Creative Education
2013. Vol.4, No.4, 263-266
Published Online April 2013 in SciRes (http://www.scirp.org/journal/ce) DOI:10.4236/ce.2013.44039
Effects of Preschool Education in Preparing Children for
the First Grade in Terms of Linguistic and
Mathematical Development
Majlinda Gjelaj
Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Pedagogy, University of Pri s t ina, Pristina, Kosovo
Email: gjelajmajlinda@gmail.com
Received January 27th, 2013; revised February 27th, 2013; accepted March 12th, 2013
Copyright © 2013 Majlinda Gjelaj. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons At-
tribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.
The purpose of this research is to determine the level of children’s readiness for the first grade, in terms of
mathematical and linguistic development. This research is quantitative and includes 466 children who
were enrolled in the first grade in September 2011, as well as their parents. They belong to various
schools in towns and villages of Kosovo. The sample was randomly selected. Children are assessed for
their intellectual readiness, separately in mathematical and linguistic development through standardized
measuring instrument by the “Brainline” author Joey Du Plooy. The questionnaire was translated and
adapted. In this paper it will be focused only mathematical and linguistic development of children who
have just started the first grade. Children are evaluated by a team of pedagogy who have been previously
trained in the use of this questionnaire. Each child is individually assessed and the questions that were
impossible to take from the children are taken from their parents. The survey results raise awareness about
the importance of preschool institutionalized education and provide advices of the importance of prepar-
ing children for starting the first grade without fear and with self-esteem.
Keywords: Preschool Education; School Readiness; Preschool Institution; Preparatory Classes;
Mathematical Development; Linguistic Development
Introduction
Preschool education is the first level of education, in which
children are educated in their families or in preschool institu-
tions (ages 0 - 3 and ages 3 - 6) and preparatory grades (ages 5 -
6). As a result of a range of socio-economic factors, it still lacks
a serious approach to this first level of the education. Preschool
education in Kosovo has yet to take the place it deserves within
the education system and our society as a whole. Regarding the
overall involvement of children of our country, in institutional-
ized preschool education, statistics show the lowest involve-
ment in the region. Advanced pedagogical and psychological
studies show that the first six years of the child’s life have a
major impact in shaping the human personality.
It is necessary that children in this age are exposed to more
diverse experiences of life, to promote emotional, social and
intellectual development and maturity through the game. This
will help the child to enter the world of school without sense of
fear, distrust and inferiority (Brada, 1995).
This is what has led me to do a research on the effects of
preschool education in preparing children for the first grade of
primary school.
Extensive research has been done in the world, especially in
the US, but not in our country about early childhood education
forms and especially the impact of various forms of education
in this age. My goal is to ascertain the value of institutional
preschool education, and to influence on the decision of Kos-
ovar parents in choosing the right form of the education of pre-
school children.
Literature Review
No doubt, it is very true that every beginning is difficult, but
not prepared and well-planned ones. Starting something with-
out being emotionally ready, without desire, without any in-
formation about the content, without being in favorable physi-
cal condition, will be the real challenge. If we talk about the
six-year-olds who have just started the first grade, I guess we
will have the same thought with the scholar researchers that the
school readiness should be seriously considered.
According to Emilj Kamenov, human life has decisive mo-
ments, important events, which will always be kept in mind.
One of these events starts definitely in the first grade of ele-
mentary school, which means a new beginning in the whole
development. Depending on how the child will be prepared to
start school, to a large extent, will depend on his success, not
only during the first grade, but perhaps his success throughout
the education and success in his lifetime (Kamenov, 1997).
In addition to preparing children for the first grade, it is very
important the chronological aspect. There is an optimal age,
when a child, or student, can achieve more success in the ac-
quisition of knowledge, skills and habits. And, if you forced the
pupil to learn before this time and age, when they still did not
reach the maturity to learn, although they would make great
Copyright © 2013 SciRe s . 263
M. GJELAJ
efforts, however, the progress of their success would be much
slower. Also, the teaching and learning that is offered to those
students after reaching this age or optimal time may not be
effective, since the time or interest to learn has passed (Der-
vodeli, 2010).
Although children of the same age have the same psy-
cho-physical properties, they have distinctive features, based on
which they differ from others. These are called individual psy-
cho-physical properties (Deva-Zuna, 2003). From this observa-
tion, we can understand that not all children of the same calen-
dar age can be equally ready to start the first grade. The role
and importance of parents in the development and education of
preschool children's is undeniable, taking into account the
characteristics of children of this age, especially plasticity, sen-
sitivity, their ability to understand quickly and their activity
(Deva-Zuna, 2003). Role of the institutionalized preschool
education in preparing children to learn the letters, reading and
writing should be understood and addressed in the preparation
of general preschool child, which includes, among others,
senso-motoric education, psycho-social and intellectual educa-
tion. Preparing preschoolers for recognition and learning of
letters, reading and writing should not be seen as a special
preparation of the “candidates” for the school. Such an ap-
proach would alter the child; would detach him from the joy
and preschool life experiences (Mulla, 2011).
