Food and Nutrition Sciences
 Vol. 1  No. 2 (2010) , Article ID: 3033 , 7 pages DOI:10.4236/fns.2010.12007

Effect of Virgin Coconut Meal (VCM) on the Textural, Thermal and Physico Chemical Properties of Biscuits

Yashi Srivastava*, Anil Dutt Semwal, Gopal Kumar Sharma, Amarinder Singh Bawa

 

Defence Food Research Laboratory, Sidhhartha Nagar, Mysore, India.

Email: srivastava.dfrl@gmail.com

Received July 8th, 2010; revised July 12th, 2010; accepted July 12th, 2010.

Keywords: Virgin Coconut Meal (VCM), Biscuits, Dough, Texture Profile, Thermal Profile, Sensory Evaluation

ABSTRACT

Biscuits were prepared by incorporating virgin coconut meal (VCM) into refined wheat flour (maida) at 5-25% level and evaluated for physical, chemical, nutritional, textural and sensory attributes. All the prepared biscuits had high protein and fiber contents as compared to control (100% refined wheat flour based product). With the incorporation of VCM, hardness and toughness of dough increased while there was a decrease in stickiness and adhesiveness values. Incorporation of VCM had a significant effect on color values of biscuits as the concentration of VCM was increased. The values of L* decreased while those for a* and b* increased. Sensory analysis revealed that 15% VCM biscuits were the most acceptable. The Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed that the onset (To) decreased while end set (Tc) and enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH) increased with the increase level of VCM.

1. Introduction

The term biscuit is used in Britain to describe a flat crisp baked product. Biscuits are chemically leavened, ready to eat, quick snacks with good eating quality and long shelf life [1]. The basic constituent of biscuit is flour, water, sugar and fat. The variation in these constituents causes the changes in textural properties of biscuits [2]. Biscuits are highly popular among the large segment of population in urban and rural places and its demand and consumption are increasing by leaps and bounds. Children also like the biscuits as these are available in different attractive shape and size as well as taste and palatability. The bakery industry are one of the largest organized food industries all over the world and particularly biscuits are one of the most popular products because it is economically cheaper as well as consider to be luxurious gifts for infants and school going children who are under weight [3]. Bakery products are generally used as a source for incorporation of different nutritionally rich ingredients for their diversification [4].

Various types of nutritious biscuits have been prepared by fortifying the wheat flour with various types of oil seed meals like soy flour [5], peanut [6], corn germ flour [7], cotton seed flour [8], sunflower kernel [9], safflower protein isolate [10], and coconut residue [11], and received popularity being nutritionally rich in protein and vitamins.

Nowadays, emerging beneficial oil that comes in picture of world is Virgin coconut oil [12]. The major difference between coconut oil and virgin coconut oil is the method of extraction. The general common method for the preparation of coconut oil is drying and later extraction of oil from kernal in general called “copra”. On the other hand, virgin coconut oil is extracted from fresh coconut (not copra) meat by mechanical or natural means under controlled temperature. Usually, meal obtained after the extraction of oil, have been found in animal use feed like poultry, fish and swine industry. However, meal obtained after oil extraction still possess good nutritional properties which could be utilized for value addition of various processed foods. Many in vitro studies have been performed on the animal to check the physiological effect like egg production performance in single comb white leghorn layers [13], average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio on pigs [14], nutrient digestibility in hens [15], egg component and yolk fatty acid composition [16], growth rate of broiler chick [17] after supplementation of coconut oil cakes. Dairo [18] has reported the protein quality indices of sun dried coconut oil meal, oven dried coconut oil meal and fermented coconut oil meal on rats. However, data on the use of VCM in the development of various processed foods are scanty. Hence, the objective of present investigation were to develop nutritious virgin coconut meal based biscuits and study the changes in the physico-chemical, textural and thermal characteristics.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Raw Materials

Refined wheat flour was procured from local market. Virgin coconut meal was supplied by Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), kasargod, Kerala, India after the extraction of VCO. The VCM was powdered in an ultra centrifugal mill (Retsch RI, Germany) using 0.5 mm sieve.

