World Journal of Mechanics, 2012, 2, 253-261 doi:10.4236/wjm.2012.25031 Published Online October 2012 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/wjm) A Conservative Pressure-Correction Method on Collocated Grid for Low Mach Number Flows S. M. Yahya1, S. F. Anwer2, S. Sanghi1 1Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Zakir Husain College of Engineering & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India Email: yahya_syed@rediffmail.com Received July 7, 2012; revised August 9, 2012; accepted September 1, 2012 ABSTRACT A novel extension to SMAC scheme is proposed for variable density flows under low Mach number approximation. The algorithm is based on a predictor—corrector time integration scheme that employs a projection method for the momentum equation. A constant-coefficient Poisson equation is solved for the pressure following both the predictor and corrector steps to satisfy the continuity equation at each time step. The proposed algorithm has second order centrally differenced convective fluxes with upwinding based on Cell Peclet number while diffusive flux are viscous fourth order accurate. Spatial discretization is performed on a collocated grid system that offers computational simplicity and straight forward extension to curvilinear coordinate systems. The algorithm is kinetic energy preserving. Further in this paper robustness and accuracy are demonstrated by performing test on channel flow with non-Boussinesq condition on different temperature ratios. Keywords: LES; Non-Boussinesq; Low Mach Number; Turbulent Flow 1. Introduction Various flow regimes in industrial devices are of low speed nature. Such flows are called incompressible, since the velocities are much smaller than the speed of sound. In non-reacting incompressible flows without heat trans- fer, the use of a pressure-correction algorithm has proven to be accurate and efficient (e.g. [1,2]). Since density remains constant, no substantial problems are encoun- tered and the solution is straightforward. The mass con- servation equation naturally imposes a constraint on the velocity field. However, if density varies strongly in time and space, e.g. due to temperature variation, the set of equations becomes more coupled and an efficient solu- tion is no longer obvious. Various attempts have been made to create efficient solution methods. A basic diffi- culty stems from the acoustic waves in the compressible formulation. As acoustic waves act at a substantially smaller time scale than the convective phenomena in low Mach number flows, the acoustic modes do not signifi- cantly influence the solution and may be regarded as su- perfluous. The use of larger time steps, corresponding to the convective scales, can therefore strongly improve computational efficiency without loss of relevant infor- mation. Furthermore conservation of kinetic energy in numer- ical methods has become an important issue in large eddy simulation (LES) and direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulence. Kinetic energy conservation in a finite difference formulation is not a consequence of discrete momentum and discrete mass conservation, so conserva- tion of kinetic energy has to be ensured through careful design of the finite difference operators. It is known that dissipative numerical schemes (e.g. up-winding) often introduce too much artificial damping for use in turbu- lence simulations, because the energy balance in turbu- lence is rather delicate. In the case of variable density flows, not conserving the kinetic energy can also lead to erroneous temperature and density fields. Much work has been done in the development of kinetic energy conser- vation algorithms for incompressible flows (see Vasilyev [3]; Gullbrand [4]; Morinishi et al. [5]), but there has been less work on variable density or compressible flows (see Nicoud [6] and Lessani [7]). In low-speed turbulent channel flow applications, the low Mach-number, vari- able-density approximation of the Navier-Stokes equa- tions is a good basis for simulation, as it supports large density variations while eliminating acoustic waves. This eliminates the need for extremely small time steps driven by the acoustics. This means that the arising velocities are much smaller than the speed of sound, so that density variations due to pressure variations can be neglected. In those so-called low Mach number flows, an efficient way Copyright © 2012 SciRes. WJM