School readiness is more than just about children. School
readiness, in the broadest sense, involves children, families,
early environment, schools, and communities (NASBE, 1991).
Children are not innately ready or not ready for school. Their
skills and development are strongly influenced by their families
and through their interactions with other people and environ-
ment before coming to school. Schools are also an important
part of the readiness puzzle because different schools have
different expectations about readiness. The same child, with the
same strength and needs, can be considered ready in one school
and not ready in another school. It is the school’s responsibility
to educate all children who are old enough to legally attend
school, regardless of their skills (Maxwell & Clifford, 2004).
Generally, there are two different kinds of school readiness
assessments: naturalistic assessments (sometimes referred to as
informal or authentic) and standardized, norm-referenced as-
sessments (sometimes referred to as formal). Naturalistic as-
sessments include observations, work samples, and teacher
checklists. Although both types of assessment are sometimes
used for various purposes, the naturalistic type is most often
used for the purpose of improving learning. Standardized,
norm-referenced assessments follow a standard set of admini-
stration rules so that each child theoretically experiences the
assessment similarly (for example, each person administering
the test gives the same instructions (Maxwell & Clifford, 2004).
When children reach at the 1st grade, they need social, emo-
tional, intellectual, and language skills to participate success-
fully. To prepare children for school, numerous initiatives have
sprouted all over the country to make kindergarten and pre-
school programs available to all children. Most of these pro-
grams are designed for children aged three and beyond. Yet, it
is during the first two years of life that early experience starts
shaping the foundational learning structures of the brain (Lally,
2010).
It is known that starting the first grade to school is associated
with a variety of phenomena, which require a parent engage-
ment for dealing with them. But if the parent with his experi-
ence affects the child, in scientific terms this is difficult because
the parent is not “education specialist”. It is more complicated
when you consider the mathematics, where the terminology and
its treatment are very different from the one parents learnt
themselves. In this way, the goodwill of parents to help their
children in mathematics may not be realized. It is a wonder
when the parents “are more disadvantaged than children”, al-
though gradually this backlog is eliminated. However, parents
need to “learn” (Rrapo & Babamusa, 2001).
Research Methodology
Operational definitions: Preschool education includes chil-
dren from birth to their enrollment in primary school. Readiness
for the first grade: it is a broad term which includes intellectual
maturity, social and emotional. Readiness is a scale in child
development when he can learn easily, effectively and without
emotional distress. It may not be a definitive point of develop-
ment, because development is a continuous process throughout
life. Furthermore, it is a condition that indicates that the child is
ready to learn. Preschool institutions: can define buildings or
homes that are built in a special way to provide preschool pro-
grams that meet the educational needs and develop the needs of
the children to their enrollment in primary school. Preschool
grades: Includes children aged 5 - 6 years old and is mainly
part of the elementary school.
The aim of the research is to determine the level of readiness
of children to start the first grade, with a focus on developing
mathematical and linguistic. Hypothesis: The inclusion of pre-
school children in kindergartens has raised the level of mathe-
matical and linguistic development of children up to the age of
six, more than education preschool grades or families.
Research questions: How much are six year old children
prepared in terms of mathematical development? How prepared
are six year old children in terms of language development?
Are kindergarten children more prepared than those who are
educated in the family during preschool?
Methods: To determine the level of readiness of children for
the first grade, evaluation research will be applied, and in order
to compare the forms of education (family, kindergarten and
preschool classes) comparative research will be applied. In-
strument for assessing children’s readiness for the first grade
standardized questionnaire was used by the American Associa-
tion “Brainline” author Joey Du Plooy. The questionnaire was
translated and adapted to our circumstances.
The importance of research: This research is very impor-
tant because it raises awareness of the importance of preschool
age, not only to a good start in the first grade, but also in their
later success at school. Research limitations—this research may
have limitations as follows. When assessing children for the
first grade, they are given only a possibility and can happen to a
child in those moments not to be able to give answers and to
perform as well as they can. Parents’ responses can be subjec-
tive, when it is known that for each parent, his child is the “best
one” or “smartest one”, etc.
Population and Sample
The population of this research includes all children enrolled
in the first grade in September 2011 in Kosovo. This population
is numerically determined and according to statistics of Minis-
try of Education in the first grade all over Kosovo are 1395
classes with 30,665 children, 15,856 males and 14,809 females.
Copyright © 2013 SciRe s .
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M. GJELAJ
Since this number is too large to be studied, then it was ran-
domly selected a probability sample. This sample includes
seven schools in different villages in Kosovo, three schools in
three towns and five schools in five cities in Kosovo.
