Open Journal of Blood Diseases
 Vol.4 No.2(2014), Article ID:47478,9 pages DOI:10.4236/ojbd.2014.42004

A 10 Years Comparative Study to Assess Trends in Seroprevalence of Transfusion Transmitted Infections among Blood Donors at Gwalior, India

Dharmesh Chandra Sharma1*, Sunita Rai1, Savita Bharat2, Sudha Iyenger1, Shruti Gupta1, Bharat Jain1

1Department of Pathology, Blood Bank, Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior, India

2Department of Microbiology, Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior, India

Email: *dr_dharmesh_sharma@yahoo.com

Copyright © 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Received 12 May 2014; revised 8 June 2014; accepted 27 June 2014

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) threaten safety of the recipients and the community as a whole and are the subject of real concern worldwide. Aims and Objectives: To know the prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections amongst the blood donors, to evaluate the changing trends of TTIs and to compare these observations within the study as well as with the other relevant studies. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at Blood Bank, Department of Pathology, Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior, India, from January 2004 to December 2013 (ten years). Materials and Methods: In this study 122,006 voluntary and replacement donations were screened for TTIs; HIV, HBV, HCV, Syphilis, Malaria and their seroprevalence was calculated. Further study was divided in Group “A” (from 2004 to 2008) and Group “B” (from 2009 to 2013) to compare the results. Results: Out of total 122,006 blood units collected, 79,750 (65.3%) were voluntary and 42,256 (34.7%) were replacement donors. The seropositivity of TTIs in the entire study, in group “A” and in Group “B” was 3.26% (3985/122,006) (p = 0.000005), 2.25% (1238/54,874) (p = 0.000005) and 4.09% (2747/67,123) (p = 0.000005) respectively. In Group “A” and “B” seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, Syphilis and Malaria was 0.29%, 1.16%, 0.61%, 0.06%, 0.11% and 0.13%, 3.15%, 0.24%, 0.17%, 0.03% respectively. Conclusion: Our study concluded that there was significant increase in seroprevalence of HBV and syphilis whereas decreasing pattern in HIV, HCV and Malaria was observed in last five years as compared to previous five years among the blood donors.

Keywords:Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs), Blood Donor (BD), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Syphilis and Malaria

1. Introduction

Transfusion of blood and/or its components is a life saving measure but at the same time it has life threatening hazards also [1] . Blood and/or its components are not 100% safe for transfusion. With each and every unit of blood there is a risk of transfusion associated problems including transmission of transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs) [2] which includes Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Syphilis, Malaria and many more infections. The economic cost of the failure to control the transmission of the infections includes increased requirement of medical care, high level of dependency and the loss of productive labour force and places heavy burden on already overstretched health and social services on national economy [3] -[5] .

India has a population of more than 1.2 billion with 5.7 (reduced to 2.5) million Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive, 43 million HBV-positive and 15 million HCV-positive people [6] . The risk of transfusion associated transmission of these viruses may be alarming due to high seroprevalence of HIV, HCV and HBV (0.5%, 0.4% and 1.4% respectively) among blood donors [7] . Transfusion medicine apart from being important for the treatment of each patient also has a great public health importance [8] . Discovery of these hazards brought a dramatic change in attitude of physicians and patients about the transfusion of blood [9] . As per guidelines of National AIDS Control organization (NACO) of India, it is mandatory to test each and every blood unit for HIV, anti HCV, HbsAg, Syphilis and Malaria [10] .

India is the second most populous nation in the world. The Indian subcontinent is classified as an intermediate Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) endemic (HBsAg carriage 2% - 7%) zone and has the second largest global pool of chronic HBV infections [11] causing death due to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis liver and hepatocellular carcinoma [12] .

Aim of this study is to estimate the seroprevalance of Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs) among the voluntary and relative donors over a period of ten years at a large blood bank in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India and to evaluate the trends of TTIs. These observations were compared within the study as well as with the other relevant studies.

