keep stable
links and path with good battery backup of nodes for
effective transmission.
Figure 3 shows the comparison of number of nodes
with cost of control overhead incurred during transmis-
sion for QPHMP-SHORT, MQRPMP, and TBR. When
increasing the number of nodes in communication, the
cost of transmitting control packets also increases but it
is less in QPHMP-SHORT and MQRPMP than TBR.
Since QPHMP-SHORT collects the residual battery
backup of each node along the path during route reply as
exactly in MQRPMP, there is no performance difference
between QPHMP-SHORT and MQRPMP which is
shown in Figure 3.
7. Conclusions
This paper discusses the new protocol QPHMP-SHORT
with multiple QoS constraints based on the QoS parame-
ters namely delay, jitter, bandwidth, and cost metrics
between source and destination. It also considers power
constraint for nodes for efficient packet transmission. It
uses mobility prediction formula for LET calculation to
select a stable path with minimal cost. It also specifies
the network model for QPHMP-SHORT. The QPHMP-
SHORT provides a quick response to changes in the

S. MARUTHAMUTHU ET AL.
195
Figure 3. Cost of control overhead vs Number of mobile
nodes.
network, minimizes the waste of network resources,
produces significant improvement in data transmission
rate, and reduces control overhead for reconstructing a
routing path. It can be improved as a reliable and secure
protocol for MANET. It can also be extended to be a
hybrid multicast communication protocol. In future, the
number of route request packets in route discovery can
be reduced so as to increase effectiveness of the through-
put of the communication.
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