Research Results and Discussion
In this paper are presented results which show the level of
mathematical and linguistic development of children who have
started the first grade. In the following are presented some de-
scriptive and inferential statistics by crosstabs and correlations.
Results from Table 1, show that out of 455 children, 132 of
them or 27.9%, appear not ready in terms of linguistic devel-
opment, 230 of them or 48.6% are quite ready and only 93 of
them or 19.7%, are very ready in terms of linguistic develop-
ment. Regarding the mathematical development, 233 children
or 49.3% are not ready, while 224 children or 47.4% of them
are very ready.
As we can see from Table 2, the relationship between lin-
guistic development and whether the child has been part of
institutionalized preschool education was investigated through
Pearson correlation. Tests are carried out in advance if the con-
ditions of normal distribution and homogeneity are completed,
and it was noted that there is a weak positive linear relationship
but with statistical significance where (r = .176, N = 455, p
= .001).
From Table 3, there are results that show a big number of
six-year-old children that were not ready for math, so 233 or
49.3% of them didn’t fulfilled the request for math develop-
ment. 47.4% of them were ready, very good, but this number
Table 1.
Linguistic development.
Frequency Percent Valid
percent Cumulative
percent
Not ready 132 27.9 29.0 29.0
Ready 230 48.6 50.5 79.6
Very ready 93 19.7 20.4 100.0
Valid
Total 455 96.2 100.0
Missing System 18 3.8
Total 473 100.0
Table 2.
Correlation between attendance to kindergarten and linguistic devel-
opment.
Did the child went
to kindergarten Linguistic
development
Pearson
Correlation 1 .176**
Sig.
(2-tailed) .001
Did the child
went to
kindergarten
N 382 373
Pearson
Correlation .176** 1
Sig.
(2-tailed) .001
Linguistic
Development
N 373 455
Note: **Correlation is significant at the .01 level ( 2-tailed).
tells us that only half of children will start firs grade ready to
learn mathematical concepts etc
The correlation between Attendance in the kindergarten and
Math development is 0.109. This is not that high, but the
p-value (in the Sig. (2-tailed)) is .016. This is below .05 (for a
5% test) and thus is significant at the 5% level. Thus there is a
relationship between the two variables. This can be seen at
Table 4.
From the crosstabs bellow at the Table 5, we can see that
only 17.3% from children who went to kindergarten can’t count
above 20 and 82.7% of them can do this. The same table shows
that from children that didn’t go to kindergarten, 32.9% of them
cannot count above 20, and only 67.1 % can do this. Symmetric
measures show that (Phi = .162 with Approx. Sig. .000). There
is a significant relationship between attending the kindergarten
Table 3.
Math development.
Fre-
quency Percent Valid
percent Cumulative
percent
Not ready 233 49.3 50.7 51.3
Ready very good224 47.4 48.7 100.0
Valid
Total 460 97.3 100.0
Missing System 13 2.7
Total 473 100.0
Table 4.
Correlation.
Did the child went
to kindergarten Math
development
Pearson
correlation 1 .109*
Sig.
(2-tailed) .016
Did the child
went to
kindergarten
N 500 492
Pearson
correlation .109* 1
Sig.
(2-tailed) .016
Math
development
N 492 492
Note: *Correlation is significant at the .05 level (2-tailed).
Table 5.
Crosstab.
Counts above 20
Yes No Total
Yes 32.9% 67.1% 100.0%
Did the child went to
kindergarten No 17.3% 82.7% 100.0%
Total 28.0% 72.0% 100.0%
Symmetric me asu res
Value Approx. Sig.
Phi .162 .000
Nominal by nominalCramer’s V .162 .000
N of valid cases 496
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M. GJELAJ
Copyright © 2013 SciRe s .
266
and ability to count above 20.
There are other examples from the measures that show the
relevance of attending kindergarten through preschool age.
We can conclude that the level of readiness increases with
participation of children in nursery education. This result sup-
ports the hypothesis given in the beginning of the study. Based
on international literature review, it is noticed that institutional-
ized preschool education has a primary importance because this
is a crucial age also for determining the level of intelligence.
Recommendations
For a proper emotional, intellectual and social development
of children, all parents are advised that preschool children
should be sent to the kindergarten and pre-primary grades,
until the preschool education becomes compulsory in our
state.
Leading education institutions are recommended to increase
the number of kindergartens. Existing preschool institutions
do not meet even the minimum needs of preschool children.
Existing institutions, whether public or private, are advised
to follow the rhythm of development of preschool children
and meet their needs and interests, for optimized prepara-
tion for a good beginning of the firs grade.
Educators are recommended to provide maximum support
to preschool children for the free development of each indi-
vidual capacity.
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