Modern Economy, 2010, 1, 125-128
doi:10.4236/me.2010.12013 Published Online August 2010 (http://www. SciRP.org/journal/me)
Copyright © 2010 SciRes. ME
Forecasting Model of Automobile Loan Based on
Conditional Expectation
Liang Sun, Derong Tan, Yuqi Nie
School of Transportation and Vehicle Engineering, Shan dong, University of technology, Zibo, China
E-mail: liangsunsdut@sdut.edu.cn
Received May 3, 2010; revised June 11, 2010; accepted June 16, 2010
Abstract
A double forecasting model based on conditional expectation was proposed through probability distribution
of demand of automobile loan. The demand of automobile loan is the sum of all compound variables which
indicated that automobile loan was credited to customer occurring in a certain period of time. Probability
distribution of automobile loan was acquired using throughout probability theory. In view of such a fact,
demand of automobile loan can be viewed as an conditional mathematic expectation. The forecasting model
is proposed using growing function. Theoretical analysis and Case study shows that model based on condi-
tional expectation is better than other model available with respect to forecasting demand of automobile loan.
Keywords: Automobile Loan, Conditional Expectation, Throughout Probability Theory
1. Introduction
In China, the rapid increase in the demand for private
cars is an important and sensitive issue. On the one hand,
there is the expressed intention of the Chinese govern-
ment to use the car industry as an engine to promote in-
dustrial and economic. growth. Forecasting consumer
demand for automobile loan is becoming ever more dif-
ficult as consumer preferences change rapidly and the
market environment becomes more complex. Neverthe-
less, the importance of forecasting future demand cannot
be overemphasized for the purposes of both investment
decisions and policymaking. Besides, it has been be-
coming significant and difficult subject to construct a
model of demand of automobile loan to describe the de-
veloping trends of automobile loan.
John K. Dagsvik and Gang Liu developed a general ra-
ndom utility framework for analyzing data on individu-
als’ rank-orderings. They show that in the case with three
alternatives one can express the probability of a particu-
lar rank-ordering as a simple function of first choice
probabilities. Their framework is applied to specify and
estimate models of household demand for conventional
gasoline cars and alternative fuel vehicles in Shanghai
based on rank-ordered data obtained from a stated pref-
erence survey [1]. Jongsu Lee and Youngsang Cho pre-
dicted consumer demand for diesel passenger cars. The
model accommodates governmental policies and car att-
ributes such as price and engine efficiency. They noted
that consumers will likely prefer diesel passenger cars to
gasoline ones due to the low operation costs of the for-
mer in spite of high purchase price when diesel is rela-
tively cheaper than gasoline [2]. Astrid A. Dick proposed
a method to estimate a structural demand model for
commercial bank deposit services in order to measure the
effects on consumers given dramatic changes in bank
services throughout US branching deregulation in the
1990s [3]. Wouter J. den Haan et al. investigated the
portfolio behavior of bank loans following a monetary
tightening and noted that real estate and consumer loans
sharply decrease, while commercial and industrial (C & I)
loans increase. They presented some arguments why the
supply of C & I loans may actually increase after a
monetary contraction [4]. Li-Chiu Chi studied the impact
of a borrower’s reorganization filing on its lead lending
bank and second lending bank. He proposed an innova-
tive application by providing an empirical exposition of
the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and
by presenting the results of the model’s performance in
reliability and robustness [5].
Wang Qin described the transformation of the con-
sumer durable goods of Chinese citizens in the past fifty
years and calculated the future demand on China’s car
consumption markets. Meanwhile, he analyzed the status
of China’s consumer car loans. He draws a conclusion
that the potential car market of China was very big and
L. SUN ET AL.
Copyright © 2010 SciRes. ME
126
the prospect of China’s consumer car loan is immensu-
rable [6]. Ye Qian utilized GM (1, 1) model to predict
and analyze the changes of credit in China in recent
years. He proposed four schemes to give solutions to
problems such as the data deficiencies that results in in-
formation excavating distortion and the ‘noises’ included
in the data processing [7].
Two major methods are used to forecast the demand
for automobile loan, namely, random utility theory and
GM (1, 1).Random utility theory focused on the estima-
tion of consumer preferences for the product attributes
separately using discrete choice models, and GM (1, 1) is
a kind of grey prediction model that extracts valuable
information through producing and exploring “some”
known information.
Research on demand forecasting for automobile loan
has been ongoing in many countries because of the im-
portance of the financial industry. There exists a substan-
tial body of research on demand forecasting for automo-
bile loan using random utility theory and demand fore-
cast based on random utility theory and GM (1, 1) is dif-
ficult to dealt with more complex situations. For example,
random utility theory is difficult to predict exact value of
demand of automobile loan, meanwhile, GM (1, 1) can
predict value of demand of automobile loan but it is dif-
ficult to cope with some situations depend on social and
economic policy.
This paper makes two contributions. The main contri-
bution is to establish a model for demand of automobile
loan based on conditional expectation. This implies that a
model for demand of automobile loan based on condi-
tional expectation is better than other model available.
Second, we apply this model to analyze demand for
automobile loan in a bank of Shandong province.
2. Establishment of a Forecasting Model for
Automobile Loan
2.1. Problem Statement
m currency unit were credited to customer who apply for
automobile for a period of time , number of automobile
loan was approved by bank is N. It is a part of stochastic
progress {N(t),t 0}. XN currency unit was handled N(t)
times at a certain time t. It is assumed that automobile
loan will finish n currency unit. Our aim is to acquire the
future demand of automobile loan.
2.2. Basic Notions
Lemma 2.2.1 if X, Y are random variable, then

