Open Journal of Composite Materials
Vol.09 No.02(2019), Article ID:91149,27 pages
10.4236/ojcm.2019.92004

Preparation of Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Oligomers/Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanocomposites Possessing No Weight Loss Behavior in Nanocomposites Even after Calcination at 800˚C

Jittraporn Saengkaew1, Takahumi Ogasawara1, Katsumi Yamashita1, Suwadee Kongparakul2, Hideo Sawada1*

1Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan

2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand

Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Received: February 5, 2019; Accepted: March 11, 2019; Published: March 14, 2019

ABSTRACT

Fluoroalkyl end-capped acrylic acid oligomer [RF-(ACA)n-RF]/hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanocomposites [RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN] were prepared by reaction of the corresponding oligomer with h-BN nanoparticles (mean diameter: 50 nm) under non-catalytic or alkaline conditions, respectively. Fluoroalkyl end-capped N,N-dimethylacrylamide oligomer/h-BN nanocomposites [RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN] were also obtained under similar conditions. It was demonstrated that RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under alkaline conditions, afforded a clear weight loss in proportion to the contents of the oligomer in the composites after calcination at 800˚C; however, the non-catalytic conditions enabled the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposite to give no weight loss behavior corresponding to the contents of the oligomer even after calcination. In fact, it was demonstrated that the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites possessing a clear weight loss property could afford the fluorescent peak around 370 nm related to h-BN in the composites; however, the same fluorescent intensity of this nanocomposite after calcination at 800˚C as that of the original h-BN was observed, indicating that this nanocomposite could give a clear weigh loss behavior corresponding to the content of the oligomer during the calcination process. In contrast, the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites possessing no weigh loss behavior were found to exhibit the similar fluorescent intensity before and even after calcination at 800˚C, suggesting that the corresponding nanocomposites could provide no weight loss ability corresponding to the contents of the oligomer in the composites even after calcination. Similarly, RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under non-catalytic or alkaline conditions, were found to provide no weight loss corresponding to the contents of the oligomer even after calcination, respectively. These fluorinated h-BN nanocomposites were applied to the surface modification of PMMA [poly(methyl methacrylate)] to exhibit an oleophobic property on the modified PMMA surface. RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites possessing a clear weight loss behavior, whose composites were calcinated at 800˚C, afforded not oleophobic but oleophilic property on the modified PMMA surface, quite similar to that of the pristine PMMA film surface; however, more interestingly, we found that RF-(ACA)n-RF/ and RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites possessing no weight loss characteristic, whose composites were calcined at 800˚C, could supply a good oleophobic property related to the fluoroalkyl segments in the composites on the modified PMMA surfaces, respectively.

Keywords:

Fluorinated Oligomer, Hexagonal Boron Nitride, Nanocomposite, Thermal Stability, No Weight Loss, Calcination, Surface Modification, Oleophobicity, Fluorecence Spectra, PMMA

