ABSTRACT

This study was undertaken to identify a new combined plant extract (PAC) intended to treat in patients with acne vulgaris. We detected strong antibacterial activities of Pinus densiflora leaf extract (LP) against Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) and anti-inflammatory effect of Artemisia annua L. extract (AA). To develop more effective agents in multiple targeting of the physiopathology of acne, a combination of three plant extracts (PAC), Pinus densiflora leaf extract (LP), Artemisia annua L. extract (AA), and Citrus junos fruit juice (FC), indicated anti-proliferative effect on P. acnes-induced HaCaT cells proliferation, was prepared mixing at ratio 2:1:1. PAC with MIC values of 2.25 mg/ml and 0.75 mg/ml against P. acnes and S. epidermidis was more active than LP (2.50 mg/ml and 1.00 mg/ml), was the most active of three extracts. PAC also showed more effective anti-inflammatory activity than a single plant extract in P. acnes-treated NF, HaCaT cells and LPS-treated Raw 264.7 cells. And then, we evaluated sebosuppressive effect of PAC on differentiation and lipogenesis of sebocytes. Results showed that PAC reduced sebum production and IGF-1-stimulated proliferation on sebocytes. In addition, PAC (final 2%) applied in a test product clinically decreased skin oil content, sebum output level, and the number of closed comedones and open comedones in a period of 4 weeks. The results of the studies demonstrate that PAC is clinically effective with anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, sebum protective properties for acne prone skin. These results suggest that in patients with acne, PAC can provide adjunctive care by targeting pathological factors including bacterial proliferation, inflammation and sebum production.

Keywords:

Anti-Microbial Activity, Acne, Anti-Inflammatory, Clinical Study, Sebum

1. Introduction

Acne vulgaris is a multifactorial skin disease, and its pathogenesis includes increased sebum production (seborrhea), hyperkeratosis, proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) and inflammation [1] [2] [3] .

In particular, sebum overproduction is a major concurrent event in the development of acne lesions [4] [5] because sebum serves as a nutrient source for P. acnes, activating toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4, leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines such as interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and adhesion molecule like intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) [6] [7] [8] . It can also promote hyperkeratinization, resulting from abnormal keratinization of infundibular epithelium [9] . Therefore, acne treatment relies on developing new drugs that regulate sebum excretion centers [10] [11] .

Sebum is a lipid-rich fluid that is, secreted by the sebaceous gland, and it is composed of cholesterol, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, di- and tri-glycerides, wax esters, sterol esters and squalene [12] [13] [14] . It has long been known that sebum excretion in sebocytes is regulated by androgens and androgen-mediated stimulation of the sebaceous gland changes sebum composition [15] [16] [17] [18] . Moreover, subsequent excess in sebum production of androgen-stimulated sebocytes and follicular keratinocytes causes hyperkeratosis, which results in blockage of the follicle in sebaceous glands and aggravates acne vulgaris. In normal hair follicles, keratinocytes are carried by sebum flow to the skin surface, but these are densely packed, and their proliferation rate increases in an acne lesion [19] [20] .

Recent evidence suggests that IGF-1 levels increase in people with clinical acne and IGF-1 or insulin, which can stimulate sebaceous gland lipogenesis in rat sebocytes [21] [22] [23] . Thus, studies are increasingly carried out to target the suppression of IGF-1-induced lipogenesis in sebocytes. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol in green tea, suppresses sebum production on IGF-1-stimulated SZ95 sebocytes by inhibiting PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) signaling [24] [25] .

Due to the pathophysiology of acne caused by the increase in sebum secretion, hyperkeratosis, growth of P. acnes, and inflammation, there are limits to developing safe, effective therapeutics for acne. Even the most effective treatments require several months to produce noticeable effects since therapeutic agents that are currently available to treat acne target different physiological aspects, such as killing bacteria, preventing inflammation or suppressing comedo production.

Therefore, developing novel agents for acne, by targeting a diverse range of pathological factors is of particular importance, and there has been an increase in interest for multifunctional ingredients, indicating antibacterial activity, anti-inflammation, sebo-suppressive effect, and hyperkeratosis.