2. Materials and Methods

This study was carried out at blood bank, department of Pathology, Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh), India. Donors were screened with trained personnel after satisfactory answering the donor’s questionnaire, their physical examination and hemoglobin (Hb%) estimation. 122,006 blood units from the selected donors were collected over a period of ten years (1st January 2004 to 31st December 2013). These donors were Voluntary Donors (VD) and Replacement Donors (RD). Replacement donors were those donors who donated blood for ailing patients and were family members, close relatives and friends of recipient. The Voluntary donations were obtained from walk in donors and in voluntary blood donation camps organized by different institutions, neighbouring colleges, different social and political organizations. Professional and paid donors were carefully eliminated. Written consent from the donor was also taken prior to donation.

3 ml blood in plain vial and 2 ml blood in EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid) vial taken from the satellite bag. All samples were screened for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Syphilis and Malaria. All tests were performed with commercially available ELISA kits and Rapid card methods as mentioned below.

Tests performed and their specifications

1) HIV antibodies detection: Microlisa HIV for HIV 1 & 2 (J. Mitra & Co. Pvt. Ltd.)

2) HCV antibodies detection: Microlisa 3rd generation (J. Mitra & Co. Pvt. Ltd.)

3) HbsAg antigen detection: Elisa Kit (J. Mitra & Co. Pvt. Ltd.)

4) HIV rapid card: HIV BI-DOT (J. Mitra & Co. Pvt. Ltd.)

5) HCV rapid card: HCV BI-DOT (J. Mitra & Co. Pvt. Ltd.)

6) HbsAg rapid card; HEPACARD (J. Mitra & Co. Pvt. Ltd.)

7) Syphilis: Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) for syphilis (Span diagnostics)

8) Malaria: Card method (PAN Malaria card by J. Mitra) one step rapid Immunochromatographic test for P. falciparum & P. vivax.

Manufacturer instructions were followed strictly. All reactive samples were repeated in duplicate before labeling them seropositive. Serovigilance of all the test results was performed by State Reference Laboratory (SRL), Department of Microbiology, G. R. Medical College, Gwalior. The blood unit was discarded as per guidelines of NACO whenever the pilot donor samples were found positive for any TTI. The study was divided in two groups; Group “A” (from 2004 to 2008, 5 years) and Group “B” (from 2009 to 2013, 5 years). Both group data were analyzed and compared to observe the trends of transfusion transmitted Infections over a period of 10 years among the donors in Gwalior region i.e. Central India. Study was approved by ethical committee of Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior.

3. Results

Blood from 122,006 apparently healthy donors aging 18 - 60 years was collected during the study period. Male to Female donor’s ratio in the study was 96.2% (117,369) and 3.8% (4637) (figure 1). In 10 years study 79,750 (65.3%) were voluntary donor while 42,256 (34.7%) were replacement donors (table 1). Increasing pattern (↑) in voluntary donation was observed (Figure 2).

The seropositivity of TTIs in the study was 3.26% (3985/122,006), while in Group “A” (2004-2008) and in Group “B” (2009-2013) it was 2.25% (1238/54,874) and 4.09% (2747/67,123) respectively (Figure 3). In Group “A” seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, Syphilis and Malaria was 0.29% (164 units), 1.16% (637 units), 0.61% (335 units), 0.06% (38 units), 0.11% (64 units) (Table 2) and in Group “B” it was 0.13% (91 units), 3.51% (2360 units), 0.24% (161 units), 0.17% (114 units), 0.03% (21 units) respectively (Table 3). Comparative trends in seroprevalance of TTIs, HBV, HIV, HCV, Syphilis and Malaria in both the group (Group “A” & “B”) is shown in figure 4. In entire study only two donors in Group “A” had VDRL positive along with HBV and the result of VDRL had been omitted for the convenience of statistic calculations.