1. Introduction

Inorganic/organic composites have attracted much attention owing to their exhibiting a large variety of extraordinary characteristics derived from the synergism among the properties of each individual material [1]. A great interest has also been focused on the studies for the hybrid materials based on the composite reactions of organic polymers with inorganic nanoparticles [2] [3]. In these inorganic guest molecules, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanoparticle is especially among the most promising inorganic nanomaterials in recent years [4] - [15]. Their unique properties, including high mechanical stiffness, excellent thermal conductivity, excellent dimension stability, desirably low dielectric loss and constant, high temperature stability, high melting point, high corrosion resistance, and chemical inertness, suggest many potential applications in numerous fields [16] - [43]. Therefore, there have been numerous reports on the development of the h-BN/organic polymer composites materials possessing such unique properties imparted by h-BN, especially excellent thermal conductivity [16] - [43] , because h-BN can endow organic polymers with increased thermal conductivity, decreased coefficient of thermal expansion, and decreased dielectric loss, which cannot be achieved by the other inorganic fillers such as aluminum nitride and silicon carbide [44] [45]. From the developmental viewpoints of new fluorinated functional materials, it is of particular interest to develop the novel fluorinated h-BN nanocomposites; however, such studies have been very limited except for some reports on the surface modification of h-BN with perfluorooctyl-triethoxysilane [46] [47] , perfluorobutyric acid [48] , poly (tetrafluoroethylene) [49] , and preparation of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/boron nitride nanosheet composite films [50]. Heretofore, we have been comprehensively studying on the synthesis and applications on the ABA triblock-type two fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomers (RF-(M)n-RF; RF = fluoroalkyl groups; M = radical polymerizable hydrocarbon monomers) [51] [52] [53]. These fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomers can form the nanometer size-controlled self-assembled molecular aggregates through the aggregation of terminal fluoroalkyl segments in aqueous and organic media [54] [55] [56] [57]. These fluorinated oligomeric aggregates can interact with a variety of inorganic guest molecules such as silica, titanium oxide, hydroxyapatite, gold, silver, copper, palladium, zinc oxide, magnetite, calcium carbonate, calcium silicide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, and talc to afford the corresponding fluorinated oligomeric aggregates/guest molecules nanocomposites [58] - [79]. In fact, fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomeric nanocomposites―encapsulated gold nanoparticles can provide linear arrays of these fluorinated nanocomposite particles to afford the extremely red-shifted plasmon absorption band at around 960 nm [73]. Anatase titanium oxide nanoparticles (an-TiO2) can be encapsulated into fluoroalkyl end-capped vinyltrimethoxysilane oligomeric nanoparticle cores to provide the corresponding fluorinated oligomer/an-TiO2 nanocomposites, and crystalline structure of an-TiO2 in the nanocomposites was found to keep completely its structure without phase transformation to rutile even after calcination at 1000˚C, although crystalline structure of the original an-TiO2 nanoparticles suffered a complete phase transformation to the rutile under similar conditions [80] [81] [82]. Thus, it is of particular interest to explore novel fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomeric nanocomposites by using h-BN inorganic fine particles as the guest molecule. Here, we report on the preparation and properties of novel fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomeric nanocomposites by using h-BN nanoparticles. Especially, we have found that fluoroalkyl end-capped acrylic acid oligomer and N,N-dimethylacrylamide oligomer can interact with h-BN nanoparticles under non-catalytic or alkaline conditions to afford the corresponding oligomers/h-BN nanocomposites, respectively. Interestingly, the fluorinated oligomers/h-BN nanocomposites under non-catalytic conditions were found to give no weight loss behavior corresponding to the contents of oligomers in the nanocomposites even after calcination at 800˚C. More interestingly, we have observed the similar fluorescent intensity related to the presence of h-BN in the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites possessing no weigh loss behavior before and even after calcination at 800˚C. Fluoroalkylend-capped N,N-dimethylacrylamide oligomer/h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under alkaline conditions, also afforded the similar no weight loss characteristic even after calcination. These results with the application to the surface modification of traditional organic polymers will be described in this article.

2. Experimental

2.1. Measurements

Molecular weights of RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer and RF-(DMAA)n-RF oligomer were measured using a Shodex DS-4 (pump) and Shodex RI-71 (detecter) gel permeation chromatography (Tokyo, Japan) calibrated with polystyrene standard using tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the eluent. Thermal analyses were recorded by raising the temperature around 800˚C (the heating rate: 10˚C/min) under atmospheric conditions by the use of Bruker axs TG-DTA2000SA differential thermobalance (Kanagawa, Japan). Size (number-average diameter (average hydrodynamic diameter)) of nanocomposites was measured by using Otsuka Electronics DLS-7000 HL (Tokyo, Japan). Field emission scanning electron micrographs (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra were recorded by means of JEOL JSM-7000F (Tokyo, Japan). X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were performed by the use of MiniFlex 600 (Tokyo, Japan). Contact angles were measured using a Kyowa Interface Science Drop Master 300 (Saitama, Japan). Fluorescent spectra of the parent h-BN particles and the nanocomposites were obtained using a Shimadzu RF-5300 PC spectrophotometer.