Pinus thunbergii is a tree species that is extensively planted along coastal regions in Korea, China, and Japan. This species is demanding since it is salt-tolerant, stabilize dunes, and provides a wind-break effect [26] [27] [28] . Pinus thunbergii extracts have been shown to have antiviral activity against influenza virus A/PR/8/34 and, inhibitory effects on antigen-induced degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells [29] [30] . Currently, there has been little to no study of the bioactivity of Pinus thunbergii, and in the study, we have thus evaluated the activity of Pinus thunbergii leaf extracts in treating acne.

Artemisia annua L., belongs to the Asteraceae family and, is one of the most widely used herbs in oriental medicine. It is also well known as the source of sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin, which is used to treat chloroquine-resistant and cerebral malaria [31] [32] [33] . Artemisia annua L. and artemisinin have been extensively studied for anti-inflammatory, antipyresis, antibacterial, antiparasitice, and immunosuppressive effects [34] [35] [36] [37] . Despite numerous studies with Artemisia annua L., its effect on acne has not been studied. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity against P. acne-induced inflammation and anti-acne activity of the PAC complex-containing Artemisia annua L. extract.

Also, Citrus junos Tanaka (yuza), a yellow-coloured citrus fruit similar to a kind of sour orange, has traditionally been used in Korea, Japan, and China. It has been reported to exhibit antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects as well as inhibiting hepatic lipid accumulation [38] [39] [40] [41] . In addition, many cosmetics and perfume producers use the essential oil of Citrus junos Tanaka to manufacture their products because of its distinctive, pleasing fragrance [42] . Little is known about the inflammation and anti-acne activity of Citrus junos Tanaka, so we examined its pharmacological effects to expand on its usage in herbal medications.

The present study reports the results of in vitro, ex vivo, and clinical studies conducted with natural combined plant extract (PAC), consisting of Pinus thunbergii leaf extract (LP), Artemisia annua L. extract (AA), and Citrus junos Tanaka fruit juice (FC) to assess the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, sebum protective, and clinical efficacy on acne lesions. This study suggests that PAC can improve treatment and provide complete adjunctive care in patients with acne.

2. Methods

2.1. Materials

Dulbecco’s-Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM), antibiotics, fetal bovine serum (FBS) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and trypsin were purchased from Gibco (USA). Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and Griess reagent were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

2.2. Preparation of Extracts

Leaves of Pinus thunbergii, Artemisia annua L., and fruits of Citrus junos Tanaka were harvested in Jeju-do, Korea, from June to August and were authenticated by Dr. Yong-Hwan Jung, Jeju Biodiversity Research Institute, Jeju TechnoPark, Korea, where a voucher specimen remains (Voucher No JBRI 140924-01). The dried leaves of Pinus thunbergii (150 g) or the whole plant (150 g) of Artemisia annua L. was extracted with 300 ml of 70% ethanol for 24 h at room temperature. And each extracted solution was subsequently filtered using a filter paper and then evaporated to remove the ethanol by a rotary evaporator for 3 h. Two extracts were frozen on a freezing tray for 48 h and lyophilized. 16.0 g of Pinus thunbergii leaf extract (LP) and 27.4 g of Artemisia annua L. extract (AA) were harvested. FC was obtained by stirring the fruits of Citrus junos Tanaka using an industrial blender and passing the resulting mixture through a strainer to remove seeds and peels. FC juice was then clarified by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 30 min at 4˚C. LP, AA, and FC were mixed at the ratio of 2:1:1, respectively to obtain the mixture preparation, PAC.

2.3. Bacterial Culture

P. acnes strain (ATCC 11827) and S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228) were obtained from the Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC, Korea). P. acnes was cultured in BHI (brain heart infusion) broth medium for 24 h at 37˚C under anaerobic conditions. S. epidermidis was cultured in nutrient broth (NB) in aerobic conditions at 37˚C for 24 h.

