ABSTRACT

Goat anti-Rabbit Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) secondary conjugate was produced using a modified periodate oxidation method. The obtained conjugate was tested in the quality control techniques of therapeutic proteins. To determine the working dilution, titration of the prepared conjugate was performed in Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and found to be 1:5000. This dilution was further tested in Western Blot analysis. The secondary conjugate was kept at 4˚C for one month and its stability was verified by Western Blot and Indirect ELISA techniques.

Keywords:

Antibody, Conjugation, Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP), Indirect ELISA, Periodate-Mediated Glycoprotein Oxidation

1. Introduction

Primary and secondary antibodies are used for detection and quantification of antigens in immunoassays such as ELISA, Western Blotting and immunohistochemistry [1] . Antibodies can be labeled with a variety of molecules such as biotin, fluorescent tags, radioactive molecules, and enzymes such as Horseradish Peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose oxidase, and β-galactosidase [2] [3] [4] . Horseradish Peroxidase is the most common enzyme used for conjugation because it is a small molecule, not expensive, stable and highly detectable chromogenic, chemiluminescent and fluorogenic substrates are available [5] .

Many HRP-IgG conjugation methods are available, such as glutaraldehyde, cyanuric chloride, p-benzoquinone, maleimide methods, periodate oxidation, etc. Some of the advantages of using periodate oxidation method are as follows: it is a simple and cheap method that results in many aldehyde groups available for coupling, and also no side reactions are present, and antibodies can be used without previous modification [6] [7] .

Conjugation of enzymes to antibodies involves the formation of a stable, covalent linkage between the two molecules; such coupling is achieved using a cross-linking agent, which reacts with the functional groups present in both enzymes and antibodies. Functional groups in proteins include amino, imino, hydroxyl, thiol and phenol groups [8] .

Periodate mediated conjugation of HRP to the antibody (first described by Nakane and Kawaoi, 1974) is one of the most popular, simple methods to prepare conjugates that can be used in enzyme immunoassays. This method is based on Sodium periodate oxidation of carbohydrate side chains of HRP, followed by activation of Schiff base between activated peroxidase and amino groups of the antibody. The stable conjugate formed is after the reduction of the Schiff base by Sodium Borohydride [9] .

Enzyme-labeled antibodies can be used in the pharmaceutical industry for the quality control of therapeutic proteins, such as Erythropoietin.

In this study, Goat anti-Rabbit antibodies were labeled with Horseradish peroxidase using periodate oxidation method. Micro-concentration of HRP-Sodium Periodate solution was done to remove the excess of periodate in order to simplify and accelerate the first step of conjugation. The reduction of the Schiff base of HRP-IgG conjugate by Sodium Borohydride was tested by incubating the solution for 90 minutes and overnight before final dialysis of labeled Ab. The Western Blot and ELISA results showed no significant difference between conjugates stabilized for 90 minutes and overnight.

In addition, the results obtained from Indirect ELISA and Western Blot techniques of Erythropoietin, using conjugated secondary antibodies showed that prepared conjugates were effective and stable for 1 month at +4˚C.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Purification of IgG

Antibodies from lyophilized Goat Anti-Rabbit serum were manually purified by affinity chromatography using Pierce™ Chromatography Cartridges Protein G (Thermo Scientific). IgGs were eluted by Glycine buffer (pH 2.5) followed by pH adjustment with Tris-HCl (1 M, pH 8.5), and obtained fractions were stored at −20˚C [10] . Two fractions (20 mg/ml and 8.23 mg/ml) were tested in SDS-PAGE, and one fraction (20 mg/ml) was chosen for the conjugation process.

2.2. IgG Purity by SDS-PAGE

SDS-PAGE in reducing conditions was performed to assure that no degradation occurred during the storage of purified antibodies. Briefly, one control (dialyzed against PBS) and two purified IgG fractions were tested. Samples were mixed with 2× reducing Laemmli sample buffer (Bio-Rad) and boiled for 5 min. Electrophoresis was done in a 10% SDS-PAGE gel using Mini-Protean® Tetra Vertical Electrophoresis Cell (Bio-Rad) at 170 V for 90 minutes. The gel was stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 (Bio-Rad).

2.3. Determining the Concentration of the Antibody

The measurement of the IgG fraction absorbance was performed by Double Beam Spectrophotometer 6850 (Jenway®), with a reading range between 250 - 400 nm. IgG sample was diluted 20 times with ddH2O and the absorbance was measured against ddH2O. IgG concentration was calculated using the extinction coefficient of goat IgG.