S. M. YAHYA ET AL. 254 to solve the set of Navier-Stokes equations describing the flow is to use a segregated solver, relying on a pres- sure-correction algorithm. Here, the pressure is split in a thermodynamic part P0 and a second order kinematic pressure P2, which only appears in the momentum equa- tions. As a result, the momentum equations together with a constraint on the divergence of the velocity decouple from the equations determining the density field. The velocity field is computed from the momentum equations, and is corrected with a pressure-correction to satisfy the divergence constraint. The correction on the pressure is the result of a Poisson-equation, which is elliptic. This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 shows the equa- tions that govern low Mach-number flows, and in Section 3 some details of the numerical method and its imple- mentation are shown. Finally, Section 4 contains test cases and numerical results. 2. Governing Equation The low Mach-number approximation of the Navier- stokes equations is obtained as the low Mach-number asymptotic limit of the compressible Navier-Stokes equa- tions in which temperature fluctuations are assumed to be of order 1. In this analysis, the pressure is expanded as: 23 02 ,; ,PxtMP tMPxtOM (2.1) In this expansion, P0 is the spatially uniform thermo- dynamic pressure, and P2 is the hydrodynamic pressure fluctuation. Details of the derivation of these equations can be found in Majda and Sethian [8]; Rehm and Baum [9]; Muller [10] and Paolucci [11]. The final results of this process are the following equations (excluding the body forces): Conservation of mass: 0 j j u tx (2.2) Momentum equation: 21 Re ij ij i ij uu uP tx x x (2.3) Conservation of energy: 0 1d1 dRePr ppj j j TT CCu tx PT k tx x (2.4) Equation of state: 0 PT (2.5) In Equations (2.3) and (2.4), Re and Pr are the Rey- nolds and Prandtl number respectively defined as Re, Pr, v C uL C kC ij and qj are the viscous stress tensor and the heat flux vector respectively; and P2 is the hydrodynamic pressure fluctuation. The low Mach-number both elimi- nates the acoustic waves and reduces the number of de- pendent variables by one; this occurs because the energy equation reduces to a constraint, which can be derived by combining Equations (2.2), (2.4) and (2.5) yielding: 0 0 d 11 1 Re Prd i p ip jj uP T kC PCx xt (2.6) For an open system, the thermodynamic pressure (P0) does not change in time, but in a closed system (sealed enclosure) the thermodynamic pressure can change in time. Notice that the source terms from the energy equa- tion impact the mass conservation equation through the constraint Equation (2.6). 2.1. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) Model In LES, one computes the motion of large-scale struc- tures, while modeling the non-linear interactions with the small-scales. The governing equations for large eddies are obtained after filtering. The filtering operation can be written in terms of convolution integral: d D xGxxfx x Large Eddy Simulations have become an important tool for the study of turbulent transport in environmental and engineering flows as it requires coarser mesh than DNS. The basis of such a technique is the application of a spatial filter to the governing equations. An f turbulent variable is splitted into an large component and sub grid component. Note that~ corresponds also to the Favre average operator. The non-dimensional forms of the governing Equations (2.2)-(2.5) are then Favre aver- aged and filtered using implicit filter to obtain governing equations for filtered scale variables. 0 j j u tx % (2.7) 2 1 12 2 Re 3 ij i j tij kkij ij uu u tx PSS F xx i %% % %% (2.8) Copyright © 2012 SciRes. WJM
S. M. YAHYA ET AL. 255 0 11 Re Pr ppj j t j TT CCu tx PT kk tx %% % % x (2.9) 0 PT % The flow in the channel is driven by the constant streamwise driving pressure force F. Here the superscript ~refers to the Favre averaged quantities and ij is the resolved strain rate tensor. Where Favre average is de- fined as S % f % % (2.10) In the present work, we consider several different sub grid-scale models for thermal part and kinetic part. For modeling sub-grid stresses, we have used Wall Adaptive Layer Equation (WALE) model suggested by Nicoud and Ducros [12]. For thermal part, we have used a dynamic model. In WALE model subgrid scale viscosity accounts for effect of rotation