2.4. Cell Culture

The Normal human adult dermal fibroblasts NF (ATCC PCS-201-012), Murine macrophage cell line Raw 264.7 (ATCC TIB-71), immortalized human sebocyte cell line SEB-1 were purchased from Americal Type Culture Collection (ATCC). The human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT was obtained from the Korea Cell Line Bank (Seoul, Korea). NF, HaCaT and Raw 264.7 cells were cultured in DMEM, supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% antibiotics (penicillin 100 units/ml and streptomycin 100 ug/ml). The cells were maintained in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO₂ at 37˚C. SEB-1 cell line was grown in standard culture medium consisting of DMEM, 5.5 mM glucose/Ham’s F-12 3:1, 2.5% FBS, adenine 1.8 × 10⁻⁴ M, hydrocortisone 0.4 ug/ml, insulin 10 ng/ml, epidermal growth factor 3 ng/ml, and cholera toxin 1.2 × 10⁻¹⁰ M (Thiboutot et al., 2003).

2.5. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Test

Bacteria were pre-cultured anaerobically for 24 h at 37˚C. About 1 × 10⁴ cells from the pre-culture were seeded into 3 ml of broth medium and were cultured until their exponential phase had been reached. Subsequently, the extracts were treated into the culture broth. After bacterial incubation at 37˚C under anaerobic conditions for 24 h, the MIC of the extracts were determined using a two-fold serial dilution method. The lowest concentration yielding no bacterial growth was regarded as the MIC value.

2.6. Griess Assay

The Raw 264.7 cells were seeded at 1 × 10⁵ cells/well into a 24 well-tissue culture plate and incubated overnight. The cells were pretreated with LP, AA, FC, and PAC for 1 h and were further incubated with LPS (200 ng/ml) for 24 h at 37˚C. Then, the amount of NO production was measured by performing a Griess assay [43] . The culture supernatants were incubated with Griess reagent (0.1% N-1-naphthylenediamine digydrochloride and 1% sulphanilamide in 5% phosphoric acid) for 30 min at RT. The absorbance at 570 nm was measured using a spectrometer, and the nitrate concentration was calculated from a NaNO₂ standard curve.

2.7. IL-8 ELISA Assay

The NF cells (5 × 10³ cells/well) in serum-free medium were pretreated with LP, AA, FC, and PAC for 1 h and stimulated with P. acnes (1:1000) for 48 h at 37˚C. Then, the culture supernatants were harvested for IL-8. The IL-8 concentration resulting from its production was measured by using a commercially available ELISA kit (eBioscience, USA), and the absorbance at 405 nm was measured using a spectrometer. The IL-8 concentration was determined using a standard curve.

2.8. Cell Viability Assay

The Raw264.7, NF, and HaCaT cells assayed in terms of viability using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), which is reduced to purple formazan in living cells. The cells were plated in triplicate wells of 24 well-tissue culture plates and were incubated for 24 h. The cells were then exposed to LP, AA, FC, and PAC for 24 h at 37˚C. The MTT solution (1 mg/ml) was then added to each well and was cultured for 2 h. Subsequently, the supernatant was removed, and the insoluble purple formazan was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, St. Louis, MO, USA). The absorbance at 540 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer.

2.9. Cell Cycle Analysis

To measure the cell cycle progression, a flow cytometric analysis was performed with propidium iodide (PI). The SEB-1 sebocytes were treated with 1 ug/ml PAC or 1 uM EGCG treatments and then, the cells were stimulated with 20 nM of IGF-1 in DMEM without serum for 24 h. After that, the cells were pelleted, washed with ice-cold phosphate-buffered saline, and fixed with 70% ice-cold ethanol for 1h. For the cell cycle analysis, ethanol-fixed cells were washed with PBS and, resuspended in Rnase A solution (0.5 mg/ml) in PBS. After 1 h of incubation, the cellular DNA was stained with 50 ug/ml PI solution in the dark for 20 min at 4˚C. The relative DNA concentration of the stained cells was analyzed using a FACS Calibur flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA, USA).

2.10. Nile Red Staining

The SEB-1 sebocytes were treated with 20 nM of IGF-1 with 1 ug/ml PAC or 1 uM EGCG treatments for 24 h. The cells were harvested and washed with phosphate-buffered saline without Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. The harvested cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min, and then stained with 1 ug/ml Nile red (Sigma, St Louis, MO) solution for 5 min while protected from light at 37˚C. An observation was realized using a fluorescence microscope with appropriate filters.

