Received 20 December 2014; accepted 4 January 2015; published 14 January 2015

ABSTRACT

Objective: The aim of this survey is to evaluate the effect of a new developed laser pen as a home care device for patients’ pain reduction with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Background data: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common and painful ulcers in the oral cavity. Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) has been used successfully for reducing pain and healing time in comparison with corticosteroids and placebo in some studies. But these treatments are done in the clinics and it seems that there is no report of the laser treatment as a home care device up to this study. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized trial pilot study. Thirty patients with RAS were divided into three similar groups. The group one (n = 10) was treated with a diode laser, 660 nm, 40 mw, continuous wave, 1.2 J, 6 J/cm², for five consecutive days (twice per day, 30 seconds each session). The second group (n = 10) was treated with a topical triamcinolone (adcortyl in orabase) ointment four times per day and the third group (n = 10) was treated with placebo (red light pen) the same way as Group 1. All the patients were evaluated with a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) before and after treatment on the consecutive days. The data was analysed by one way ANOVA and PostHoc tests. Results: The results show that the laser pen and triamcinolon in orabase ointment have similar results and both have better results than placebo in the control of the recurrent aphthous stomatitis pain (p value: 0.001). Conclusion: In this clinical pilot study the laser pen as a home care device seems to be useful for the treatment of RAS.

Keywords:

Low Level Laser Therapy, Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis, Pain, Corticosteroid

1. Introduction

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common problem, particular to the mouth, and typically starts in child- hood or adulthood as recurrent small, round or ovoid ulcers with circumscribed margins, erythematous haloes, and yellow or gray floor. RAS has three clinical types: minor, major and herpetiform ulcers. Ulcers with similar clinical features (aphthous-like ulcers) may be because of some systemic conditions such as Behçet syndrome, auto-inflammatory syndromes, gastrointestinal disease or immune defects. The etiology of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is not entirely clear. A genetic basis exists for some RAS and involvement of the cell-mediated mechanisms is possible, but the precise immunopathogenesis remains unclear. Phagocytic and cytotoxic T cells probably aid in destruction of oral epithelium that is directed and sustained by local cytokine release.

Comparing with control subjects and patients with inactive RAS patients with active RAS have an increased proportion of gamma-delta T cells. Gamma-delta T cells may be involved in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Also in comparison with control subjects, individuals with RAS have raised serum levels of cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and (IL-2R), soluble intercellular adhesion modules (ICAM), vascular cell adhesion modules (VCAM), and E-selectin. However, some of these are not related to disease activity [1] -[4] . LLLT has been reported as useful treatment for several cases, such as reduction of the destructive interleukins and tumour necrotizing factor (TNF-α) production, improvement of the immune system function, and reduction of pain and the healing time period [5] - [12] .

Lasers (high power and low power) have been used in some case reports and studies for pain reduction and shortening healing time of RAS [13] - [32] . Most of these reports are focusing on office treatment. But many patients have recurrent lesions and there are no known home care devices for laser treatment of RAS. Therefore, to assist patients in using lasers at home by themselves, a low level laser is inserted in a pen-like device. This laser is called Low Level Laser Aphthous Pen (LLLAP) and it seems that it is the first time that such a device is introduced to dental professionals. Therefore, the aim of this pilot study is to evaluate the pain reduction efficiency of this particular instrument.

2. Material and Method

A prospective randomized trial was conducted with 30 patients. Inclusion criteria were: Existence of at least one minor aphthous ulcer smaller than 5 mm (Figure 1), satisfaction and ability to take part in the study, fulfillment of the patient consent form according to the Code of Ethics and having new lesions in the first two days. Exclusion criteria were: Pregnancy, carcinoma, taking steroids or anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory agents, eye pro- blems or mental retardation or impairment and patients with aphthous like ulcers with signs and symptoms of systemic diseases like Behçet syndrome, auto-inflammatory syndromes, gastrointestinal disease, or immune defects and severe anemia. Ethically all these patients were treated as well but were not counted as study cases. There is not any side effect with LLLT. Doses of laser energy near the therapeutic window will not cause negative effects. The worst result with LLLT is that nothing happens. But irradiation over thyroid glands and in the cases of coagulation disorder and malignancy the low level laser therapy must be avoided [10] . The samples were allocated into three groups: Group 1 received laser therapy with new Low level laser aphthous pen (LLLAP) Figure 2, registration number in Iran: 72619. Group 2 received topical triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% in orabase (gelatin, pectin, and carboboxymethylcellulose sodium in Plastibase^® (Plasticized Hydrocarbon Gel), a polyethy- lene and mineral oil gel base) (Adcortyl in Orabase, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company) and Group 3 received placebo red light emitting diode (red LED light).

Laser parameters were: InGaAlP (indium gallium aluminium phosphid) diode laser, wavelength 660 nm, continuous, 40 mW, irradiation diameter 3 mm, spot size 0.19625 cm², 30 seconds, 1.2 J, 6 J/cm² twice per day for five consecutive days, near noncontact mode and near at a perpendicular angle (Figure 3).