rate and strain rate of the smallest fluctuations. This model has correct wall behavior for sub grid stesses near walls Read [13,14]. WALE model approximates SGS eddy viscosity as 3 2 2 5 24 ij ij ts ijijij ij L SS 5 (2.11) where Ls is a length scale given by 1 3 min , s LkzCV w (2.12) where V is the volume of the cell, however 13 t V , is von Karman’s constant, z is the distance nearest to the closest wall, w = 0.325 is the wall con- stant and ij 0.4187k C is the traceless symmetric part of the square of the velocity gradient tensor defined as. 11 23 j ik klk ij ij kj kikl u uu uuu xxx xx % %% %%% (2.13) For thermal part we use dynamic Smagorinsky model, the thermal dynamic coupling is taken into account through a similar procedure in order to estimate SGC turbulent Prandtl number. The heat flux after the filtering procedure corresponds to pr ˆ ˆ j EuTuT % %j (2.14) where SGS is given by Equation (2.16) and varies in space and time. pr 22 ˆ ˆˆ ˆ 22 jij tij j T PS S T x % %% (2.15) d j SGS yn j PP prC EP (2.16) With tp t SGS C pr (2.17) where Cdyn is the constant for dynamic Smagorinsky model and t is the sub grid scale diffusivity. 3. Numerical Scheme for Channel Flow The proposed numerical method is semi-implicit, pres- sure correction type scheme on a non-staggered struc- tured grid using finite difference scheme for spatial dis- cretisation. The scheme was described by Hirsch [15] and is conceptually similar to the SMAC algorithm de- scribed by Amsden and Harlow [16], guided by the work of Cheng and Armfield [17]. It is conceptually similar but an extension to the existing scheme, which is made compatible for low Mach number flows. Here we take full Navier-Stokes equation and then removes acoustic modes from it, as acoustic waves act at a substantially smaller time scale than the convective phenomena in low Mach number flows, the acoustic modes do not signifi- cantly influence the solution and may be regarded as su- perfluous. 3.1. Temporal Descritisation The flow field is marched forward in time using a two step predictor—corrector approach. In the predictor step, the time integration of momentum equation is performed using a first order Euler method to obtain the guessed velocity field at the next time step. In the corrector step the guessed velocity fields close to zero. Finally the scheme is given as: In predictor step guessed momentum flux ,,ijk u and guessed velocity vector are calculated as ,,ijk u ,, ,,,,,, , ijk n nnnn ijkijk ijk i u p uHu x (3.1) where 1nn and superscripts n, *, and n + 1 denote the known values at the time level n, the predicted or guessed fields and the values at the new time level n + 1 respectively. The guessed velocity fields do not neces- sarily satisfy continuity equation. Here, ,, is the sum of convective and diffusive fluxes while n ij k H n ,,ij k is the Copyright © 2012 SciRes. WJM
S. M. YAHYA ET AL. 256 sum of convective and heat transfer fluxes at time level “n”. The predicted value for the temperature T* is calcu- lated from Equation (2.4) based on previous values at time level n, 1 00 ,, ,,,,,, ,, 1 nn nnnnn ijk ijkijkijk n p pp TTf uT C (3.2 Guessed thermodynamic pressure and guessed de fie ) nsity ld would be 0 0d PV T 0 P T In this step guessed velocity field obtained in the pre- dictor step is corrected in a continuity preserving manner, firstly we define correction flux and correction pressure 11 nn ,, ,, ,, ,, ij k ijk ijk ijk uuu FF (3.3) And (3.4) The velocity and temperature field at tim th 1 ,,,, nn ijk ijk PP P e level n + 1 at satisfies continuity is coupled to the pressure field at anew time level n + 1 through a semi explicit discretisa- tion in time of the momentum equations. This is given by, 1 1* 00 ,, ,,,,,, ,, 1 nn nn nnn i jkijki jki jk n p pp TTf uT C (3.5) 1n 1 ,, ,,,, ,, , nn nn n ijkijkijk ijk i p uu Hu x (3.6) The relationship between velocity and pressure co tion (P') can be obtained by subtracting Equation fr rrec- (3.1) om (3.6). This yields 1 ,, n ijk P F,, ijk i F i P F (3.7) Taking divergence of the above the discrete divergence operator defined as below Equation (3.7) with d i 1 ,, ,, . n dijkijkd i P FF 21 d PF Now using continuity equation and defined correction flux we get 1 21n P where below mentioned value of density is used son equation (3.8) in Pois- 10 0d nM PV . 