Psychology
2013. Vol.4, No.10, 776-781
Published Online October 2013 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/psych) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2013.410110
776
Neuropsychological Profile of Anti-NMDA
Receptor Encephalitis
Laura Marcos-Arribas1, Justino Jiménez Almonacid2, Alberto Marcos Dolado2*
1Social and Human Sciences Faculty, Comillas Pontifical University, Madrid, Spain
2Neurology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
Received July 25th, 2013; revised August 27th, 2013; accepted September 28th, 2013
Copyright © 2013 Laura Marcos-Arribas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is a life-threatening disorder that often occurs
as a paraneoplastic encephalitis and usually begins with neuropsychological or psychiatric symptoms. We
report a case of NMDA receptor encephalitis due to an ovarian teratoma, which began with severe and
progressive amnesia and behavioral changes, reversed after surgical treatment and plasmapheresis. Using
a battery of cognitive tests, its neuropsychological profile before treatment showed a complete alteration
of the short and long term memory of both verbal and visual fixation, with clear improvement with cues
and with intrusions, and saving other cognitive domains, such as working, episodic and semantic memory,
executive, visuospatial, praxical thinking and language functions. These deficits reverted to normalcy
with treatment. So, we can conclude that anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is a rare entity that can be po-
tentially serious depending on early management and diagnosis. We must suspect this entity in children or
young people presenting with behavioural disturbances and crisis, with a cognitive pattern of complete
alteration in short and long term memory improving with cues, and respecting other cognitive domains.
Keywords: Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis; Ovarian Teratoma; Amnestic Syndrome; Priming;
Neuropsychology
Introduction
Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is
a life-threatening disorder that often occurs as a paraneoplastic
neuropsychiatric encephalitis (Rosenfeld, 2011). It predomi-
nantly affects young women with a strong association with
ovarian teratomas but can be recognized also in women without
tumors, in men and in children (Dalmau, 2008; Prüss, 2010;
Dalmau, 2011). Its frequency and prevalence is unknown be-
cause of the rarity of its appearance. Due to the role that
NMDA receptor plays in learning this entity normally begins
with memory deficits, but also with psychiatric symptoms and
seizures. The presence of type NMDA autoantibodies in serum
or cerebrospinal fluid is specific for this novel disorder and has
changed not only the diagnosis of the entity but also the con-
cept of inmunomediated cerebral disorders (Suzuki, 2013;
Rosenfeld & Titulaer, 2012). The removal of the ovarian tera-
toma and the early immunological treatment improves the
prognosis decreasing the risk of recurrence, but the early diag-
nosis only depends on prompt suspicion and the rapid recogni-
tion of its clinical manifestations (Iizita, 2010; Johnson, 2010;
Alexopoulos, 2011; Young 2013). And although the initial and
predominant presentation of this disease is the neuropsy-
chological clinic, little information about the cognitive deficits
is available (Finke, 2012).
Therefore, we report a case of a NMDA receptor encephalitis
due to an ovarian teratoma who debuted with severe and pro-
gressive amnesia and behavioral changes, describing her atten-
tional, mnesic, executive, linguistic and praxis profiles before
and after successful treatment.
Case Report
A 24-year-old woman was taken to the emergency room by
her colleagues for consistent behavior disorders, repeating re-
curring questions and difficulties completing routine daily job
duties. She had no personal or family history of medical or
neurological diseases. She had been working in a management
company for six months, and was highly educated. She was not
taking any medications or recreational drugs, but consumed
alcohol occasionally.
Although the clinical picture was exacerbated in the day of
admission, similar difficulties had been progressively presented
all along the previous month, with lack of flexibility, mental
rigidity, emotional lability and irritability. She does not com-
plain of headache or fever. The general exam was normal but
hyperperspiration.
The neurological examination in the emergency room
showed a normal consciousness level with good collaboration
but suspicious behavior. The language was normal in compre-
hension, repetition, naming and fluency. There was no negli-
gence. A short memory deficit was evident, with inability to
recognize the examiner after five minutes, repeated questions
about her situation, normal event and semantic memory with
lacunar retrograde amnesia regarding recent weeks. Visual field,
*Corresponding author.

L. MARCOS-ARRIBAS ET AL.
eye fundus, pupils, cranial nerves exam, motor, sensory and
coordination systems, reflexes and gait were normal. No men-
ingeal signs were present.
From a behavioral point of view during examination the pa-
tient worked at any time in carrying out the tests. She has a
great interest on what her condition was, showing a good sense
of humor, sometimes joking. Despite this, the patient was
nervous throughout the whole process, worrying constantly
about the reason for the evaluation, and how she would recover
from what was going on. Sometimes she showed frustration or
irritability when not performing either an exercise or when we
did not explain her exactly what we are testing. Because of her
fixing inability she sometimes feels disoriented and with re-
peated blocked moments. She also had episodic psychomotor
agitation and anxiety, referred to taste “glue” sensations. The
patient had partial knowledge of the problem and stated “I was
living like the movie Memento”. She needed to write down
everything that she could not remember from what had been
explained, visits, etc.
