Received 12 December 2014; accepted 5 June 2015; published 9 June 2015

ABSTRACT

CXCL-10 known as Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) or small-inducible cytokine 10 is a 8.7 kDa protein, which is secreted in response to IFN-γ by monocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. It has chemo-attraction for monocytes/macrophages, T cells, NK cells and dendritic cells in promotion of T cell adhesion to endothelial cells. In the present study, we investigated whether polymorphisms in CXCL-10 gene have any role in the manifestation of Tuberculous (TB) pleurisy. Two SNPs in CXCL-10 promoter region (−1447A > G and −135G > A) were genotyped in patients with TB Pleurisy (n = 186), Pulmonary TB patients (n = 159) and healthy controls (n = 205) by PCR-RFLP. Disease associations were statistically analyzed by Fisher exact test. At the −135G > A position, the frequencies of genotype GA and allele G were significantly high in TB pleurisy patients compared to healthy controls. While the frequencies of genotype AA and allele A were significantly low in TB pleurisy patients compared to healthy controls. The frequency of haplotype A-G with the combination of 1447A > G and −135G > A was significantly high in TB pleurisy. Our results reveal that genotype GA and allele G at −135G > A position were strongly associated with susceptibility to tuberculous pleurisy. The GA genotype may be a useful genetic marker for early detection of the disease in high risk individuals.

Keywords:

CXCL-10, Polymorphism, Haplotype, Susceptibility, Tuberculous Pleurisy

1. Introduction

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health problem in developing countries with an estimated 1.4 million deaths and 8.7 million new cases reported in 2011 [1] . Pulmonary TB is the most common form of TB, with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis accounting for ~25% of adult cases, but this estimate increases to ~50% in high HIV prevalence settings [2] . Tuberculous (TB) pleurisy is the second most common form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis after lymph node TB.

The occurrence of TB pleurisy is less than 1% of total exudative effusions in western countries out of which 3% - 5% corresponds to tuberculosis patients. However, in India, it is accountable for 30% - 80% of all pleural effusions encountered and may complicate tuberculosis in 31% of all cases [3] [4] . The first cells to encounter organisms invading the pleural space are mesothelial cells, which produce chemotactic molecules called chemokines, which are responsible for leukocyte activation and trafficking of cells for initiating inflammatory responses. Chemokines are low-molecular-weight chemotactic cytokines (8 - 14 kDa) that act through interactions with a subset of seven-transmembrane domain and G1protein-coupled receptors. There are 40 human chemokines, the majority of which are categorized as either C-X-C or C-C chemokines based on the arrangement of the two N-terminal conserved cysteine residues in mammalian genomes [5] -[7] . C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL-10) also known as Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) or small-inducible cytokine 10 is a 8.7 kDa protein and located on human chromosome 4 in a cluster among several other CXC chemokines [8] . In response to IFN-γ CXCL-10 is secreted by monocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. The principal function of CXCL-10 is chemoattraction of monocytes/macrophages, NK cells, T cells and dendritic cells. It also helps in promoting T cell adhesion to endothelial cells, antitumor activity, and angiogenesis [9] [10] . Earlier studies have revealed the association of gene polymorphisms with host susceptibility to various infectious diseases including TB [11] -[13] . Likewise the polymorphisms in chemokine genes were found to be associated with several autoimmune, infectious diseases including tuberculosis [14] [15] .

CXCL-10 gene has been reported to play important role in the immune response to hepatitis and the innate immune response to respiratory tract pathogens including SARS, coronavirus and TB [16] -[18] . Recent studies have showed that chemokines are important as an early inflammatory mediator which determines the host immune response after exposure to pathogens. Tang et al. reported that polymorphism in the promoter region of CXCL-10 at −135G/A position was moderately associated with tuberculosis in Chinese population. The same variant was suggested to contribute to CXCL-10 gene expression by NF-κB transactivation [18] . Hence, we used a genetic association approach to study whether the variations in the promoter regions of CXCL-10 were associated with tuberculosis. The aim of the study was to investigate the association of CXCL-10 gene polymorphism (−1447 and −135) with PTB and TB pleurisy.

2. Subjects and Methods

2.1. Study Subjects

A total of 345 patients of which 159 had pulmonary TB (PTB), 186 with TB pleurisy and 205 healthy ethnically matched, un-related controls of South Indian population were included in the study. Pulmonary Tuberculosis (mean age ± SD: 43.8 ± 6.99) patients were registered at the Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS) Clinics under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control program (RNTCP) centers at Bhagwan Mahavir Hospital & Research Centre, Blue Peter Public Health and Research Center (BPHRC) India. Tuberculous pleurisy subjects (mean age ± SD: 35.76 ± 15.10) were registered at Government General and Chest Hospital, Hyderabad, India. Healthy, asymptomatic subjects (mean age ± SD: 42.36 ± 20.14) with no familial history of TB were included as controls for this study.