1 n T 1 10 1 n n n P T For a closed system, like ours, the thodynamic pressure po is calculated by using erm 0 0d n n PV T 10 0d nM PV 1 n T 1 000 d d nn PPP t (3.9) 3.2. Spatial Descritisation The spatial discretization is performed using finite dif- cated mesh with a Carte- -winding scheme employs ference methodology on a collo sian coordinate system. The up two points in upstream and one point on the downstream side of the grid under-consideration. Convective fluxes are second order centrally differenced; the choice be- tween up-winding and central differencing is made on the basis of cell Peclet number while diffusive fluxes are viscous fourth order accurate. The discrete Poisson equa- tion is differenced as 11 ,, ,, 1 1 i PPP xx x 22 ijk ijk x x where (3.10) 1, ,, , 1,, 2 2 ijk ijk ijk PP P xx (3.11) ,, 1,,jk 1,,3 2 ij k i ijk PP P xx 11 1 123 ,, 22 iiii ii1 2 xxxx xxx x Convective flux are second order centrally differenced given below 111 ,, 2 nn nn 2 nn xx n ii niii RL ijk uuuu TTT fk (3.12) Copyright © 2012 SciRes. WJM
S. M. YAHYA ET AL. 257 where the subscripts R and L indicate extrapolated values at the right and left face of the control volume. F order upwinding, and positive values of the velocity, this or first means 11 22 Rii uu and 11 22 Lii uu with averaged face density values: 11 2 ii i y averaging: 2 The node velocities are calculated b 11 22 iii 2uu u Diffusive fluxes are viscous fourth order accurate which is calculated as follows: 1, ,,, ,, 1 Re ijk ijk ijk Hx 2, ,1,,1,,2, ,4 ,, 88 12 ijkijkijk ijk ijk uuuu Ox x (3.13) 4. Results and Discussion Three numerical experiments were performed in o ts implementation. We for TLES (thermal large rder to test the numerical scheme and i used self made FORTRAN code eddy simulation). A mesh of size 96 × 96 × 96 is used for simulation purpose, uniform meshes are used in the stream-wise and span-wise directions and a non-uniform mesh with hyperbolic tangent distribution is used in the wall-normal direction. For the velocities, no slip bound- ary condition was used on the top and bottom walls and periodic boundary condition was used in x-y direction. The temperatures on the hot and cold walls were set ac- cording to R . Viscosity was calculated using Suther- lands law with reference at Tc. The reference Reynolds number based on the reference velocity and channel half width is keponstant at 2800 while the Prandtl number is fixed at 0.71. First, a 1D convection-diffusion problem was set to test spatial and temporal convergence in a variable den- sity case. Second t c , a 2D inviscid solenoidal velocity field w lem for this experiment is a temperature m- - main was the interval [0, 1]. The initial temperature pro- as used to test kinetic energy conservation. Finally, a 3D turbulent channel flow with large temperature gradi- ent is used. 4.1. Spatial and Temporal Convergence in 1D The test prob profile that will be convected in the x-direction. For si plicity the flow was assumed to be inviscid and the do file is a Gaussian given by equation. 2 0.5 295 50exp0.05 x Tk (4.1) The velocity in the x-direction (u) was set equal to 1; the hydrodynamic pressure was set to 0 Pa and t modynamic pressure was set to 1. The work assumed to be air so that its thermal conductivity (k) co l steady quation (4.2). he ther- ing fluid was uld be estimated from polynomial correlations. Since the thermal diffusivity of air is O (1 × 10E−05), the global Peclet number is very high O (1 × 10E−05). For the spatial convergence the grid was changed from 100, 200, 400 to 800 nodes while the time step was held in 0.00125 so that the CFL number changed from 0.125 to 1. For the temporal convergence the mesh was held in 100 grid points and the time was changed from 0.005 to 0.000625 so that the CFL number changed from 0.5 to 0.0625. Figure 1 shows the profile of velocity at t = 1 for four different time steps. The velocity induced by the diffusion process was of the order 1 × 10−6. The shape of the u-velocity profile is in agreement with the theory and what is expected from Equation (4.1). Table 1 summa- rizes the numerical results from this experiment. 4.2. Kinetic Energy Conservation For this numerical experiment a 2-dimensional rectangu- lar domain [0, 1] × [0, 1] is used, with an initia state solenoidal velocity field given by E ,cos2πsin2π ,sin2πcos 2π uxyx y vxyx y (4.2) The temperature field was set as a Gaussian random field with a mean value of 397 K and a root mean square fluc- tuation of 57 K. The density field can be the equation of state. Using Equation (4.2) and the initial computed from random density field, the initial kinetic energy can be computed (KE0 = 0.2274 J). A mesh of 24 × 24 points was used, so that Δx = Δy = 4.2e−02. According to Ni- coud [6], the integration time for this numerical experi- ment is given by Equation (4.3). Figure 1. “u” velocity profile. Copyright © 2012 SciRes. WJM