2.2. Materials

h-BN nanoparticles (average particle size: 50 nm) were kindly supplied from Maruka Corp. Ltd. (Gifu, Japan). Acrylic acid and N,N-dimethylacrylamide were used as received from Toagosei Co. (Tokyo, Japan) and KJ Chemicals Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), respectively.

Fluoroalkyl end-capped acrylic acid oligomer (Mn = 3000) and N,N-dimethylacrylamide oligomer (Mn = 1690) were prepared according to our previously reported methods, respectively [83] [84].

1) Preparation of fluoroalkyl end-capped acrylic acid oligomer/h-BN nanocomposites [RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN]

A typical procedure for the preparation of RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites is as follows: To methanol solution (12 ml) containing fluoroalkyl end-capped acrylic acid oligomer [RF-(CH2CHCOOH)n-RF; RF = CFCF3OC3F7: RF-(ACA)n-RF] (100 mg) and h-BN nanoparticle powders (100 mg) was added 25% aqueous ammonia solution (5 ml). The mixture was stirred with a magnetic stirring bar at room temperature for 5 h. After the solvent was evaporated off, methanol was added to the obtained crude products. The methanol suspension thus obtained was stirred with magnetic stirring bar at room temperature for 1 day, and then was centrifuged for 30 min. The expected fluorinated oligomer/h-BN nanocomposites were easily separated from the methanol solution. After centrifugal separation of this solution, the obtained product was dried in vacuum at 50˚C for 1 day to produce the fluorinated composite white colored powders (128 mg). In addition, the obtained supernatant solution was evaporated off under reduced pressure, and then dried in vacuum at 50˚C for 1 day to isolate the product (14 mg). Similarly, RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites were prepared under non-catalytic conditions (no use of ammonia). Fluoroalkylend-capped N,N-dimethylacrylamide oligomer/h-BN nanocomposites were also prepared under similar conditions.

2) Preparation of modified PMMA films treated with the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites

The modified PMMA films were prepared by casting solutions of 1,2-dichloroethane (25 ml) containing poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA: 990 mg) and the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (10 mg) on glass plate. The solvent was evaporated at room temperature and the films formed peeled off and dried at 50˚C for 24 h under vacuum to afford the transparent colorless modified PMMA films. The modified PMMA films treated with the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites after calcination at 800˚C and the RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites before and after calcination at 800˚C were prepared under similar conditions.

3. Results and Discussion

Fluoroalkyl end-capped acrylic acid oligomer [RF-(ACA)n-RF] was found to interact with hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanoparticles under non-catalytic or alkaline conditions at room temperature to afford the corresponding RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN composites. Fluoroalkyl end-capped N,N-dimethylacrylamide oligomer/h-BN composites were also prepared under similar conditions. The results are shown in Scheme 1 and Table 1.

As shown in Scheme 1 and Table 1, the expected RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN composites and RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN composites were obtained in 30% - 79% and 28% - 62% isolated yields, respectively, as the precipitated products after centrifugal separation of the obtained composite methanol solutions. Each composite reaction illustrated in Table 1 can also give the composites products, which were derived from the supernatant methanol solutions, in 6 - 186 mg and 39 - 180 mg yields, respectively. The precipitated composite powders after centrifugal separation were shown to exhibit a good dispersibility in not only water but also traditional organic media such as methanol, ethanol, 1,2-dichlorooethane, acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide and N,N-dimethylformamide. Thus, we have measured the size of these fluorinated h-BN composites in methanol at 25˚C, and the results are also shown in Table 1. Fluorinated composites in Table 1 were nanometer size-controlled very fine nanoparticles from 36 - 129 nm (Runs 1 - 4) and 17 - 54 nm (Runs 5 - 8). We have measured the field emission scanning electron micrograph (FE-SEM) of methanol solution of RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites before and after calcination at 800˚C, and the results are shown in Figure 1. The FE-SEM picture of the original h-BN particles is also shown in Figure 2, for comparison.

As shown in Figure 1(A), FE-SEM images show that the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites are very fine spherical particles with mean diameter: 60 nm, although we can observe partly agglomeration or aggregation of the pristine h-BN

Scheme 1. Preparation of fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomers/h-BN nanocomposites.