2.4. Dialysis of Antibodies Used for Conjugation

Dialysis of the antibody sample was performed using Micro Float-A-Lyzer® Dialysis Device, (8 - 10 kDa MWCO Spectra/ Por). 150 µL of antibody sample was mixed with 50 µL of Carbonate buffer (10 mM, pH 9.5) and dialyzed against 1 L of Carbonate buffer (10 mM, pH 9.5) at +4˚C with three buffer changes.

2.5. Determining the Concentration and Amount of Antibody after Dialysis

Absorbance of dialyzed antibodies was measured to determine the final amount of the IgG to be used for conjugation. IgG sample was diluted 10 times in Carbonate buffer (10 mM, pH 9.5) and the absorbance was measured against Carbonate buffer (10 mM, pH = 9.5). IgG concentration was calculated using the extinction coefficient of goat IgG.

2.6. SDS-PAGE of Dialyzed IgG

To confirm that no degradation occurred during dialysis, SDS-PAGE in reducing and non-reducing conditions was done.

2.7. HRP-IgG Conjugation

Conjugation was performed using a 1:1 (w/w) ratio of HRP:IgG by modified periodate-mediated oxidation method. 100 µL of freshly prepared 0.1 M Sodium (meta) periodate (Sigma-Aldrich S1878) solution was added to 500 µL of Horseradish peroxidase solution (4 mg/mL), type VI-A (Sigma-Aldrich P6782); the color changed from reddish brown to green. The solution was stirred gently on a shaker for 20 minutes at room temperature in dark. To remove the excess of periodate, micro-concentration of the periodate-HRP solution was performed using Omega™ membrane Nanosep® Centrifugal Devices (MWCO 10 K, Pall) at 8000 rpm for 3 × 10 minutes. Sodium acetate buffer (1 mM, pH 4.4) was added to a final volume of 250 µL and the pH was adjusted to 9.5 by adding 10 µL of Sodium Carbonate buffer (0.2 M, pH 9.5). IgG solution (~2 mg/250 µL) was added to the activated HRP solution. The mixture was stirred gently on a shaker for 2 hours at room temperature. 50 µL of freshly prepared 0.1 M Sodium Borohydride (Sigma-Aldrich 213462) solution was added to the HRP-IgG mixture. The sample was divided into two fractions: the first fraction (250 µL) was incubated with sodium borohydride for 90 minutes at room temperature with gentle shaking, and the second fraction (250 µL) was incubated with sodium borohydride overnight at +4˚C. Both fractions were later dialyzed against 1 × PBS (pH 7.2) at +4˚C. The volume retrieved after dialysis from both methods was 100 µL HRP-IgG conjugate.

2.8. Titration of the Conjugate

Indirect ELISA was carried out by coating the microplate with 1 µg/100 µL/well of Erythropoietin in Carbonate buffer (0.1 M, pH = 9.6) and the plate was incubated at +4˚C overnight. The next morning, the coating buffer was discarded and 200 µL of blocking solution 1% BSA in PBST (PBS, pH 7.2 with 0.05% Tween-20) was added, the microplate was covered and kept at room temperature for 2 hours. Then, the blocking buffer was discarded and 100 µL of primary rabbit polyclonal anti-Erythropoietin antibodies (1 mg/mL diluted 1:10,000 in PBST) were added into wells A to E. 100 µL of PBST was added into well F which was used as a Blank. The microplate was incubated at 37˚C. After 2 hours, manual wash with PBST was performed three times and 100 µL of secondary antibodies (either stabilized for 90 minutes or overnight with sodium borohydride) were added to A to F wells as follows: 1:200, 1:1000, 1:5000, 1:10,000, 1:20,000, and 1:50,000.

The microplate was incubated at 37˚C for 1 hour, and then washed manually five times with PBST. 100 µL TMB (Sigma T0440) was added and the microplate was kept at room temperature for 20 min. The reaction was stopped by adding 100 µL of stopping solution (1 M HCl), and the Optical Density was read at 450 nm via Spectramax 340PC384 Microplate Reader (Molecular Devices).