S. M. YAHYA ET AL. 258 0 0.125 0.3125 L ts KE (4.3) Table 2 and Figure 2 show the results for this ex- periment. It is evident that the scheme conserves global kinetic energy, so that the divergence-free constraint is recovered in the inviscid limit. The error in Table 2 was calculated using the ratio between the difference in the initial and final kinetic en- ergy i.e. 0 0 ERROR EKE 4.3. 3D Channel Flow Simulation In subsection, we consider turbulent flow in a channel whose walls are kept at differet temperatures. This problem is treated numerically withhe help of LES. Let x, y and z, denote the stream-wise, span-wise and imensions of the δ being the half Δy × Δz = 33 × 11 × [05:11]. U KE this section, we present detailed numerical results from the test problems that we considered in order to check the robustness and accuracy of the proposed algo- rithm. This is the case of large-eddy simulation (LES) of non-isothermal, turbulent channel flow with strong tem- perature gradients due to the temperature difference be- tween the two walls. In this n t normal directions, respectively. The d domain are 4 πδ × 4/3 πδ × 2δ, with width of the channel. The walls of the channel are normal to the z direction and are held at constant temperature. The boundaries of the domain normal to the x and y di- rections are periodic in nature. Therefore, the total mass of the system is conserved, i.e., this is an example of flow in a closed domain. A mesh of 643 points is used in such a way that Δx+ × + + niform meshes are used in the stream-wise and span- ise directions and a non-uniform mesh with hyperbolic Table 1. Spatial and temporal convergence rates. u v T Spatial 1.971 1.954 1.881 Temporal 0.967 0.942 0.977 Table 2. Numerical results from KE conservation. Δt CFL KE0 KEf ERROR 0.04166 1 0.2274 0.226879 2.59 × 10e−03 0.02083 0.5 0.2274 0.226891 2.54 × 10e−03 0.0 03 0.002083 0.05 0.2274 0.226921 2.40 × 10e−03 0.00046 0.01 0.226 2.38 × 103 04166 0.1 0.2274 0.226918 2.42 × 10e− 160.2274 9270e− Figure 2. Error of the KE as a function of CFL. tangent distribution is used in the wall-normal direction. The Wall-Adapting Local Eddy-viscosity (W-ALE) model (Nicoud [12]) is used for modeling the eddy viscosity and dynamic Smagorinsky method is used to model tur- bulent heat flux. In the homogeneous directions, the convective terms of the momentum and energy equations are calculated using hybrid type upwind. The multi- grid algorithm (Jameson [18]) is used to solve the con- stant-coefficient pressure Poisson equation. Let Th and Tc denote the temperatures of the hot and cold walls, re- spectively. Two different cases, corresponding to diffe ent wSpe- ifically, r- all temperature ratios, are considered herein. cR = 1.01 and R = 2. Here, R = hc TT. For all the simulations 2 mhc TTT is used to ini- tialize the flow field. Table 1 represents important simu- lation parameters. For comparison purposes between our results and with the Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) data, we used a molecular Prandtl number of 0.7 for the first case (hc TT = 1.01) and Sutherland law for the case (hc TT= 2). The R = 1.01 results are compared with the DNS of Kim et al. [19] and Lessani [20], while R = 2 results are compared with DNS of Nicoud [21] as shown in Table 3. Figure 3 shows that Rθ = 1.01 is in good agreement with previous incompressible DNS (Kim et al., [19]) for the mean ocity profile. Te expected (fothe fn Reynolds number conside-wall u+ = 2.5 ln(y+) + 5.5 is recovered. The viscous sub layer is also well resolved as shown in Figure 3. Figure 4 shows a good agreement with previous incompressible DNS (Kim et al., [19]) for the three velocity fluctuations and the Reynolds sheastess. For any instantaneous variable velhr rictio ered) law-of-th r , denotes the time and space averaged field. Space averaging is performed in the homogenous direction a fluctuating field is defined as nd , hence 12 rms . The mean stream-wise velocity is u uu Copyright © 2012 SciRes. WJM
