B. G. ZHU ET AL.
Open Access
Bartlett, A., Smith, G., & King, M. (2009). The response of mental
health professionals to clients seek help to change or redirect same-
sex sexual orientation. BMC Psychiatry, 9, 1-8.
Berenbaum, S. A., & Beltz, A . M. (2011). Sexual differentiation of h u-
man behavior: Effects of prenatal and pubertal organizational hor-
mones. Frontiers in Neuroendocri nology, 32, 183-200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.03.001
Blecher, S. R., & Erickson, R. P. (2007). Genetics of sexual develop-
ment: A new paradig m. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part
A, 143A, 3054-3068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.32037
Bocklandt, S., & Vilain, E. (2007). Sex differences in brain and beha-
vior: hormones versus genes. Advances in Genetics, 59, 245-266.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2660(07)59009-7
Bostwick, J. M., & Martin, K. A. (2007). A man’s brain in an ambi-
guous body: A case of mistaken gend er identity. The A merican Jou r-
nal of Psychiatry, 164, 1499-1505.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07040587
Casey, B., Jones, R. M., & Somerville, L. H. (2011). Braking and acce-
lerating of the adolescent brain. Journal of Rese arch on Adolescence.,
21, 21-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00712.x
Colapinto, J. (2000). As nature made him: The boy who was raised as a
girl. New York: Harper Collins.
Corsello, S. M., Di Donna, V., Senes, P., Luotto, V., Ricciato, M. P.,
Paragliola, R. M. et al. (2011). Biological aspects of gender disord ers.
Minerva Endocrinologica, 36, 325-339.
Coutlee, C. G., & Huettel, S. A. (2012). The functional neuroanatomy
of decision making: Prefrontal control of thought and action. Brain
Research, 1428, 3-12.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.053
Davis, R. M., Genel, M., Howe, J. P., Karlan, M. S., Kennedy, W. R.,
Numann, P. J. et al. (1996). Health care needs of gay men and les-
bians in the United States. The Journal of the American Medical As-
sociation, 275, 1354-1359.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03530410068036
DiNapoli, L., & Capel, B. (2008). SRY and standoff in sex determina-
tion. Molecular Endocri nology, 22, 1-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/me.2007-0250
Dulac, C., & Kimchi, T. (2007). Neural mechanisms underlying sex-
specific behaviors in vertebrates. Current Opinion in Neurobiology,
17, 675-683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2008.01.009
Ernst, M., & Korelitz, K. E. (20 09). Cerebr al matur atio n in adol escence:
Behavioral vulnerability. L’Encéphale, 35, S182-S189.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7006(09)73469-4
Friedman, R. C., & Downey, J. I. (2002). Sexual orientation and psy-
choanalysis (pp. 225-263). New York: Columbia University Press.
Friedman, R. C., & Downey, J. I. (2010). Psychotherapy of bisexual
men. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and
Dynamic Psychiatry, 38, 181-197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jaap.2010.38.1.181
Garcia-Falgueras, A., & Swaab, D. F. (2010). Sexual hormones and the
brain: an essential alliance for sexual identity an d sexual orientation.
Endocrine Reviews, 17, 22-35.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000262525
Heatherton, T. F., & Wagner, D. D. (2011). Cognitive neuroscience of
self-regulation failure. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 132-139.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.12.005
Herbert, J. (2008). Who do we think we are? The brain and gender
identity. Brian, 131, 3115-3117.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn257
Hines, M. (2011). Gender development and the human brain. Annual
Review of Neuroscience, 34, 69-88.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113654
Joel, D. (201 1). Male or female? Brains are Intersex. F rontiers in Inte-
grative Neuroscience, 5, 1-5.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2011.00057
Jones, S. L., & Yarhouse, M. A. (2011). A longitudinal study of at-
tempted religiously mediated sexual orientation change. Journal of
Sex & Marital Therapy, 37, 404-427.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2011.607052
Kalisch, R. (2009). The functional neuroanatomy of reappraisal: Time
matters. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 1215-1226.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.06.003
Kanske, P., Heissler, J., Schönfelder, S., Bongers, A., & Wessa, M.