With a suspected syndromic diagnosis of subacute antero-
grade amnesia due to limbic or autoimmune encephalitis we
began treatment with an antiepileptic drug and performed a
cranial tomography scan, blood and cerebrospinal fluid analysis,
all reported as normal. The patient was admitted to study and a
magnetic resonance imaging and breast exploration showed no
abnormalities. During admission, the patient had fluctuating
behavior disorders such as psychomotor agitation, mild desin-
hibition, bad mood and some delusions. She also presents no
response to external stimuli episodes, lasting seconds. And
EEG was normal but for diffuses low waves. The gynecological
ultrasound exam detected a tumor in the left ovary, suggestive
of teratoma. Surgery was scheduled.
Then we performed the following neuropsychological bat-
tery:
 Information and orientation subtest of the Weschler Mem-
ory Scale III (WMS-III).
 Logical Memory I and II of the WMS-III.
 Semantic memory.
 Episodic memory.
 Couple of words I and II of the WMS-III.
 Symbols subtest of the WAIS-III.
 Word List of the WMS-III.
 Letter-Number sequencing of the WMS-III.
 Digit span, both in forward and reverse order.
 Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (Figures 1 and 2).
 Visual Photo-test (Carnero, 2004).
 Boston Naming Test (30 items).
 Memory Imparment Screen (MIS) (Buschke, 1999).
 Overlaping figure test of Poppelreuter.
 Ideomotor praxias.
 Ideative praxias.
 Bimanual and unimanual sequencing task.
 Graphic programming (Figures 3 and 4).
 Abstract thinking.
 Semantic errors inhibition.
 FAS.
 Bimanual Luria maneuver.
The patient underwent surgery within 7 days since admission
and the diagnosis of mature ovarian teratoma was confirmed by
pathology studies. Nine alternate days sessions of plasmaphere-
sis were then started. The presence of antibodies directed
against the NMDA receptor was confirmed in cefalospinal
fluid.
Figure 1.
Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure copy.
Figure 2.
Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure immediate recall.
Figure 3.
Alternating programming.
Figure 4.
Graphic loops.
After one month we repeated the neuropsychological battery.
The previous and final results were shown in Table 1, and
Figures 5-7. As we see, the patient regained almost normal
ental state in four weeks, and gradually all behavioral disorders m

L. MARCOS-ARRIBAS ET AL.
Figure 5.
Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure copy after treatment.
Figure 6.
Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure immediate recall after
treatment.
Figure 7.
Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure delayed recall after treat-
ment.
and seizures disappeared. After 4 months of follow-up she re-
mains asymptomatic having recovered their normal complex
functionality.
Discussion
In a patient with abrupt onset of short term memory loss, be-
havioural changes and temporal lobe seizures we classically
must discard limbic encephalitis (Zuliani, 2012). In the last few
years the encephalitis associated with NMDA receptor antibod-
ies has been characterised as distinct forms from the limbic
encephalitis, above all because of the higher proportion of pa-
tients are children or young women initially admitted to emer-
gency hospitals for acute anxiety, behavioural change or psy-
chosis (Rosenfeld & Dalmau, 2012). Anti-NMDA receptor
encephalitis belongs to the group known as paraneoplastic neu-
rological syndromes, which are a rare and heterogeneous group
of diseases that can affect any area of the nervous system hav-
ing in common their association with cancer (often hidden in
the time of clinical onset) and a likely autoimmune pathogene-
sis (Rosenfeld, 2011). Specifically, the anti-NMDA antibodies
associated with different types of extra-limbic encephalitis and
limbic structures has recently partnered with a neurological
syndrome characterized by disturbances of consciousness, in-
voluntary movements and seizures (Dalmau, 2008; Lebon,
2012; Waas, 2012). It is considered as a paraneoplastic syn-
drome associated primarily with ovarian tumors in young
women, but can occur in the absence of neoplasia. In most
cases, we can detect also severe alterations of consciousness,
dysautonomia, complex involuntary movements, hyperthermia
and respiratory failure requiring treatment in intensive care
units.
In our case, we directly search for an underlying tumor due
to clinical debut and having ruled other entities out with addi-
tional studies. We do not wait for confirmation with autoim-
mune antibody assays, as this usually comes belatedly, so that
does not change the initial management.