Table 1. Preparation of RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites and RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites.

a) Determined by dynamic light scattering measurements (DLS) in methanol at 25˚C; b) Yield (%) based on the oligomer and h-BN; c) Isolated product (mg) from the supernatant.

Figure 1. FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy) images of well-dispersed methanol solutions of RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Run 7 in Table 1) before (A) and after (B) calcination at 800˚C.

Figure 2. FE-SEM image of the parent h-BN particles in methanol solution.

particles (see Figure 2). Figure 1(B) shows that the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites after calcination at 800˚C are also similarly fine nanoparticles with mean diameter: 43 nm. In addition, the average particle sizes (60 and 43 nm) of the composites before and after calcination determined by FE-SEM measurements were similar to those (47 and 20 nm) of the DLS measurements, respectively. FE-SEM measurements also show that RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites before and after calcination at 800˚C can give very fine spherical nanoparticles with mean diameters: 25 nm (before calcination) and 55 nm (after calcination) (see Figure 3). The formation of such very fine nanocomposite particles (25 nm), compared to that (55 nm) of the parent h-BN nanoparticles would be due to the higher dispersive ability of the fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomer to produce the primary particles of h-BN in the nanocomposites.

We have studied on the XRD spectra of the obtained fluorinated nanocomposites in order to clarify the presence of h-BN in the composites. The results are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5. The XRD spectra of the original RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer and RF-(DMAA)n-RF oligomer are also shown in Figure 6, for comparison.

As shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5, we were unable to detect the sharp diffraction peaks related to the fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomers in the nanocomposites due to the amorphous characteristics of these oligomers illustrated in Figure 6. However, RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN and RF-(DMAA)n-RF/ h-BN nanocomposites were found to afford the same diffraction peaks as those of the original h-BN nanoparticles, indicating the presence of h-BN in each fluorinated nanocomposite. To verify the presence of the RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer in the h-BN nanocomposites, we have studied on the thermal stability of the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 1 - 4) presented in Table 1 by the use of the thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), in which the weight loss of the nanocomposites was measured by raising the temperature around 800˚C (the heating rate: 10˚C min−1) in air atmosphere. Thermal stability of the original h-BN particles and the original RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer was also studied, for comparison. The results are shown in Figure 7.

Figure 3. FE-SEM images of well-dispersed methanol solutions of RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Run 14 in Table 1) before (A) and after (B) calcination at 800˚C.

Figure 4. X-ray diffraction patterns of RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Run 7 in Table 1) before (A) and after (B) calcination at 800˚C.

Figure 5. X-ray diffraction patterns of RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Run 14 in Table 1) before (A) and after (B) calcination at 800˚C.

Figure 6. X-ray diffraction patterns of original RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer and RF-(DMAA)n-RF oligomer.

Figure 7. Thermogravimetric analysis of RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under alkaline conditions (Runs 1 - 4 in Table 1). a) Weight loss (%) at 800˚C.

Original h-BN nanoparticles can keep no weigh loss even after calcination at 800˚C, and the pristine RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer has a perfect weight loss at around 580˚C as shown in Figure 7. On the other hand, the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites were found to afford clear weight loss corresponding to the contents of the oligomer in the composites at 800˚C. The weight loss values from 16% to 67% at 800˚C in each nanocomposite are sensitive to the feed ratios of fluorinated oligomer and h-BN employed, increasing with greater feed ratios of the fluorinated oligomer in the fluorinated oligomer/h-BN (see Runs 1 - 4 in Table 1). This finding suggests that each RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer in the h-BN nanocomposites affords a usual flammable characteristic during the calcination process. However, interestingly, RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 5 - 8), which were prepared under non-catalytic conditions, were unable to afford the weight loss behavior in proportion to the contents of the oligomer in the nanocomposites even after calcination at 800˚C, although the pristine RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer can give a perfect weight loss at around 580˚C as shown in Figure 8.