(2011). How to regulate emotion? Neural networks for reappraisal
and distraction. Cerebral Cortex, 21, 1379-1388.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhq216
Kavaliers, M., & Choleris, E. (2013). Neurobiological correlates of
sociality, mate choice and learning. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,
28, 4-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.08.019
Kendler, K. S., Thornton, L. M., Gil man, S. E., & Kess ler, R. C. (2000).
Sexual orientation in a US national sa mple of twin and nontwin sibl-
ing pairs. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1843-1846.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1843
Kimchi, T., Xu, J., & Dulac, C. (2007). A functional circuit un derlying
male sexual behaviour in th e female mouse brain. Nature, 448, 1009-
1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06089
Langstrom, N., Rahman, Q., Carlstrom, E., & Lichtenstein, P. (2010).
Genetic and environmental effects on same-sex sexual behavior: a
population study of twins in Sweden. Archives of Sexual Behavior,
39, 75-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9386-1
Lee, V., & Hoaken, P. N. S. (2007). Cognition, emotion, and neurobio-
logical development: Mediating the relation between maltreatment
and aggression. Child Maltreatment, 12, 281-298.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559507303778
Lenroot, R. K. , & Gied d, J. N. (2010). Sex differences in the ado lescent
brain. Brain and Cognition, 72, 46-55.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2009.10.008
Liu, Y., Jiang, Y., Si, Y., Kim, J. Y., Chen, Z. F., & Rao, Y. (2011).
Molecular regulation of sexual p referen ce revealed by genetic studies
of 5-HT in the brains of male mice. Nature, 472, 95-99.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09822
McEwen, B. S. (2 010). Stress, sex, and n eural adaptation to a changin g
environment: Mechanisms of neuronal remodeling. Annals of the
New York Academy of Sciences, 1204, E38-E59.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05568.x
Meeks, T. W., & Jeste, D. V. (2009). Neurobiology of wisdom: A lite-
rature overview. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 355-365.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.8
Mushtaq, F., Bland, A. R., & Schaef er, A. (2011). Uncertainty and cog-
nitive control. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 1-10.
Petanjek, Z., Judas, M. S., Rasin, M. R., Uylings, H. B., Rakic, P., &
Kostovic, I. (2011). Extraordinary neoteny of synaptic spines in the
human prefrontal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 13281-13286.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1105108108
Rahman, Q. (2005). The neurodevelopment of human sexual orienta-
tion. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 29, 1057-1066.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.002
Rubio-Aurioles, E., & Wylie, K. (2008). Sexual orientation matters in
sexual medicine. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 5, 1521-1533.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00903.x
Santtila, P., Sandnabba, N. K., Harlaar, N., Varjonen, M., Alanko, K.,
von der Pahlen, B. (2008). Potential for homosexual respon se is pre-
valent and genetic. Biological Psychology, 77, 102-105.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.08.006
Savic, I., & Lindstrom, P. (2008). PET and MRI show differences in
cerebral asymmetry and functional connectivity between homo- and
heterosexual subjects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sci-
ences of the United States of America, 108, 13281-13286.
Savic, I., Garcia-Falg u eras, A., & Swaab, D . F. (2010). Sex u al dif f eren-
tiation of the human brain in relation to gender identity and sexual
orientation. Progress in Brain Research, 186, 41-62.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53630-3.00004-X
Sebastian, C. L., Tan, G. C., Roiser, J. P., Vid ing, E., Du montheil, I., &
Blakemore, S. J. (2011). Developmental influences on the neural
bases of responses to social rejection: Implications of social neuros-
cience for education. Neuroimage, 57, 686-694.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.063
Stowers, L., Holy, T. E., Meister, M., Dulac, C., & Ko e ntg es G. (2 00 2 ).
Loss of sex discrimination and male-male aggression in mice defi-