()EEXYEX


Lemma 2.2.2 Let 12
N
N
SXX X. N is a un-
certain positive integer. {Xk} is a sequence of independ-
ent identical distribution. We get
()ln ()
N
SNX
M
tM Mt
2.2.3 Definition of Growing Function
()()1(), (0)1, ()0SxPXxFx SS
 
2.2.4 Conditional Mathematical Expectation of X
On the assumption that f (x, y) is a combine consistency
function of (X, Y), we get
()(, )
f
xfxydy


() (,)
g
yfxydx


Thus,
(, )
() ()
f
xy
gyx
f
x
(, )
() ()
xy
fyx
g
x
Conditional mathematical expectation of Y when X = x
is as follows:
() ()EY Xxyg yxdy


 
Similarity,
() ()EXy yxgxydx


 
Theorem 1 Let ξ, C is a random variable and con-
stant, respectively. Then
 
2
DξEξC hold.
2.3. Establishment of the Model
The demand of automobile loan is as follows:
)t(N
i
i
D)t(Y
1
where,
(): 0Nt tis a stochastic process, and
:1
i
Di
are independent and identically distributed random vari-
ables, with distribution function G, which are also inde-
pendent of
(): 0Nt t.
Some notation used in the model is defined:
()Yt demand of automobile loan occurring in a cert-
ain time interval [0, t];
N(t) It is a part of stochastic progress {N(t), t 0},
which indicate that the times of automobile loan was
credited to customer occurring in a certain time interval
[0, t];
i
D It indicates that i
D currency unit was credited to
customer occurring in a certain time interval [0, t].
We can acquire distribution function of demanding of
L. SUN ET AL.
Copyright © 2010 SciRes. ME
127
automobile loan using Formula of Total Probability:
0
(){ |}()
s
n
F
sPSsNnPNn

12
0
()()
n
n
PXXXsPNn

11
0
***()( )
nn
n
F
FFsPNn

*
0
() ()
n
n
F
sPN n

At the same time, Distribution law of demanding of
automobile loan is as follows:
*
0
()() ()
n
n
f
spsPNn

The definition of *()
n
ps is similar to *()
n
F
s
Obviously,
21 SSS
Where 1
S denotes that automobile loan has been
credited to applicants, 2
Sdenotes that automobile loan
will credited to applicants.
The demand of automobile loan is as follows:
11
0
0
0
()() ()
(|)
1( )
1()
ESS mEmnSm mSxdx
mSxmxmdx
Fx m
mdx
Fm

 