Thus, we have studied on the TGA measurements of the product derived from the supernatant solution at the purification process for the preparation of RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Run 7 in Table 1) in order to verify the presence of the RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer in the h-BN nanocomposites as the expected composite reaction product in Scheme 1, and the results are shown in Figure 9.

For the composite reaction illustrated in Table 1 (Run 7), the expected RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites were obtained in 88 mg (44%) isolated yield as the precipitated product, and the supernatant solution at the purification process for the isolation of this nanocomposite afforded the white powdery product in 76 mg isolated yield. TGA curve related to this product reveals the 92% weight loss at 800˚C, indicating that the 70 mg (76 mg × 0.92) of RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer should be present in this product. Thus, the amount of RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer in the expected nanocomposites is estimated to be 30 mg [100 mg (feed amount of the oligomer: Run 7 in Table 1) ? 70 mg (the oligomer in the supernatant)] to afford the simulated TGA curve, of whose weight loss is 34% [(30 mg/88 mg) × 100] at 800˚C as shown in Figure 10.

As indicated above (see Run 7 in Figure 8 and Figure 10), the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites isolated as the nanocomposite reaction product can give no weight loss behavior corresponding to the content of the oligomer even after calcination at 800˚C. On the other hand, the content of the RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer in the h-BN nanocomposites isolated as the composite reaction product was estimated to be 30 mg based on the amount (70 mg) of the RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer recovered from the supernatant. Thus, the RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer in the h-BN nanocomposites should give the weight loss characteristic during the calcination process to provide the simulated TGA curve corresponding to the content (34%) of the oligomer in the nanocomposites as shown in Figure 10. In addition, the EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray) spectra measurements of the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites possessing a clear weight loss behavior (Run 3 in Table 1) show that the contents of carbon decrease from 24.9% to 0% after calcination at 800˚C to exhibit a flammable characteristic toward the RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer in the h-BN nanocomposites; however, an effective decrease for the amount (4.2%) of carbon cannot be observed even after calcination (the content of carbon: 12.9%) in the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites possessing no weight loss characteristic (Run 7 in Table 1).

Watanabe et al. previously reported that h-BN can exhibit the fluorescent characteristic through the excitation absorption around 215 nm [85]. In fact, the simple blend hybrid powders of the RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomeric white colored powder and h-BN powder can emit fluorescence with a peak maximum at around 370 nm to create the calibration curve (correlation coefficient: r = 0.9941), when the blend hybrids methanol solutions are excited (λ = 220 nm) into the intense absorption bands in the UV-vis region as shown in Figure 11.

Figure 8. Thermogravimetric analysis of RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under non-catalytic conditions (Runs 5 - 8 in Table 1). a) Weight loss (%) at 800˚C.

Figure 9. Thermogravimetric analysis of the product derived from the supernatant solution at the purification process for the preparation of the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Run 7 in Table 1). a) Weight loss (%) at 800˚C.

Figure 10. TGA curves of the parent h-BN nanoparticles, the parent RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer, the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Run 7 in Table 1), and the simulated TGA curve for the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites isolated as the precipitated product. a) Weight loss (%) at 800˚C.

Figure 11. Fluorescent spectra (A) of well-dispersed methanol solutions (0.05 g/dm3) containing the simple blend hybrids of the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN blend hybrid (Ex. 220 nm) and their calibration curve (B) [contents of RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer: (a) 0 wt%, (b) 10 wt%, (c) 18 wt%, (d) 27 wt%, (e) 50 wt%, (f) 70 wt% and (g) 100 wt%].

Thus, we tried to measure the fluorescent spectra of the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Run 4 in Table 1) before and after calcination at 800˚C, and the results are shown in Figure 12.