2.11. Clinical Study

The efficacy and tolerability of PAC-containing test product in treating facial acne has also been clinically validated. PAC-containing test product and a control product were formulated as shown in Table 1. For the 4-week, double-blinded study, twenty healthy volunteers aged 19 to 43 years (average age: 29.1, gender: female) were selected and were provided a consent form after being informed of the object and all related content. The subjects applied PAC-containing test product on their left side of face and a control product on their right side of face twice a day for 4 weeks. Prior to each test, the subjects washed their face. Skin oil content, sebum number, the numbers of acne lesions were estimated 3 times at 0, 2, and 4 weeks. Skin oil content was measured by Sebumeter^Ò CM825 (C + K, Germany) and the measurement is based on grease spot photometry. Sebum number was measured by ECOSkin^Ò (Cuvitz, Korea), which is based on the energy band diagram of fluorescence from skin. Lesions were recorded for the whole face (excluding the nose and jaw) by individually counting the number of whiteheads, blackheads, papules and pustules. The rate of the mean variation value was defined using the following formula:

$\Delta \%=\left[\left(T{t}_i-T{t}_0\right)/T{t}_0\right]\times 100$

with Tt_i = measured on the treated zone at time ti and Tt₀ = measured on the treated zone at time t₀. Student’s t-test was used to compare the variations at

a. Sample of a Table footnote (Table footnote is dispensable).

different study visits compared to day 0 and between compounds. This clinical study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2000) and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the DERMAPRO/Skin Research Center.

2.12. Human Skin Primary Irritation Test

A patch test was performed to evaluate the irritation potential of PAC on human skin. The subject group included 31 healthy females who had no history of allergenic contact dermatitis, and the average age of subjects was 41.6 ± 6.5 yrs (ranged 20 - 50). The PAC (2%) formulated with squalene was prepared and applied to healthy skin on the back. The patch test system was usually removed after 48 hours. Once the patches were removed, a reading was performed after 48 and 72 h. The readings were rated according to the modification of Frosch and Kligman [44] as well as the Cosmetic, Toiletry and Fragrance Association (CTFA) guidelines as follows: 0 = no reaction; 1 = slight erythema, spotty of diffuse; 2 = moderate uniform erythema; 3 = intense erythema with oedema: 4 = intense erythema with oedema and vesicles. The subjects were instructed to keep the test sites dry during the application period. This study was approved by the ethics committee of the DERMAPRO/Skin Research Center.

2.13. Statistical Analysis

Statistical significance of the data was analysed using one-way ANOVA analysis and Student’s t-test. All experiments were repeated at least three times. A P value < 0.05 was considered to be significant.

3. Results

3.1. Anti-Bacterial Effect of LP, AA, and PAC against P. acnes and S. epidermidis

The anti-bacterial activity of LP, AA, FC, and PAC against P. acnes and S. epidermidis was investigated by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC was determined using a two-fold serial dilution (Table 2). Then, tetracyclin and erythromycin were employed as positive controls. LP, AA, and PAC were founded to have significant inhibitory effects against both bacteria. Among three tested single extracts, LP exhibited the strongest activity with MIC values of 1 mg/ml and 2.5 mg/ml against S. epidermidis and P. acnes, respectivly. However, PAC inhibited the growth of S. epidermidis and P. acnes at the lower concentration of 0.75 mg/ml and 2.25 mg/ml, although its activity was less potent than those of tetracyclin and erythromycin. The results showed that PAC has stronger anti-bacterial ability than a single extract against S. epidermidis and P. acnes.

3.2. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of LP, AA, and PAC on P. acnes or LPS-Induced Inflammation

The increase in the inflammatory response within the pilosebaceous unit through bacteria colonization of the follicule is another critical pathological

a. MIC, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration.