Thus,
0
1( )
1()
Fx m
ndx
Fm

The series of automobile loan is as follows:
10
1( )
1( )
i
i
i
Fx PHC
PHC dx
FPHC

where 1i
PHC denotes automobile loan in i+1-th year,
i
PHC denotes automobile loan i-th year.
3. Numeric Results
The data set consists of 16,237 applications for an auto-
mobile loan at a major bank of Shandong province be-
tween September 2002 and August 2009.
In a certain short time interval, the Distribution law of
applicants and their total volume per time are Table 1
and Table 2.
Thus, distribution law of automobile loan is acquired
using Convolution Table 3.
The total time is divided into some short time interval
i. Let Si indicate the volume in time interval i, thus is the
Convolution of Si.
Automobile loan in 2006 is as follows:
2005
2006 02005
1( )
1( )
1002.87(100 )
Fx PHC
PHC dx
FPHC
millions Yuan

Actual results in 2006 is 100,900 millions Yuan, rela-
tive error is 0.6%.
Aiming to further testify the efficiency of the model,
we selected automobile loan in the bank from 2004 to
2006 to test using different models. The results are Table
4.
Table 4 shows that model based on conditional math-
ematic expectation is an efficient one with respect to
forecasting demanding of automobile loan.
4. Conclusions
In this paper we have argued two related points. The first
is that model based on conditional mathematic expecta-
tion is an efficient approach for forecasting demand of
Table 1. The distribution law of applicants.
N 6 7 12
P 0.4 0.5 0.1
Table 2. The distribution law of volume of applicants per time
(unit: Ten thousand Yuan).
X 53 61 72
P 5 3 2
Table 3. The distribution law of automobile loan in this time
interval.
(1)
s
(2)
p*0(s)
(3)
p*1(s)
(4)
p*2(s)
(5)
p*3(s)
(6)
f(s)
(7)
F(s)
1 0 0 0.62 0 0.17 0.29
2 0 0 0.37 0 0.27 0.67
3 0 0 0.14 0.46 0.32 0. 85
4 0 0 0 0.29 0.464 0.86
Table 4. The comparison of the root mean PRESS.
year LSILSF ANN GM(1,1) CME
2000~2006 2.973.33 2.86 1.96 1.02
*LSI: logarithm second-index flatness LSF: least square fitting ANN:
artificial neural network CME: conditional mathematic expectation
L. SUN ET AL.
Copyright © 2010 SciRes. ME
128
automobile loan than other model available. The second
is that automobile loan doesn’t increase forever. A more
general implication of our finding for demanding for
automobile loan is perhaps that it supports the present
shift in many countries from monetary targeting to credit
targeting with the loan rate as an effective tool of credit
control. Banks may also be forecasting survival time, or
loss rates, or both using model proposed in this paper.
5. References
[1] J. K. Dagsvik and G. Liu, “A Framework for Analyzing
Rank-Ordered Data with Application to Automobile De-
mand,” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and
Practice, Vol. 43, No. 1, 2009, pp. 1-12.
[2] J. Lee, Y. S. Cho, “Demand Forecasting of Diesel Pas-
senger Car Considering Consumer Preference and Gov-
ernment Regulation in South Korea,” Transportation Re-
search Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 43, No. 4, 2009,
pp. 420-429.
[3] A. A. Dick, “Demand Estimation and Consumer Welfare
in the Banking Industry,” Journal of Banking & Finance,
Vol. 32, No. 8, 2008, pp. 1661-1676.
[4] W. J. den Haan, S. W. Sumner and G. M. Yamashiro,
“Bank Loan Portfolios and the Monetary Transmission
Mechanism,” Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 54,
No. 3, 2007, pp. 904-924.
[5] L.-C. Chi, “How Have Banks Fared Following a Bor-
rower’s Financial Distress,” Economic Modelling, Vol.
26, No. 2, 2009, pp. 480-488.
[6] Q. Wang, “Forecast and Analysis on the Prospect of
China’s Consumer Car Loan,” Operations Research and
Management Science, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2002, pp. 117-121.
[7] Q. Ye, “Improving on GM (1, 1) and Its Application in
the Forecast of Bank Loan,” Mathematics in Practice and
Theory, Vol. 38, No. 18, 2008, pp. 20-27.