K. JEBAHI
Copyright © 2013 SciRes. 221
cultural behaviours found across the globe through repetition
and habit formation. Later, with the introduction of the mental-
ist-rationalist theories in the conventional perspective, memori-
zation and drills are replaced with a reflective conscious process
guided by an innate facility which is unaffected by the kinds of
conditioning forming the basis of behaviourism. Learners, in
mentalist-rationalist theories, analyze cultural patterns, test them
against prior knowledge, and then either accept or reject them.
As argued in the main body of this paper, changes in the under-
standing of the concept of culture in the remaining perspectives
continued to influence teaching and learning practices. This pa-
per can help teachers, students, material designers, and resear-
chers have a clearer understanding of culture in the different
English language teaching and learning perspectives. It can also
help them better understand teaching and learning practices and
better identify the theoretical foundations of the materials used
in class.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the Research Center for English and
Applied Linguistics at the University of Cambridge, UK, which
was a source of inspiration during the early stages of conduct-
ing this work which is part of a larger PhD research.
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