2.9. Western Blot Analysis of Erythropoietin

Erythropoietin (10 µg/well) was loaded into 14% SDS-PAGE gel in reducing and non-reducing conditions. Reducing samples were boiled for 5 minutes. The proteins were transferred on a nitrocellulose membrane by semi-dry Western Blot technique using Trans-Blot® Turbo™ Transfer System (Bio-Rad) at 25 V, 1.3 A, 45 min. The membrane was blocked by 5% BSA at +4˚C overnight. The blocking solution was discarded and 10 mL primary rabbit polyclonal anti-Erythropoietin antibodies (1 mg/mL diluted 1:10,000 in PBST) solution was added and incubated at room temperature for 2 hours with agitation. The membrane was washed three times with PBST and 10 mL of secondary antibody solution (1:5000 in PBST of both conjugates either stabilized for 90 minutes and overnight with sodium borohydride) was added and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with agitation. The membrane was washed three times with PBST and stained with TMB (Sigma T0565) for the membranes for 20 minutes.

2.10. One-Month Stability

Indirect ELISA and Western Blot analysis were performed to test the stability of Goat anti-rabbit secondary antibodies conjugates at working dilution 1:5000. For Indirect ELISA, two conjugates were used as positive controls: conjugates from June 2017 and October 2017 [10] , both prepared using Lightning-Link® HRP antibody labeling kit and diluted 1:5000 in LifeXtend solution (Expedeon).

3. Results

SDS-PAGE was done to determine the purity of two eluted fractions of antibodies in reduced conditions. The results showed two bands of each loaded IgG fraction and control sample of molecular weights ~25 and 50 kDa which correspond to the light and heavy chains of antibodies, respectively (Figure 1).

Measurement of IgG absorbance before dialysis was performed by spectrophotometer at λ = 278 nm and concentration was calculated using the formula: Cmg/ml = Abs278/1.3 × dilution factor (where 1.3 is the extinction coefficient of goat IgG), the sample was diluted 20 times. Abs278 = 1.381 (Figure 2). The Concentration of IgG was 21.25 mg/ml.

The concentration of IgG after dialysis was calculated using measured Abs at 278 nm, C = 8.37 mg/ml.

SDS-PAGE results of dialyzed IgG showed that no degradation occurred during dialysis (Figure 3).

The optimum dilution of HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit polyclonal IgG was determined in Indirect ELISA and found to be 1:5000 for both conjugates, whether stabilized for 90 minutes or incubated overnight with Sodium Borohydride. Absorbance readings of Endpoint Assay are shown in Table 1.

Western Blot analysis revealed thick bands of non-reducing and reducing samples of Erythropoietin (30.5 kDa) incubated with HRP-IgG conjugate stabilized 90 minutes (Figure 4: Lanes 2-5) and HRP-IgG conjugate stabilized overnight (Figure 4: Lanes 6-7).

Also after protein transfer, nitrocellulose membrane stained with Ponceau Red showed bands corresponding to Erythropoietin (Figure 5(a)), whereas no bands were present on SDS-PAGE gel stained with CBB, which confirms that the transfer was successful (Figure 5(b)).

Indirect ELISA results confirmed that conjugates either stabilized for 90 minutes or overnight with Sodium Borohydride are stable after 1 month at +4˚C. Optical Density was measured using TMB as a substrate and the results of Endpoint Assay were determined on ELISA microplate reader. Absorbance readings are shown in Table 2.

For the one-month stability Western Blot analysis revealed bands of non-reducing and reducing samples of Erythropoietin (30.5 kDa), whether membrane was incubated with HRP-IgG conjugate stabilized 90 minutes (Figure 6(a): Lanes 2-5) or HRP-IgG conjugate stabilized overnight (Figure 6(b): Lanes 6-7).

Also, after protein transfer, nitrocellulose membrane stained with Ponceau Red showed bands corresponding to Erythropoietin (Figure 7(a)), whereas no bands were present on SDS-PAGE gel stained with CBB, which confirms that the transfer was successful (Figure 7(b)).

4. Discussion

Affinity purified Goat anti-rabbit polyclonal antibodies were used for this research. SDS-PAGE was performed to assure that no degradation occurred during the storage of antibodies. The difference in the number of bands is attributed to sample preparation, which involves breakage of disulfide bonds of the antibody using 2-mercaptoethanol. The fact that no additional bands were observed confirms that there was no degradation of antibodies. These results (Figure 1) comply with the study done by Ezzatifar et al. [11] .

Before proceeding with conjugation, the antibodies were dialyzed against Carbonate buffer (10 mM, pH 9.5) at +4˚C overnight, as was done by Tijssen et al. in their experiment [6] , in contrast to other studies which used fractionation of sera with sodium sulfate, followed by passage through a diethylaminoethyl cellulose column by Yoshitake et al. [12] .