But patients were educated in how to use the laser; they should not stare into the beam or look directly with optical instruments and it should be kept out of children.

The Research Ethical Committee (REC) approval was adopted with number of ARUMS.REC. 1391023 for this research from Ardebil University of Medical Sciences (ARUMS).

The VAS scale was used for evaluation of pain, in the range of 0 to 10 so that in 0 was no pain and in 10 the pain was so sever. The evaluations were performed before treatment and immediately after irradiation and every day during the first five days. The data were analysed by one way ANOVA and PostHoc tests.

3. Results

Thirty patients participated in the study, 16 were men and 14 were women. The location of minor RAS was upper lip in 20 patients and lower lip in 10 patients. Also their mean of age was 43 years.

Before treatment there was no significant VAS difference between the groups by one way ANOVA data analysis, so that the VAS scale for laser group was 7.4 and for placebo group was 6.8 also 6.8 for ointment group, but according to Table 1 and based on confidence interval (CI) 95% there is no difference between groups significantly (p value is bigger than 0.05). After treatment immediately after the first session and during the first five days (p = 0.001) there was significant difference between the LLLT/Adcortyl groups and the placebo group .The data for Mean, Standard Deviation and PostHoc test results are presented in Table 1. There was no significant difference between laser and Adcortyl groups but both were significantly better than the red light pen. Chart 1 shows the pain reduction during 5 consecutive days among the groups. The healed lesion can be seen in Figure 4.

4. Discussion

There are many treatments considered for RAS. Relief of pain and reduction of ulcer duration are the main goals of therapy. Topical corticosteroids remain the mainstays of treatment [4] . Thus, in this study one group receives topical Adcortyl in orabase for better comparison.

Chart 1. Pain reduction during 5 consecutive days among intervention groups.

Different kinds of laser were successfully used in studies for treatment of RAS. The GaAlAs diode laser [19] , He-Ne laser [16] [17] , argon laser [20] , InGaAlP laser [14] [21] , Nd:YAG laser [22] [29] , diode 830 nm [29] , GaAs (904 nm) [24] , CO₂ [26] [30] [31] , diode laser [32] were used in case reports and studies. For cases with aphthous like lesion in Behçet syndrome, CO₂ laser [23] and GaAs (904 nm) [25] were used successfully. For cases with aphthous-like ulcer in AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) cases, diode 660 nm laser were used with good result [27] . (As the low level laser can modulate inflammatory mediator such as TNF-alpha, IL-6 and others, reduction of pain can be achived.) The healing of the aphthous ulcer can be attributed to the growth of the cellular activity, especially fibroblast, keratinocytes and immune cells. Therefore wound healing and boosting of the natural function can be achieved.

In this study laser pen is statistically better than laser placebo in pain reduction. This is similar to other studies [21] . The laser pen statistically has a similar efficiency to topical corticosteroids (as a routine treatment) in pain reduction. This finding is similar to other studies [24] [29] . In the present study only pain reduction is evaluated. But in the Salman study [24] the laser treatment group had a shorter healing time in comparison to Adcortyl. Laser therapy reduces healing time in recurrent aphthous stomatitis in comparison to control group (topical lidocaine) in some studies [33] . Da silva [34] et al. in their meta analysis could show that laser therapy speeds up the process of tissue repair. Our findings contrast with the findings of Howell [35] et al. who applied a HeNe laser (633 nm, 0.34 J/cm²) for aphthous lesions. So that they found there is no significant difference between untreated ulcers and laser-treated ulcers. Also de Souza [14] et al. conducted evaluation of LLLT (InGaAlP diodelaser, 670 nm, 3 J/cm²) in the treatment of RAS. They observed that LLLT with a topical steroid reduced pain levels after the first LLLT session. But, the pain reduction was not statistically significant. There are some studies that are agreed with our study. Margit [36] et al. in their study used LLLT equipment with a higher wavelength (809 nm) and output (6.3 J/cm²) and they found the positive results on pain reduction also some meta- analysis could reveal the positive effect of low level laser therapy for wound healing and pain reduction of ulcers for example the meta analysis that was done by Enwemeka [37] et al. and Woodruff et al. [38] positive or negative results in low level laser therapy can be attributed to incorrect energy density. It seems in our study energy density was enough for pain reduction of RAS.

Most studies are focusing on in-office treatment. The low level laser therapy often requires additional treatment sessions and there is no known home care device for laser treatment of RAS. Patients with RAS have recurrent ulcers and in-office treatment for each recurrent lesion needs several visits to office and consequent economic problems. Therefore, to assist patients to use lasers at home, a low level laser is inserted in a pen-like device.

As corticosteroids have several side effects, laser treatment may have some advantages for the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. In this clinical pilot study the laser pen as a home care device seems to be useful for treatment of RAS.

References

NOTES

^*Corresponding author.