When comparing both “A” & “B” study group the significantly increasing trends (↑) of seroprevalence were

Figure 1. Male to female ratio..

Table 1. Voluntary and relative donors—year 2004 to 2013.

Figure 2. Increasing trends in voluntary blood donation.

Figure 3. Seroprevalence of TTIs in different groups.

Table 2. Seroprevalence of transfusion transmitted infections in Group “A”. Year: 2004-8.

reported in TTIs (from 2.25 to 4.09%) (p = 0.000001), HBV (From 1.16 to 3.15%) (p = 0.000001) and Syphilis (from 0.06% to 0.17%) (p = 0.04809) while decreasing trends (↓) were observed in HIV (from 0.29% to 0.13%), HCV (from 0.61% to 0.24%) and Malaria (from 0.11% to 0.03%) (Table 2 & Table 3, Figure 4). Data has been compared statistically by frequency distribution and percentage proportion. Chi square (X2) test was applied to know the significant (p value) ratio of difference statistically.

Table 3. Seroprevalence of transfusion transmitted infections in Group “B”. Year: 2009-13.

Figure 4. Trends of seroprevalence of TTIs, HBV, HIV, HCV, Syphilis and Malaria.

4. Discussion

Transfusion of blood and blood component is a life saving procedure and help innumerable people worldwide but at the same time blood transfusion is an important mode of transmission of infections to the recipients. In the developing countries the prevalence of TTIs is much higher and quite far from attending a zero risk level at present moment [1] . These are transmitted parenterally, vertically or through high risk sexual behavior and can cause acute and chronic life threatening disorders [13] [14] .

In present study voluntary donors constituted 65.3% and replacement donors were 34.7%. Data showed the increasing pattern from the year 2004 (15.2%) to 2013 (94%) in voluntary donation. These findings are similar to the study done by Gupta P.K. et al. [15] and Pallavi P. et al. [16] . Increase in voluntary donors may be attributed to the increasing public awareness and involvement of Government bodies like NACO that actively propagate voluntary blood donation in our country while previous studies have reported  high percentage of replacement donors; 94.7% [17] , 99.48% [18] and 82.4% [19] . As compare to first five years (54,874 units) donations, last five years (67,123 units) donations were increased by 22.3% due to general awareness in the society and various national blood donation programmes. Male to female donor’s ratio in the study was 96.2% (117,369) and 3.8% (4627). Low turnouts of female donors were because of traditional thinking of Indian society as well as females in India are generally underweight and anemic according to donor’s selection criteria.

Overall prevalence of TTIs in the study was 3.26% while in first five years (Group “A”) it was 2.25% and last five years (Group “B”) it was 4.09% showing an increasing pattern. The prevalence of TTIs among Indian blood donors is ranging as; HBV—0.66% to 12%, HCV—0.5% to 1.5%, HIV—0.08% to 3.87% and syphilis—0.8% to 3% [20] . With every unit of blood there is 1% chance of transfusion associated problems including TTIs [21] . The risk of TTIs has decreased in developed countries over the past two decades, primarily because of extraordinary success in preventing HIV and other established transfusion transmitted viruses from entering the blood supply [22] . But same may not hold good for the developing countries like India. As in our study TTIs is increased from 2.25% to 4.09%. The national policy for blood transfusion services in our country is of recent origin and the transfusion services are hospital based and fragmented [15] .

The seropositivity of HBV in Group “A” donors was 1.16 % and is significantly increased in recent years in Group “B” donors 3.51% comparable to the study from Rajasthan 3.44% [23] while low HbsAg prevalence rate was reported in Punjab blood donors 1.7% [24] , Delhi—2.23% [18] , coastal area of Karnataka—0.62% [25] , Bangalore—1.86% [26] and Mysore—1.27% [16] . Seropositivity is higher in the present study, it may be because of use of common syringes in the medical treatment in rural areas is still prevailing and use of sensitive tests for TTIs in our blood bank setup. Prevalence of HBV is low in developed countries (0.1% - 0.5%), it is high (5% - 15%) in South East Asia and China [18] and towering in African countries; Nigeria—18.6% [27] , Tanzania—11% [28] and West Africa—13.4% [29] .