Tijssen et al. and Boorsma et al. performed purification of HRP by chromatofocusing then ion exchange chromatography [6] and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 and Ultrogel AcA-44 [13] , respectively, before proceeding with the oxidation step. Whereas, in this research no purification was required because Peroxidase (Sigma-Aldrich) Type VI-A, isolated from horseradish roots (Amoraciarusticana) essentially salt free, was used.

SDS-PAGE results of dialyzed IgG in reducing and non-reducing conditions (Figure 3), verified that antibodies were not degraded. In non-reducing conditions only one band of high molecular weight (MW) appeared which refers to the IgG molecule and in reducing conditions two bands of MW 50 kDa and 25 kDa appeared, which correspond to heavy and light chains of antibodies, respectively.

Nakane and Kawaoi used FDNB to prevent self-coupling of activated HRP [7] . In this study this step was skipped, since HRP has few lysine molecules, which is helpful in limiting unwanted self-coupling [11] . Also, the periodate solution provides a slightly acidic medium which prevents the self-coupling of HRP [14] .

According to the protocol of Eivazi et al., Sodium Periodate was added to the solution of HRP and kept at room temperature for 20 minutes in a dark place. To remove the excess of periodate after activation of HRP, micro-concentration was done instead of dialysis against Acetate buffer performed by Beyvazi et al., Eivazi et al. and Ezzatifar et al., or through Sephadex G-25 performed by Tijssen et al. [6] [14] [15] .

Solution of antibodies dialyzed against Carbonate buffer was added to the activated HRP solution and the mixture was kept at room temperature for 2 hours. Sodium Borohydride was added to the HRP-IgG solution and incubated either for 90 minutes, or overnight, unlike Ramesh Kumar K et al. who stabilized conjugate for 10 min at room temperature [16] . Finally, the conjugates were dialyzed against PBS at +4˚C overnight as per protocol of Nakane and Kawaoi [7] .

The titer of conjugates was determined by Indirect ELISA. The results showed that the optimum dilution of HRP-IgG conjugates prepared either by stabilization for 90 minutes or overnight with Sodium Borohydride was 1:5000 with an Optical Density of 0.9 and 0.996, respectively. Although the dilutions of the conjugates resembled the preparations by Eivazi et al. [15] , however, optimum titer obtained was different.

Indirect ELISA was also performed to test the one-month stability of the conjugates. HRP-IgG conjugates, stabilized for 90 minutes or overnight with Sodium Borohydride and stored at +4˚C showed Optical Density readings of 1.656, 1.525 and OD₄₅₀ 1.677, 1.629, respectively. Those readings were compared to the readings of the blank with OD₄₅₀ 0.091, 0.102 (where no primary antibodies were added) and the two positive controls with OD₄₅₀ 3.277, 3.057 (June 2017 conjugates) and OD₄₅₀ 1.944, 2.019 (October 2017 conjugate). All the above results confirm that both conjugates were stable.

Western Blot results of Erythropoietin, under reducing and non-reducing conditions, using conjugated secondary antibodies either stabilized for 90 minutes or overnight with Sodium Borohydride, showed that both conjugates were effective, since clear bands of Erythropoietin were visualized on the nitrocellulose membrane (Figure 4).

Western Blot of Erythropoietin, under reducing and non-reducing conditions, was also performed to test the stability of the conjugates after 1 month, using conjugated secondary antibodies stabilized for 90 minutes or overnight with Sodium Borohydride and stored at +4˚C. The results showed that both conjugates were still effective since clear bands of Erythropoietin were visualized on the nitrocellulose membrane (Figure 6).

5. Conclusions

Antibodies can be labeled with a variety of molecules. Enzymes are the most useful tags to label antibodies since obtained conjugates can be used to detect and quantify protein of interest using analytical techniques such as ELISA and Western Blot. Therefore, enzyme-labeled antibodies can be used in the pharmaceutical industry for the quality control of therapeutic proteins.

In-house conjugate of horseradish peroxidase with goat polyclonal antibodies was produced by a modified process of the previously described periodate oxidation method. Conjugate titration was performed in Indirect ELISA, where the optimum dilution for HRP-IgG conjugate was determined as 1:5000. Functionality of prepared conjugates was also tested by semi-dry Western Blot technique of the Erythropoietin, using TMB as substrate. The prepared conjugates were stored at +4˚C and were re-tested after one month in Indirect ELISA and Western Blot techniques. All results were satisfying.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Cite this paper

Pavliuchenko, N., Hazarnian, V. and Bassil, M. (2019) Modification of Periodate Oxidation Method to Produce HRP-IgG Conjugate and Test its Stability Overtime. American Journal of Molecular Biology, 9, 52-63. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajmb.2019.92005

References