Usually, tumor resection leads to complete recovery of clini-
cal with few long-term neurological sequels (Tanyi, 2012;
Boeck, 2013; Dabner, 2012; Pham, 2011; Titulaer, 2013). It so
occurred in our patient, with complete recovery of initial defi-
cits in about a month of evolution. But not rarely, this entity
can have a poor neurological recovery with permanent deficits
(Armangue, 2012; Peery, 2013).
The clinical onset of this entity is similar in signs and symp-
toms to other diseases, so only high clinical suspicion lead to an
early diagnosis. Given the large impact on the prognosis of
early institution of treatment, it is a priority to know their
neuropsychological profile to suspect the entity among com-
patible cases. At admission our patient showed severe impair-
ment of short-term memory and memory setting, presenting a
retrograde gap about the facts of the last two months. She also
showed a mild impairment in working memory and attention,
without alterations in semantic and episodic memories, execu-
tive, visuospatial, praxical, thinking and language functions.
To be more specific, testing the Information and Orientation
part of the WMS-III, the patient was oriented in person, but not
in time or space. We can explain this altered alopsiquic con-
sciousness by the absence of mnemonic fixation.
In Logical Memory task of WMS-III she obtained very low
scores, with a learning curve with negative value, indicating not
only that there was no learning but there were also information
lost between B1 to B2 stories. Furthermore, the total score in
Logical Memory II have decreased until zero since the first
presentation, representing a null retention. However, the total
score on Recognition of Logical Memory was high for both A
and B stories, indicating a good facilitated cued recall.
In the Rey Complex Figure the patient reported difficulties to
hold and handle the pencil but clear apraxia was not evident.
The copy was made in 24 minutes, for her high perfectionism
nd obsessive behavior, without visuospatial or praxical deficits. a
778

L. MARCOS-ARRIBAS ET AL.
Table 1.
Neuropsychological battery scores before and after treatment.
Before Treatment After Treat men t
Informa tion and O ri entat i on
(WMS III) 9/13 11/13
Logical Memory I
Story A: 10/25
Story B1: 9/25
Story B2: 8/25
Total (A+B1): 19/50
Total (A+B1+B2): 27/75
Learning curve (B2-B1): −1
Story A: 21/25
Story B1: 13/25
Story B2: 19/25
Total (A+B1): 34/50
Total (A+B1+B2): 53/75
Learning curve (B2-B1): 6
Logical Memory II Story A: 0/25
Story B1: 0/25
Total (A+B): 0/50
Story A: 20/25
Story B1: 17/25
Total (A+B): 35/50
Recognition Story A: 10/15
Story B: 10/15
Story A: 13/15
Story B: 14/15
Logical Memory
(WMS III)
Retention Percentage 0% 87.5%
Semantic Memory 14/15 14/15
Episodic Memory 10/10 10/10
Couple of Words I
List A: 0/8
List B: 0/8
List C: 2/8
List D: 1/8
Learning slope (List D-A): 1
List A: 5/8
List B: 7/8
List C: 8/8
List D: 8/8
Learning slope (List D-A): 3
Couple of Words II Total score: 0/8 Total score: 8/8
Recognition 16/24 24/24
Couple of Words
(WMS III)
Retention Percentage 0% 100%
Symbols
(WAIS III)
Hits: 43
Mistakes: 1
Immediate Recall: 0/9
Hits: 45
Mistakes: 5
Immediate Recall: 9/9
Word List
(WMS III)
List A:
First trial: 7/12
Second trial: 5/12
Third trial: 5/12
Fourth trial: 6/12
Intrusions: 1
Total score: 23/48
List B: 4/12
Intrusions: 2
List A Recall: 0/12
First contrast (List A first trial-List B): 3
Learning curve (List A fourth trial-List A first trial): −1
Second contrast (List A fourth trial-List A recall): 5
List A:
First trial: 6/12
Second trial: 10/12
Third trial: 10/12
Fourth trial: 12/12
Intrusions: 1
Total score: 38/48
List B: 7/12
Intrusions: 0
List A Recall: 10/12
First contrast (List A first trial-List B): −1
Learning curve (List A fourth trial-List A first trial): 6
Second contrast (List A fourth trial-List A recall): 2
Letter-Number
(WMS III) 9/27 11/27
Digit Span Forward order: 9/16
Reverse order: 7/14
Total: 16/30
Forward order: 10/16
Reverse order: 8/14
Total: 18/30
Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Copy: 36/36 (24 minutes) Immediate recall: 3/36 (1 minute)
Delayed recall: 0/36
Copy: 36/36 (26 minutes)
Immediate recall: 28/36 (4 minute)
Delayed recall: 29/36 (5 minute)
Visual Photo-test 36 47
Boston Naming Test (30) 28 30
MIS of Buschke 0/8 8/8
Poppelreuter 15/15 15/15
Ideomotor Praxias Right arm 6/6
Left arm 6/6
Bimanual 3/3
Right arm 6/6
Left arm 6/6
Bimanual 3/3
Ideative Praxias Right arm 3/3 Left arm 3/3
Bimanual 2/2
Right arm 3/3
Left arm 3/3
Bimanual 2/2
Sequencing T ask Right arm 1/1
Left arm 1/1
Bimanual 1/1
Right arm 1/1
Left arm 1/1
Bimanual 1/1