The seroposittivity of HIV was 0.29% in Group “A” and it was 0.13% in Group “B”, showing decreasing pattern comparable with the findings of Das B.K. et al. 0.19% [30] . In India it ranges from 0.2% to 1% [31] [32] whereas reported high in rural India 2.11% [33] . The prevalence of HIV in various parts of India is different with high rating in Western India 0.47% [34] and Southern India 0.44% [16] while in Punjab, North India it is 0.26% [35] . NACO suggested an overall prevalence of 0.91% (2005) in India with 0.25% in Delhi [18] . For HIV, India is second only to South Africa in terms of overall number of people living with HIV. In West Africa it is 1.8% [30] , 6% in Nigeria [27] and 8.7% in Tanzania [28] .

Decreasing pattern of seroprevalence of HCV is reported in our study from 0.61% in Group “A” to 0.24% in Group “B” which is similar to study done by Pallavi P. et al. 0.23% [16] and Col J. Philip et al. 0.22% [36] while high seroprevalnce was reported by Bagga P.K. et al. 0.88% [37] , Chattoraj A. et al. 0.79% [20] and Kaur H. et al. 0.78% [25] but it is higher in African countries; West Africa 6.3% [29] , Tanzania 8% [28] . In USA & Europe range is 0.9% to 1.4% [38] [39] .

Increasing pattern in seropositivity of syphilis from 0.06% (Group A) to 0.17% (Group B) was reported in our study. In others Indian subcontinent studies it is seen to be 0.01% [40] , 0.07% [6] , 0.85% [41] and 1.2% [42] .

Decreasing pattern in positivity of Malaria from 0.11% (Group A) to 0.03% (Group B) was reported in our study. A study shows that a rate of transfusion transmitted malaria varies from less than 0.2 in non-endemic countries to 50 or more cases per million in endemic countries as discussed by Mollison et al. [43] . In other parts of India it is 0.09% [40] and 0.01% [1] .

Goal of any transfusion service is to provide safe blood to the recipients and one should be as close as possible to achieve zero risk level. Availability of safe blood for transfusion is a must for the recipients as well for community and can be achieved by vigorous and cautious screening of donors along with testing of donated blood with more advanced laboratory screening tests and we have already started opting these precautions on priority basis.

5. Conclusion

Our study showed increasing trend of voluntary blood donation with male predominance. Amongst the blood donors, seropositivity of HbsAg was highest followed by HCV, syphilis, HIV and Malaria. High seropositivity with significantly increasing trend of HbsAg was observed in the study. It needs further investigation including studying the prevalence rate of HBV in the general population to address the issue. Decreasing trends with low prevalence of HIV and HCV observed in the study is an encouraging sign supporting the growing awareness of these life threatening diseases. Malaria and VDRL appears to be sporadic findings and detection is mainly based on available sensitive kits. So we conclude that substantial risk of transfusion-transmissible infections is still prevailing with the blood transfusion services and ensuring that blood safety has a long way to go.

Acknowledgements

The author(s) are grateful to Dr. G.S. Patel, Head of the Institute: Dean G.R. Medical College, Gwalior and Dr. (Mrs.) Jyoti Bindal, Superintendent, J. A. Hospital, Gwalior for their kind cooperation and unstinted support without which this study would have not been possible. The author(s) also acknowledge with deep gratitude the invaluable assistance received from Dr. Manohar Bhatiya, Resident (PSM), G. R. M. C. Gwalior, Mrs. Mala Bhadoriya and Mrs. Neetu Suryvanshi, technicians blood bank, J. A. Hospital, Gwalior.

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NOTES

*Corresponding author.

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