2.2. Preparation of Biscuits

Biscuits were prepared by the incorporation of VCM with the replacement of refined wheat flour at the level of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% in the standardized formulations. The preliminary step for the preparation of biscuit was creaming. The creaming was carried out by using shortening, i.e., hydrogenated fat and sugar in Hobart Mixer for 4 min and subsequently added a mixture of refined wheat flour and baking powder along with measured quantity of water in the Hobart mixer. The mixing was done for five minutes till the soft dough was formed. The prepared dough was subjected to sheeting of 4 mm thickness manually. Finally sheets were cut to 4.5 cm diameter by using the die and were subjected to baking at 150°C for 30 min.

2.3. Nutritional Analysis

Moisture, protein, fat, ash and crude fiber were determined as per AOAC method [19]. Fatty acid profile of extracted fat from biscuit samples were determined as AOCS [19] method by using gas liquid chromatograph (Model Chemito 8510 HR, Mumbai, India) with 10% diethylene glycol succinate column (DEGS 8“X1/8”). The minerals like Ca, Fe, Zn, Na, K were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS Varion 6, Analytik Jena AG, Germany) at 422.7, 248.3, 213.9, 589.0 and 766.5 nm wavelength respectively. For determining minerals the biscuits were converted into ash in muffle furnance. After ashing, 15 ml of 3 N HCl was added to the crucible having ash material and boiled until it was reduced to 2-3 ml. The volume was made up to 50 ml in volumetric flask and mineral content estimated by AAS by flame mode and results were expressed in mg/100 g of sample.

2.4. Physical Property

Biscuits were cooled for 1hrs for the determination of spread ratio as per the method described in AACC [20], six biscuits were taken randomly and placed them edge to edge and stacking for the estimation of diameter and thickness and finally by the subtraction of their average value spread ratios were obtained.

2.5. Texture Properties of VCM Based Biscuits

Texture attribute of biscuits like hardness, cutting force, breaking strength, toughness properties were taken as quality parameters to check the textural properties of VCM based dough and biscuits by using TAHDI Texture analyzer (Stable Micro System Ltd. London, UK) using a 25 Kg load cell and the application programme provided with the apparatus (Texture Expert for Windows, TM version 1.22). Hardness and cutting strength of biscuits were determined as mentioned by Singh et al. [1]. Both were measured using cylindrical probe P/2 and HDS/BS blade respectively with 25 Kg of load cell. For hardness some minor modifications in TA settings were performed, i.e., test speed kept at 2 mm/s. The first peak of graph was considered as initial fracture force and absolute peak force was considered as the hardness of the biscuit.

2.6. Texture Properties of VCM Based Dough

Hardness and toughness of dough was determined as method mentioned in Tyagi et al. [21] with some minor modifications using 40 mm cylindrical cup, probe 10mm and settings were kept as pre test speed of 2 mm/s, test speed of 3 mm/s, post test speed of 10 mm/s with 25 Kg load cell and strain was set at 60%. The obtained peak force was considered as Hardness of dough and area under curve was considered as toughness of dough. Dough stickiness fixture having 25 mm diameter has been used to measure the stickiness and adhesiveness of dough. The pre test speed, post test speed and test speed were same i.e., 10 mm/min and clearance, hold time, compression force were 3 mm, 10 s and 10 N respectively.

2.7. Color Measurements

Changes in the crust color of biscuit by the incorporation of VCM were measured by CIE color values [L*(lightness), a*(redness), b*(yellowness)] using Hunter colorimeter D-65 illuminant and 10° observer. The equipment (Mini Scan XE Plus, Model 45/0-S, Hunter Associates Laboratory Inc, Reston, VA, USA) was calibrated using white and black standard ceramic tiles and the readings were recorded with inbuilt software.

2.8. Thermal Properties

The thermal properties of biscuit were determined by using DSC-821 (Mettler Toledo, Switzerland) equipped with a thermal analysis data station. The samples were weighed into a 40 µl capacity aluminum pan (Mettler, ME 27331) and distilled water was added with the help of Hamilton micro-syringe. The samples were hermetically sealed and allowed to stand for 30 min at room temperature before heating in DSC. The DSC analyzer was calibrated using indium and an empty aluminum pan was used as reference sample pans. Both were heated at the rate of 10°C/min from 20°C to 200°C for the estimation endothermal changes as the temperature increased.

2.9. Sensory Properties

Sensory quality of VCM biscuits were evaluated by a panel of 15 semi trained judges by grading for color, taste, texture and overall acceptability on 9 point hedonic scale, with 9 as excellent in all respects and 1 for unacceptable samples [21].