S. M. YAHYA ET AL. Copyright © 2012 SciRes. WJM 259 ter Bulk Reynolds number (Reb) number (Rec) Table 3. Simulation parames and physical parameters. Reference Temperature ratio (Rq) Mesh Mesh in wall units Centerline Reynolds H UU U Re Re C Present 1.01 643 33 × 11 [05:11] ×2800 3200 0.99 - 1.0 179 - 181 Present 2 643 33 × 11 × 0.87 - 1.13 92 - 234 Kim et al. (1987) Isothermal 192 × 160 × 128 12 × 7 × [0.05:4.4] 2800 3200 0.86 - 1.16 178.12 Nicoud (1998) 1.01 120 × 100 × 120 18. [0.25 - 10] 2800 3300 0.89 - 1.12 180 - 180 Nicoud (1998) 2 120 × 100 × 120 [2.8 - 7.2] × [ 2800 2700 0.87 - 1.13 82 - 200 [05:11] 2121 2559 8 × 6.28 × 18.8 × 0.25 - 10] Figure 3. Mean velocity profile in log units for R = 1.01 with u+ = z+ and u+ = 2.5ln z+ + 5.5. Figure 4. Variation of turbulent stresses ( uvw uw 22 2 ,, , for Rθ = 1.01. ) along normal direction (z+) while turbulent intensities are defined as ,, rms w rms urms v uuu an perature f as d temluctuations are defined rms T T . Figures 5-9 show variations of different quantities in the channel for Rθ = 2. Figure 5 shows mean velocity profile and Figure 6 shows temperature profile for the entire channel. Both are in good agreement with previous DNS of Nicoud [21]. Figure 7 shows Mean velocity pro- file (u+) with the classical scaling. For the cold side of the channel, law-of-the-wall u+ = 2.5 ln (z+) + 5.5 is re- covered but with a different constant while in the hot side of the logarithmic nature of law-of-the-wall is small. This agrees with the previous DNS. The viscous sub layer is also well resolved as shown in Figure 7. Figure 9 shows good agreement of RMS velocities along the wall norm direction. It can be seen that agreement with the pub- old channel than e hot channel. There is resent work and DNS. The discrepancy is al- erature fluctua- tions along the wall normal direction. There is a qualita- tive agreement while the peak fltuating intensities don’t match. There is deviation in the core of the channel s can be due elocities ob- tained. Further as the comparis is from the DNS which is far more accurate than LES. al lished literature is much better in the c th a good qualitative agreement between p ways less than 5%. Figure 8 shows temp uc and the hotter channel side. These deviation to different bulk and channel centerline v on 5. Conclusion In this article, a new algorithm which extends the exist
S. M. YAHYA ET AL. 260 Figure 5. Mean Stream-wise velocity profile normalized with maximum velocity for the entire channel. Figure 6. Mean Temperature for c TT TΔ for the entire channel along wall normal direction, for Rθ = 2. Figure 7. Mean velocity profile in log units along the chan- nel for Rθ = 2. ing SMAC scheme for low Mach number, variable den- sity flows has been presented. This algorithm can be ap- plied to both open and closed domains. It is based on two-stage predictor—corrector method. This algorithm is a Figure 8. Variation of Trms along the wall normal direction (z+) for Rθ = 2. Figure 9. Variation of RMS velocities along the wall normal direction (z) for Rθ = 2. particularly useful for unsteady flows with strong tem- perature gradients. A constant-coefficient Poisson equa- tion, which is computationally more efficient than the variable-coefficient one, is solved for the pressure. A collocated grid is used for spatial discretization and not a ty and straightforward extension to curvi- near coordinate systems. The odd-even decoupling prob- lem is avoided by using smartly a continuity equation in conjunction with correction flux. The robustness and accuracy of the algorithm have been assessed through simulations of three test problems; 1D convection-diffu- sion problem, 2D steady state solenoidal velocity distri- bution for conservation of kinetic energy and finally the turbulent channel flow with temperature gradients. The results obtained with the proposed algorithm are in very good agreement with the ones reported in earlier studies. The algorithm has a moderate computational cost for solving the Poisson-equation and is stable for high den- sity ratios (at least up to a factor of 10). Though in the examples shown in this paper, P0 was always a constan staggered one because collocated grids offer computa- tional simplici li t Copyright © 2012 SciRes. WJM