2.2. Inclusion Criteria

Newly diagnosed patients with no past history of TB or anti-tuberculosis treatment were enrolled. PTB patients were clinically confirmed by sputum smear acid-fast bacilli (AFB) staining and chest X-ray (CXR) and TB pleurisy patients were diagnosed based on Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) levels with a cut off >40, biopsy and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), protein RBS, radiological chest X Ray (CXR) and non-positivity in acid-fast bacilli (AFB) staining [19] . Healthy controls were asymptomatic individuals without any past history of TB or any other major illness. Peripheral blood was collected from the subjects after obtaining written informed consent and ethical guidelines practiced at the Chest hospital, Mahavir Hospital & Research Centre and Blue Peter Research Centre (BPHRC). The study was approved by institutional ethical and biosafety committee.

2.3. DNA Isolation

DNA was extracted from whole blood using Flexigene DNA kit (cat no # 51206) according to the manufacturer instructions (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). DNA concentrations were quantitated using nanodrop (ND-1000) spectrophotometer (Thermo scientifics, Wilmington, DE).

2.4. Genotyping of CXCL-10 (IP-10) Gene

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used for genotyping. Briefly, the reaction contained 100 ng of genomic DNA, 10 pM of specific primer along with 1x of Taq Master Mix (New England Biolabs) and adjusting the total volume to 25 µl PCR reaction mixtures with water. The PCR was set in a programmable thermal cycler (Bio-Rad Thermo scientific CA). PCR conditions were: initial denaturation at 95˚C for 5 min followed by 35 PCR cycles [95˚C for 30 sec, 60˚ for 45sec, 72˚C for 45 sec] and final extension at 72˚C for 10 min. The PCR product was used to perform the restriction enzyme digestion for 3 hrs with 1 unit of respective restriction enzymes (New England Biolabs, Inc, Ipswich, USA) at 37˚C and the digested product was subjected to electrophoresis on 3% agarose gel for 45 min at 80 V. The genotypes were determined based on product sizes compared to a 50 bp ladder. The primer sequences, annealing temperatures for PCR, restriction enzymes and the restriction digestion patterns are mentioned in Table 1.

2.5. Statistical Analysis

The results were analyzed utilizing Open Epi Open Source Epidemiologic Statistics for Public Health software (version 2.2.1, Emory University and Rollins School of Public Health, GA). Disease associations were examined by uncorrected chi square (χ²) and Fisher exact test. To determine Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval the 2 × 2 cross-tabulation method was used. Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) testing was done using SNP stats online software and haplotyping was performed using the Haploview software (version 4.2). A p value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms IP-10-1447 Position

The frequency of the homozygous GG genotype at −1447 position was significantly low in both PTB (p = 0.04, OR: 0.33, CI: 0.07 - 1.05) and in TB pleurisy (p = 0.007, OR: 0.21, CI: 0.03 - 0.75) compared to healthy con-

Nelsons tang et al. 2009.

trols representing a negative association. The distribution of other homozygous AA, heterozygous AG genotypes, alleles A and G were similar in PTB and TB pleurisy groups compared to the healthy controls (Table 2).

3.2. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms IP-10-135 Position

The frequency of the heterozygous GA genotype at −135 position was significantly high in both PTB (p = 0.0000001, OR: 3.48, CI: 2.18 - 5.56) and TB pleurisy (p = 0.0000004, OR: 2.86, CI: 1.85 - 4.42) compared to healthy controls indicating a positive association. The homozygous AA genotype was significantly low in both TB pleurisy (p < 0.0000001, OR: 0.20, CI: 0.11 - 0.37) and PTB (p = 0.0000001, OR: 0.10, CI: 0.04 - 0.22) compared to healthy controls respectively, indicating a negative association. The frequency of allele G was significantly high in PTB (p = 0.0001, OR: 1.79, CI: 1.32 - 2.43) and TB pleurisy (p = 0.0009884, OR: 1.60, CI: 1.12 - 2.2) compared to healthy controls indicating a positive association, while the frequency of allele A was significantly low in PTB (p = 0.0001, OR: 0.56, CI: 0.41 - 0.76) and in TB pleurisy (p = 0.0009, OR: 0.62, CI: 0.46 - 0.83) compared to healthy controls indicating a negative association (Table 3).

3.3. Haplotype of IP-10 (−1447 and −135 Position) Gene

On haplotype analysis (−1447 and −135 polymorphisms) four combinations were observed. The frequency of haplotype with A-G combination was significantly high (p = 0.003, p = 0.000006) in PTB and TB pleurisy; similarly the frequency of haplotype with A-A combination was significantly low (p = 0.001, p = 0.02) in both PTB and TB pleurisy respectively. The haplotype combination G-G frequency was significantly high (p = 0.02) in PTB alone whereas the frequency of haplotype combination G-A was significantly low (p = 0.02) in TB pleurisy respectively.