factor for acne [45] [46] . Therefore, we evaluated whether LP, AA, FC, and PAC has an anti-inflammatory effect on P. acnes-induced IL-8 secretion in NF and HaCaT cells. LP and AA protected IL-8 production at 83.5% and 50.7% at the 20 ppm in NF cells. PAC exhibited significant IL-8 inhibition activity of 94.1%, after treatment with PAC of 20 ppm, compared to the P. acnes-treated group (Figure 1(a)). In the case of the HaCaT cells, LP and FC showed IL-8 production 67.2% and 6.5% inhibition at 20 ppm. PAC inhibited 95.8% at 20 ppm on P. acnes-induced IL-8 release in HaCaT cells (Figure 1(c)). In addition, the inhibitory effect against LPS-stimulated NO production in Raw 264.7 cells were investigated. The results indicated that LP and AA inhibited NO release at 28.1% and 22.8% at 50 ppm and PAC indicated an inhibitory activity of 72.8% at 20 ppm, respectively (Figure 2). These results showed that PAC exerts the highest anti-inflammatory activity against bacteria-induced inflammation on acne lesions, as compared to tested single crude extract.

3.3. Anti-Proliferative Effects of FC and PAC on Human Keratinocytes

As shown in Figure 1(d), FC and PAC showed inhibitory effects on P. acnes-induced HaCaT cells and no cytotoxic effect was observed on Raw 264.7 and NF cells (except 40 ppm of PAC). Abnormal human keratinocytes on hyperkeratosis are densely packed in the sebaceous gland and their proliferation rate increases in an acne lesion. The cytotoxic effects of FC on P. acnes-stimulated HaCaT cells indicated sensitivity for FC on the growth of HaCaT cells. Also, PAC, including FC inhibits HaCaT cell proliferation and the viability of FC- and PAC- treated HaCaT cells were reduced dose-dependently. These results exhibited PAC has inhibitory effect on P. acnes-mediated HaCaT cells proliferation.

3.4. Protective Effect of PAC on Sebocyte Differtiation

An excess in sebum production is a major concurrent event associated with the pathogenesis of acne. To identify whether PAC has a sebosuppressive effect, we examined the effect of PAC on lipid production and proliferation in human sebocytes. Recent studies have shown that elevated insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling stimulates the androgen metabolism of sebocytes and the lipogenesis of sebaceous glands [21] [23] . We investigated the effect of PAC on sebocyte proliferation and lipid production in IGF-1-stimualted SEB-1 cells.

After the sebocytes were treated with 20 nM of IGF-1, PAC of 1 ug/ml was treated for 24 h, and the harvested cells were analyzed by the cell cycle analysis. As shown in Figure 4(a), the result indicates that PAC (67.87%) decreases the

proliferation of SEB-1 cells by arresting the cell cycle progression of a level comparable with 73.94% of EGCG, is employed as positive control [24] [25] (Figure 3(a)).

3.5. Suppressive Effect of PAC on Sebocyte Lipogenesis

An excess in sebum secretion is one of multiple factors that are associated with the pathogenesis of acne and regulating lipid production on sebocytes also has a crucial role in acne treatment. Therefore, PAC was examined to determine whether it has an effect on the lipogenesis of sebocytes upon IGF-1-induced sebum secretion with EGCG as a positive control. Treatment with IGF-1 resulted in an increase in sebum secretion, which was suppressed by treatment with PAC, as observed with nile red staining (Figure 3(b)). The results suggest that PAC can reduce the rate of sebum excretion stimulated by IGF-1 and can regulate sebum production in acne lesions.

3.6. Clinical Effect of PAC-Containg Test Product on Acne Prone Skin

To investigate the efficacy of PAC-containing test product versus a control product, the test and control product were applied twice a day for a 4-weeks on 20 volunteers. The skin oil content (μg/ml), number of skin sebum, numbers of non-inflammatory and inflammatory acne lesion was measured before treatment, at 2 weeks and 4 weeks following 4 consecutive weeks treatment of test product. The results showed a significant decrease in skin oil content of 48.9%

after 4 weeks and sebum secretion rate of 17.6% after 2 weeks (Figure 4(a), Figure 4(b)). Compared to before treatment, the number of whiteheads and blackheads were significantly reduced at PAC-containg test product group at 2 weeks and 4 weeks (Figure 4(c), Figure 4(d)). In addition, compared to the control product group at 4 weeks, PAC-containg test product group significant reduction of 27.2% and 11.3% in the mean number of whiteheads and blackheads. Papules and pustules were showed a tendency to decrease at 4 weeks in PAC-containing test product group compared to the control product group (Table 3). These results indicate that the PAC complex exerts an acne-mitigating effect.