L. MARCOS-ARRIBAS ET AL.
Continued
Graphic Programming 6/6 6/6
Abstract Thinking 12/12 12/12
Semantic Errors Inhibition 4/5 5/5
FAS F: 20
A: 21
S: 20
F: 21
A: 25
S: 23
Bimanual Luria Maneuver Right arm 1/1
Left arm 1/1
Right arm 1/1
Left arm 1/1
She did all copy taking reference measurements with the pencil
using the paper as a rod, jumping from one line to another al-
though the form was not completed and repeating some steps.
In the Immediate Recall test, which took exactly one minute,
she obtained an extremely low score, indicating a huge failure
of retention. In the Delayed Recall test she did not only forgot
the figure but also did not remembered having been copying or
watching it, showing total anterograde amnesia.
In the first completion of Couples of Words of WMS-III she
obtained a very low learning slope. The patient was unable to
respond almost a single right word and invented words with
similar semantic categories. The word pairs recalling was null,
showing angry because of it, improving a lot the recognition
later. The same happened with the delayed recall, obtaining a
0% of retention percentage.
The performance of copy part of the Symbols test in
WAIS-III was appropriate, but she showed an inadequate ca-
pacity to retain any symbol.
In the Word List test from the WMS-III, the patient showed a
very low grade of retention being the last words the most re-
peated, with some intrusions. The delayed recall was again very
poor since she could not remember any word. With the succes-
sive repetitions she obtained a negative learning curve, meaning
anterograde amnesia.
In the Letter-Number test in WMS-III the patient’s score was
very low for her inability to remember the slogan, showing that
short memory is also altered.
The working memory was adequate, with normal score in the
Digit Span, direct and reverse, like her executive function. The
semantic and episodic memories were assessed with two sets of
structured questions on general knowledge and past events.
Both were normal.
To evaluate the visual memory we performed a Spanish
validate test, the Photo-Test of Carnero et al. (Carnero, 2004).
This test shows six objects for patient to name, performing it
after an interference task, evoking male names for a half-minute,
and woman names for a half-minute more. Then the patient is
asked for the pictures. We can provide cues if not remembered
by the patient. The patient obtained a normal score on gender
name fluency, but a null visual delayed recall, with good re-
covery after cues. We can conclude something similar about the
MIS, with null delayed memory, although in this case she did
not improve with cues.
We cannot observe any difficulties in language evocation in
Boston Naming Test or fluency in FAS, visuospatial perception
on Poppelreuter, apraxic or disexecutive disturbance on bi-
manual and unimanual sequencing task and Luria, graphic pro-
gramming, semantic errors inhibition and abstract thinking.
With the evolution we show a clear improvement of the cog-
nitive and behavioral picture of the patient within almost the
normal score range on the neuropsychological battery. As sig-
nificant data outside the normal in this second cognitive as-
sessment, we found the results of Symbols and Letter-Number
tests. We can probably explain this because the patient was
somewhat inattentive and trying to finish fast the examination.
In addition, throughout the interview was evident great im-
provement in the recognition with cues, above all in Logical
Memory, Couple of Words and Photo Test. Given that in this
type of encephalitis the main involvement are the hippocampal
and limbic systems, one would expect an absence of gain with
tracks, as in all the hippocampal memory models. But, this is
not our patient’s case, and suggests to us a beneficial effect of
priming, which cannot be explained by other means or cogni-
tive resources.
Therefore, we can characterize the neuropsychological pro-
file of the NMDA receptor encephalitis as a complete alteration
of the short and long memory of both verbal and visual fixation,
with clear improvement with cues for priming effect and with
intrusions, and saving other cognitive domains, as working and
semantic memories, executive, visuospatial, praxical, thinking
and language functions.
Conclusion
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is a rare entity that can be
potentially very serious, depending the complete reversal of the
deficits and good prognosis on the early treatment. Since this
disease usually debuts with cognitive and behavioural symp-
toms, a neuropsychological characterization is essential to help
the early diagnosis. We must suspect this entity in children or
young people presenting with behavioural disturbances and
crisis, with a complete alteration of the short and long memory
improving with cues, and respecting other cognitive domains.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank M. J. García Barrero for reviewing the
manuscript.
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