As shown in Figure 12, the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites can afford the fluorescent peak around 370 nm when the well-dispersed nanocomposite methanol solutions were excited at 220 nm, and its fluorescent intensity shows that the content of the RF-(ACA)n-RF in the nanocomposites was estimated to be 76% based on the calibration curve illustrated in Figure 11. On the other hand, the fluorescent intensity of the corresponding nanocomposites after calcination at 800˚C shows the content of the oligomer was estimated to be 3% under similar conditions, indicating that this nanocomposite can give a clear weigh loss behavior corresponding to the content of the oligomer during the calcination process. The RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites possessing no weigh loss property (Run 8 in Table 1) were found to exhibit the similar fluorescent intensity before and even after calcination at 800˚C as shown in Figure 13. The contents of the RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer in the nanocomposites before and after calcination were estimated to be 35% and 39%, respectively, based on the calibration curve in Figure 11. From these findings, it was clarified that our preset RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under alkaline conditions, provide a usual weight loss behavior corresponding to the contents of the oligomer in the composites during the calcination process. In contrast, the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under non-catalytic conditions, were found to supply no weight loss characteristic even after calcination at 800˚C. In this way, it was clarified that our present RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under non-catalytic conditions, can possess no weight loss ability corresponding to the contents of the oligomer in the composites even after calcination at 800˚C. Next, we tried to study on the thermal stability of the RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites by using the TGA measurements, and the results are shown in Figure 14 and Figure 15.

Figure 12. Fluorescent spectra of well-dispersed methanol solutions containing the parent h-BN nanoparticles [(a): 0.05 gdm−3], the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites before calcination [(b): Run 4 in Table 1, 0.05 gdm−3], and the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites after calcination at 800˚C [(c): Run 4 in Table 1, 0.05 gdm−3].

Figure 13. Fluorescent spectra of well-dispersed methanol solutions containing the parent h-BN nanoparticles [(a): 0.05 gdm−3], the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites before calcination [(b): Run 8 in Table 1; 0.05 gdm−3], and the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites after calcination at 800˚C [(c): Run 8 in Table 1; 0.05 gdm−3].

Figure 14. Thermogravimetric analysis of RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under alkaline conditions (Runs 9 - 12 in Table 1). a) Weight loss (%) at 800˚C.

Figure 15. Thermogravimetric analysis of RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under non-catalytic conditions (Runs 13 - 16 in Table 1). a) Weight loss (%) at 800˚C.

Unexpectedly, Figure 14 shows that the RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under alkaline conditions, can give no weight loss behavior even after calcination at 800˚C, although the original RF-(DMAA)n-RF oligomer can provide a perfect weight loss at around 540˚C, quite different from that of the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites which were prepared under similar conditions illustrated in Figure 7. In addition, the RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under non-catalytic conditions, enabled each nanocomposite to supply no weight loss behavior even after calcination at 800˚C (see Figure 15). In order to clarify the presence of the RF-(DMAA)n-RF oligomer in the h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 10 and 14 in Table 1), the amounts of the RF-(DMAA)n-RF oligomer in the supernatants have been estimated to be 81 mg and 79 mg, respectively, by the use of the TGA measurements of the supernatants. Thus, each obtained nanocomposite should afford the simulated TGA curves, of whose weight loss at 800˚C are 28% [19 mg (100 mg (feed amount of oligomer) ? 81 mg)/68mg (precipitated nanocomposite yield) × 100] and 23% [21 mg (100 mg - 79 mg)/92mg], respectively. However, the TGA curves related to the RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 10 and 14) reveal no weight loss in each case (see Figure 10 and Figure 11), indicating that the RF-(DMAA)n-RF oligomer can exhibit no weight loss behavior in the h-BN nanocomposites even after calcination at 800˚C. XRD spectra for the RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 10 and 14) were found to afford the same XRD diffraction patterns to that of the original h-BN nanoparticle, respectively (data not shown), suggesting the presence of the h-BN in the composites before and after calcination.

We previously reported that the surface arrangement of fluoroalkylsegments on the modified PMMA [poly(methyl methacrylate)] surface owing to the creation of the oleophobic property imparted by fluorine can be achieved by using fluoroalkyl end-capped cooligomers [86]. In fact, fluoroalkyl end-capped cooligomeric nanocomposite-encapsulated fullerenes were applied to the surface modification of PMMA to exhibit a good oleophobicity imparted by fluorine on the modified film surfaces [73]. Thus, we tried to prepare the modified PMMA films treated with the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 3 and 7 in Table 1) and the RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 10 and 14 in Table 1) by casting method, and the results are depicted in Table 2.