2.10. Statistical Analysis

The data analysis, for Duncan multiple comparisons and response optimization were done using STATISTICA stat software release 8.0 package.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Proximate Composition of VCM

Virgin coconut meal contains 10.8 ± 0.62% moisture, 54.98 ± 1.05% fat, 14.9 ± 0.25% protein, 15.2 ± 0.2% crude fiber, 2.54 ± 0.05% ash content and 1.57 ± 0.02% carbohydrate (by difference). It is a rich source of minerals like calcium (83.78 ± 0.015 mg/100 g), Sodium (98.77 ± 0.03 mg/100 g) and potassium (1700 ± 0.15 mg/100 g). Iron and zinc are present comparatively lower concentration, i.e., 22.76 ± 0.14 and 2.57 ± 0.05 mg/100 g respectively. Its water absorption capacity and solubility index were 4.82 g/g and 0.45 g/g respectively. Major fatty acid present in VCM was lauric acid (54.37%) followed by myristic acid (20.13%), palmitic acid (8.61%), capric acid (5.81%), oleic acid (5.49%), stearic acid (3.14%), linoleic acid (1.55%) and caprylic acid (0.69%).

3.2. Proximate Composition and Nutritional Value of VCM Biscuits

Proximate composition of biscuits prepared by using VCM (5-25%) is given in Table 1. It is evident that incorporation of VCM resulted change in moisture content from 3.32 to 4.46%, fat 24.79 to 39.34%, protein 4.56 to 5.97%, ash content 0.26 to 0.73% and fibre 0.15 to 3.55%. The statistical analysis of proximate composition revealed that there was no significant difference in moisture content up to 15% incorporation of VCM but addition of VCM above 15% level, showed significant increase in moisture content (p > 0.05). This may be due to high water absorption capacity of meal, i.e., 4.82 g/g which gradually increase with rise in the concentration of VCM in biscuits. Similar, results has been reported by Talati et al. [23] and Tyagi et al. [22] in mustard flour biscuit. The incorporation of VCM (5-25%) resulted in considerable increase in the fat, protein, fibre and ash content of biscuit as mentioned in Table 1. Control biscuits samples contained oleic acid as the major fatty acid followed by palmitic, stearic acid, myristic acid, lauric acid, capric and capryllic acid. Addition of 5-25% VCM in biscuits recipe resulted significant decreased in oleic acid and palmitic acid while myristic acid, lauric acid, capric and caprylic increased as figured in Table 2. Lauric acid is a medium chain fatty acid, which has the additional beneficial function of being formed into monolaurin in the human or animal body. The mineral content of biscuits was tabulated in Table 1. As the VCM content increased from 5-25% in refined wheat flour, the mineral content, particularly calcium, potassium, iron and sodium contents were increased and improved the nutritional quality characteristic of biscuits. Calcium content was increased from 9.55 to 24.35 mg/100 g, potassium 59.24 to 442.06 mg/100 g, iron 1.05 to 5.97 mg/100 g, zinc 0.22 to 0.73 mg/100 g and sodium 99.37 to 132.35 mg/100 g (Table 1).

3.3. Effect on Physical Properties of VCM Biscuits

Spread ratio was slightly increased with rise in concentration of VCM in biscuits (Table 3). This may be due to the increase in fat content in biscuits with higher VCM. The similar results were reported with corn and potato flour biscuit [24], Oat bran biscuit [4] and raw, toasted wheat bran biscuit [25]. Some authors reported that spread factor is highly affected by fat content, as the content of fat increased spread ratio gradually increased [26] or some had been supported this effect due to the increased extension of the dough [27].

3.4. Influence of VCM on Textural Properties of Biscuits

Breaking strength is one of the criteria to measure the biscuit hardness [21] and results for this parameter were compiled in Table 3. The results indicated that breaking strength of the VCM biscuits containing 5% VCM had no significant difference with control but the treatments involving with sample more than 5% VCM resulted significantly (p > 0.05) decrease in breaking strength. Earlier also similar trends were observed by addition of cow pea flour incorporated biscuits [28]. The average maximum cutting strength (Table 3) values significantly decreased from control sample with incorporation of VCM. In the

Table 1. Chemical and nutritional components of biscuits containing VCM (n = 3).

Table 2. Fatty acid profile (%) of VCM biscuits (n = 3).

Table 3. Textural Properties of biscuits containing VCM (n = 3).