S. M. YAHYA ET AL. Copyright © 2012 SciRes. WJM 261 egrating the equation of state. this algorithm can be extended to problems in which P0 depends on time, by int REFERENCES [1] A. J. Chorin, “On the Convergence of Discrete Approxi- mations to the Navier-Stokes Equations,” Mathematics of Computations, Vol. 23, No. 106, 1969, pp. 342-353. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1969-0242393-5 [2] A. J. Chorin, “Numerical Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations,” Mathematics of Computations, Vol. 22, No. 104, 1968, pp. 745-762. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1968-0242392-2 [3] O. V. Vasilyev, “High Order Finite Difference Schemes on Non-Uniform Meshes with Good Conservative Prop- erties,” Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 157, No. 2, 2000, pp. 746-761. doi:10.1006/jcph.1999.6398 [4] J. Gullbrand, “An Evaluation of a Conservative Fourth Order DNS Code in Turbulent Channel Flow,” Center for Turbulence Research Annual Research Briefs, NASA Ames/Stanford University, 2000, pp. 211-218. [5] Y. Morinishi, T. S. Lund, O. V. Vasilyev and P. Moin, “Fully Conservative Higher Order Finite Difference Schemes for Incompressible Flow,” Journal of Computational Phy- sics, Vol. 143, No. 1, 1998, pp. 90-124. doi:10.1006/jcph.1998.5962 [6] F. Nicoud, “Conservative High-Order Finite-Difference Schemes for Low-Mach Number Flows,” Journal of Com- putational Physics, Vol. 158, No. 1, 2000, pp. 71-97. doi:10.1006/jc ph.1999.6408 [7] B. Lessani, J. Ramboer and C. Lacor, “Efficient Large- Eddy Simulations of Low Mach Number Flows Using Preconditioning and Multigrid,” International Journal of Computational Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2004, 221-223. pp. doi:10.1080/10618560310001654319 logy, Vol. [8] A. Majda and J. Sethian, “The Derivation and Numerical Solution of the Equations for Zero Mach Number Com- bustion,” Combustion Science and Techno No. 3-4, 1985, pp. 185-205. 42, doi:10.1080/00102208508960376 [9] R. G. Rehm and H. R. Baum, “The Equation of Motion for Thermally Driven Buoyant Flows,” Journal of Re- search of the National Bureau of Standards, Vol. 83, No. 3, 1978, pp. 297-308. [10] B. Müller, “Low-Mach Number Asymptotics of the Na- vier-Stokes Equations,” Journal of Engineering Mathe- matics, Vol. 34, No. 1-2, 1998, pp. 97-109. doi:10.1023/A:1004349817404 [11] S. Paolucci, “Filtering of Sound from the Navier-Stokes . 3, 1999, pp. 6001 Equations,” Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, 1982. [12] F. Nicoud and F. Ducros, “Subgrid-Scale Stress Modeling Based on the Square of Velocity Gradient Tensor,” Flow Turbulence and Combustion, Vol. 62, No 183-200. doi:10.1023/A:100999542 [13] M. Germano, U. Piomelli, P. Moin and W. H. Cabot, “A Dynamic Subgrid-Scale Eddy Viscosity Model,” Physics of Fluids A, Vol. 3, No. 7, 1991, pp. 1760-1765. doi:10.1063/1.857955 [14] P. Moin, K. Squires, W. Cabot and S. Lee, “A Dynamic Subgrid-Scale Model for Compressible Turbulence and Scalar Transport,” Physics of Fluids, Vol. 3, pp. 2746-2757. No. 11, 1991, 8164doi:10.1063/1.85 ids, Vol. 34. [15] C. Hirsch, “Numerical Computation of Internal and Ex- ternal Flows,” John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken, 1990. [16] A. A. Amsden and F. H. Harlow, “The SMAC Method: A Numerical Technique for Calculating Incompressible Fluid Flows,” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory of the Univer- sity of California, Los Alamos, 1970. [17] L. Cheng and S. Armfield, “A Simplified Marker and Cell Method for Unsteady Flows on Non-Staggered Grids,” In- ternational Journal for Numerical Methods in Flu 21, No. 1, 1995, pp. 15- doi:10.1002/fld.1650210103 [18] A. Jameson, “Time Dependent Calculations Using Multi- grid, with Applications to Unsteady Flows past Airfoils and Wings,” Proceedings of 10th Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference, Honolulu, 24-26 June 1991, pp. 91-1596. [19] J. Kim, P. Moin and R. Moser, “Turbulence Statistics in Fully Developed Channel Flow at Low Reynolds Num- ber,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 177, 1987, pp. 133- 166. doi:10.1017/S0022112087000892 o. 1, 2006, pp. 218-246. [20] B. Lessani and M. V. Papalexandris, “Time-Accurate Calculation of Variable Density Flows with Strong Tem- perature Gradients and Combustion,” Journal of Compu- tational Physics, Vol. 212, N doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2005.07.001 [21] F. C. Nicoud, “Numerical Study of a Channel Flow with Variable Properties,” Center for Turbulence Research An- nual Research Briefs, 1998, pp. 289-310.
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