3.7. Human Skin Primary Irritation Test of PAC

A skin primary irritation test in humans was conducted to evaluate the irritation potential of PAC on human skin. A human patch test is a general method that is used to determine the human skin safety of a substance for clinical applications. The patch test was usually removed after 48 hours, and readings were recorded 30 minutes after removing the strips (day 2) and after 24 (day 3) or 48 (day 4) hours, as modified by Frosch & Kligman [44] . 31 healthy volunteers aged 20 to 50 years (average 41.6 ± 6.5 yrs) were recruited for this study. During this study, none of the 31 subjects experienced a reaction based on the 48- and 72-h readings (Table 4) and PAC did not induce any skin reaction. Therefore, these data demonstrate that the PAC is within the scope of the slight-irritation and is safe to apply to human skin.

4. Discussions

Acne is characterized by multifactorial conditions, including hormonal imbalance, abnormal ductal keratinization, bacterial overgrowth, inflammation, and excessive sebum production. Despite the existence of many studies on the pathophysiological mechanisms of acne, the development of effective ingredients for treatment has been limited because such substances have shown a single effect among multiple physiological factors of acne, not on multiple aspects [47] [48] . Recently, there has been an increasing focus on developing therapeutic agents that target multiple pathogenesis of acne, with no side effects. Pretsch et al. reported that Talaromyces wortmannii extracts have an anti-microbial activity against acne-inducing bacteria including P. acnes and anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting P. acnes-mediated activation of NF-kB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation, as well as IL-8 release [49] . Results from in vitro, ex vivo, and clinical studies on BGM complex composed of bakuchiol, Ginkgo biloba extract, mannitol for acne therapy showed antibacterial activity against

*Significantly different at P < 0.05 compared with control group.

P. acne, antioxidation activity of squalene, anti-inflammatory activity and regulation of sebum composition [50] .

In the current study, we first report on the antibacterial activity against P. acnes of Pinus thunbergii needle extract, Artemisia annua L. extract, and Citrus junos Tanaka fruit juice and anti-inflammatory activity of Pinus thunbergii needles extract and Artemisia annua L. extract.

We also assessed antibacterial properties against P. acnes and S. epidermidis, anti-inflammatory potential of a new combined plant extract (PAC), consisting of Pinus thunbergii needle extract, Artemisia annua L. extract, and Citrus junos Tanaka fruit juice. PAC showed the lowest MIC value of 2.25 mg/ml and 0.75 mg/ml against P. acnes and S. epidermidis and was more effective than LP and AA on inhibition of P. acnes- and LPS-stimulated inflammation. In addition, we evaluated sebosupressive and clinical effect on acne prone skin of PAC whether PAC can regulate multiple pathogenic factor of acne. The results indicated that PAC had suppressive effect on differentiation and lipogenesis in IGF-1-stimulated SEB-1 cells. In clinical study, compared to the control product group at 4 weeks, skin oil content, skin sebum number, and the numbers of whiteheads and blackheads in PAC-containg test product group were significantly decreased. Furthermore, a patch test was performed to confirm the safety of PAC, and it did not show any adverse reactions on human skin.

Based on these results, this study suggests that PAC may be introduced as a potential therapeutic agent for acne vulgaris.

5. Conclusion

In summary, our results reveal that PAC is effective in suppressing multifactorial pathological conditions of acne, including antimicrobial activities against and S. epidermidis, anti-inflammatory activities, sebo-suppressive effects, and reduction of skin oil content, sebum number, and the numbers of acne lesions. Therefore, this study demonstrated that the PAC can improve acne treatment and can be provided as an effective new agent for acne therapy.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE), Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) through the Encouragement Program for The Industries of Economic Cooperation Region.

Cite this paper

Park, H., Woo, S., Hyun, J., Kim, H., You, J., Woo, H., Jung, E., Jung, K. and Kim, M. (2018) Effect and Tolerability of the Combined Plant Extract (PAC) in Treatment of Acne Vulgaris. Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications, 8, 55-72. https://doi.org/10.4236/jcdsa.2018.82009

References