Table 4. Effect of incorporation of VCM on textural characteristics of biscuit dough (n = 3).

case of hardness there was no significant difference showed till the level of 15% and then there was significant decrease showed at 20-25% incorporation level.

3.5. Influence of VCM on Textural Properties of Dough

Hardness and toughness of dough showing increment in values from 6.14 N to 8.55 N and 26.42 Nmm to 46.05 Nmm respectively. Dough hardness value indicated a significant difference especially caused by the 15 to 25% incorporation of VCM from control. As VCM is rich in fiber therefore, percentage increment in VCM leads to harder dough as earlier also some researcher reported similar trend with wheat and rice bran incorporated biscuit dough [4]. Stickiness of dough is important for sheeting of biscuits. Substitution of VCM in different percentage was associated with a decrease in dough stickiness. There was no significant difference in dough stickiness between VCM containing dough and control up to 10% replacement of VCM. Further increment in VCM significantly (p > 0.05) decreased the stickiness. The results indicated that control dough was much stickier than the VCM containing (5-25%) dough with different levels. Decrease in stickiness of dough due to presence of VCM may be attributed to the larger particle size of VCM (0.5 mm) than the refined flour (0.15 mm) as the larger particle absorbed more water and free water content for dough formation become less and resulted decrease in stickiness [29].

3.6. Influence of VCM on Color Values of Biscuits

Surface browning is a common phenomenon for biscuits during baking. Brown pigments are formed in the advanced stages of browning reactions and can be measured by color determination. Color measurements provide a useful index to evaluate the intensity of browning reactions and have been used to monitor the processing of bread [30]. In the present study the L* value of VCM biscuit decreased while a* and b* value increased with increased proportion of VCM (Table 5). The increase in a* and b* stimulus may be due to increase in redness and yellowness during baking. The similar trend has been reported biscuits fortified with corn and potato flour [24]. The decreased L*values and increased a* and b* values resulted in darkening of the biscuits, which ultimately affected the sensory scores for colour.

3.7. Effect on Thermal Properties of VCM Biscuits

The thermal properties of the biscuits were examined using Differential scanning calorimetry and results were shown in Table 6. The onset temperature (To) significantly decreased while end set temperature (Tc) and enthalpy of gelatonization (ΔH) significantly (p > 0.05) increased from 60.78 to 59.04°C, 86.74 to 98.75°C and 14.87 to 90.53 J/g respectively for 5 to 25% incorporation of VCM. In present study Tc and ΔH were higher than control because of the presence of other ingredients in the system, especially VCM. As percentage of fiber increased with increasing level of VCM it may be competing with starch for water absorption and hence limiting starch swelling and gelation events resulting in higher Tc value similar findings has been reported in pasta containing pea fiber [31]. As per result obtained in this study suggest that the enthalpy of a complex increased with increasing VCM concentration. It may be due to increase in moisture content as earlier researchers have reported that the gelanization enthalpy increased with increasing moisture content [32,33].

3.8. Changes in Sensory Quality

Results of sensory evaluation in terms of sensory attributes such as color, taste, texture and Overall acceptability showed that VCM incorporated biscuits were in acceptable range (Table 7). Substitution of refined wheat flour with VCM up to 15% did not change the sensory attributes of biscuits. However, further addition of VCM (above 15%) significantly decreased all the sensory parameters of

Table 5. Effect of VCM on color values of biscuit crust (n = 3).

Table 6. Effect of VCM on the onset, endset temperature and enthalpy of gelatinization of biscuits (n = 3).

Table 7. Sensory parameters of biscuits containing VCM (n = 3).

the biscuits. Based on the results, biscuits contained up to 15% VCM were rated as the most acceptable as their overall acceptability was comparable to the control samples (without VCM).

4. Conclusions

From the above investigation it can be concluded that though biscuits containing 20-25% VCM were nutritionally rich but scored lower sensory attributes than the ones prepared from 15% VCM. Textural property of dough clearly showed that hardness and toughness were increased while stickiness and adhesiveness decreased. Color characteristics of biscuits such as L*, a*, b* values varied significantly with addition of VCM than the control. The data obtained from thermal property showed that onset (To), endset (Tc) temperatures and enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH) got affected by VCM. The study established that the incorporation of 15% VCM results in more nutritious product with acceptable sensory and textural characteristics.

5. Acknowledgements

Authors express their gratitude to the National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) and Director, Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), kasargod, Kerala for providing the VCM required for the study.

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