We observed that the frequency of A-G haplotype combination was over-representing in active pulmonary TB and TB pleurisy groups indicating their association with increased risk of developing these clinical forms of TB. The frequency of haplotype A-A combination appeared to be associated with resistance to pulmonary TB and TB pleurisy (Table 4).

3.4. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

When the Hardy-Weinberg (HW) equilibrium test was performed, distribution of all genotypes in the healthy

All the comparisons are with Healthy control vs. Pulmonary and Pleurisy patients. Values are represented in (n). p value calculated by Chi-Square and value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. OR: odds ratio, CI: class intervals. HC: Healthy Controls, PTB: Pulmonary Tuberculosis, TBP: Tuberculous pleurisy.

All the comparisons are with Healthy control vs. Pulmonary and Pleurisy patients. Values are represented in (n). p value calculated by Chi-Square and value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. OR: odds ratio, CI: class intervals. HC: Healthy Controls, PTB: Pulmonary Tuberculosis, TBP: Tuberculous pleurisy.

p-value calculated by Chi-Square and value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. OR: odds ratio, CI: class intervals. PTB: Pulmonary Tuberculosis, TBP: Tuberculous pleurisy.

controls followed HW equilibrium (p < 0.05). The p value for the position −1447 is p = 0.07 and for −135 is p = 0.06.

4. Discussion

Host genetic factors influence an individual response to infection with M. tuberculosis. These factors can possibly explain the susceptibility/resistance to the disease. Recent studies have shown that chemokines in addition to cytokines are crucial in mediating early inflammation which determines the host response after exposure to M. tuberculosis [20] . Since the polymorphisms studied (−1447 & −135) in CXCL-10 gene are located in promoter region they may affect the gene expression or its function leading to impaired signaling which may further cause susceptibility to tuberculosis.

Our data suggests the homozygous genotype GG at −1447 position renders resistance to both PTB and TB pleurisy respectively. Contrastingly Tang et al. reported no association of −1447 loci with tuberculosis in Chinese population [18] . The disparity in association may be due to difference in ethnic groups and the complex etiology of the disease.

Our data indicates that the heterozygous GA genotype at −135 position may render susceptibility while homozygous AA genotype was offering resistance to both PTB and TB pleurisy respectively unlike, Tang et al.’s report that homozygous GA genotype and allele A was offering protection to TB in Chinese population [18] . Also allele G was rendering susceptibility to both PTB & TB pleurisy which is in concordance with Deng et al. explaining allele G susceptibility to Hepatitis B virus infection [16] .

The SNP-135 position is located 14 base pairs upstream of CXCL-10 gene, which has a binding site to NF-kB and may also affect the transactivation effect of NF-kB on CXCL-10 expression [18] . Therefore the genotype GA may play a crucial role in the genetic susceptibility to TB. Hence we conclude that individuals with GA genotype or G allele (−135 position) and GG genotype (−1447 position) may be vulnerable to PTB/TB pleurisy. Functional work based on allelic variants at these positions may provide further information on the mechanisms lying behind the susceptibility/disease progression which was one of the limitations of this study.

Our data reveals that the haplotype A-G, (−1447, −135) might render susceptibility while A-A, G-A may offer resistance to TB pleurisy. While haplotype A-G, G-G may confer susceptibility and A-A may offer resistance to PTB respectively. Contrarily Nelson Tang et al reported haplotype G-A-G at −1447, −872, −135 positions to offer resistance with the disease [18] . To best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report CXCL-10 (IP-10) genotype and haplotype association with tuberculous pleurisy in south Indian population.

5. Conclusion

We demonstrate that the promoter polymorphisms (−1447, −135) in CXCL-10 gene are associated with susceptibility to PTB and tuberculous pleurisy. The susceptible genotype GA, allele G and haplotype A-G and G-G could be used as genetic marker to identify high risk individuals. However, there is a need to validate the results in larger cohort and in other populations.

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to The Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India (BT/01/COE/07/02) for funding the project and LEPRA INDIA, Blue Peter public health & Research Centre for providing facility and support. Also to R.S.S. Sharada and D.K. Prudhula for their valuable suggestions in manuscript preparation and all the participants in the study.

Ethical Approval

The study was approved by Institutional Ethical Committee (IEC).

Funding

Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India (Grant No: BT/01/COE/07/02).

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funding agency had no role in the design of the study, collection and analysis of the data, or in the preparation of the manuscript.

References

NOTES

^*Corresponding author.