Table 2 shows that each modified PMMA surface treated with the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 3 and 7) and the RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 10 and 14) can give an oleophobic property imparted by fluoroalkyl segments in the nanocomposites, because the dodecane contact angle values are 13 - 14 degrees. In contrast, the reverse side affords not oleophobic but oleophilic characteristic (dodecane contact angle value: 0 degree) in each case, quite similar to that of the modified PMMA film treated with the pristine

Table 2. Contact angles of dodecane on the modified PMMA film surface treated with the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 3 and 7 in Table 1) and the RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 10 and 14 in Table 1) before and after calcination at 800˚C*.

*The content of each nanocomposite based on PMMA is 1 wt%. **Used pristine h-BN nanoparticles and PMMA for the preparation of modified PMMA film are 10 mg and 990 mg, respectively.

h-BN nanoparticles or the original PMMA film (the surface and reverse side are 0 degree, respectively). These findings suggest that the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites and the RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites before calcination should be arranged regularly on the modified PMMA surface to exhibit the oleophobic characteristic imparted by fluoroalkyl segments in the nanocomposites. On the other hand, the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Run 3) after calcination were found to give not oleophobic but oleophilic characteristic on the modified surface, as well as that of the original PMMA film surface or the modified PMMA film treated with the h-BN nanoparticles, indicating that this nanocomposite can give the usual weight loss behavior during the calcination process. However, interestingly, it was demonstrated that the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Run 7 in Table 2) and RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Runs 10 and 14 in Table 2) after calcination can afford a good oleophobic property on the modified PMMA surface, because dodecane contact angle values are 10 - 16 degrees as shown in Table 2.

It was previously reported that the similar fluoroalkyl end-capped acrylamide-type cooligomer possessing an antibacterial activity (see Chart 1) is applicable to

Chart 1

the surfacemodification of PMMA to exhibit not only the surface antibacterial activity but also the oleophobic characteristic related to the fluoroalkyl segments in the cooligomer on the modified PMMA surface [86]. In this case, the dodecane contact angle value on the modified PMMA film surface treated with this cooligomer (the content of cooligomer based on PMMA is the same to that (1 wt%) of the modified PMMA films treated with the nanocomposites illustrated in Table 2) is 10 degrees, although the dodecane contact angle value of the parent PMMA film surface is 0 degree [86]. From this finding, the dodecane contact angle values from 10 to 16 degrees on the modified PMMA film surfaces treated with the present fluorinated oligomers/h-BN nanocomposites after calcination (Runs 7, 10 and 14 in Table 2) suggest strongly that the present fluorinated oligomers in the nanocomposites possessing no weight loss behavior should be arranged regularly on the modified PMMA film surface to exhibit an oleophobic characteristic on the surface. These findings suggest that such fluorinated h-BN nanocomposites should give no weight loss characteristic in the h-BN nanocomposites even after calcination to afford the oleophobic property imparted by fluoroalkyl segments in the oligomer on the modified PMMA surface. Especially, EDX spectra measurements of the RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites (Run 14 in Table 1) also show the similar amounts of carbons before (6.5%) and after (16.5%) calcination of the nanocomposites as well as the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites [Run 7 in Table 1: amounts of carbons: before (4.2%) and after (12.9%) calcination], indicating that these fluorinated oligomers should provide no weight loss behavior even after calcination in the nanocomposite cores.

In this way, it was clarified that RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under alkaline conditions, can give a clear weight loss behavior corresponding to the contents of the oligomer during the calcination process. In contrast, RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under non-catalytic conditions, were found to afford no weight loss behavior even after calcination at 800˚C. The edge planes of h-BN have functional groups such as hydroxy and amino groups. [4] [5] The hydroxy groups in h-BN can react with carboxylic acids [RC(=O)OH] and trialkoxysilanes [(RO)3Si-R’] to afford the corresponding functionalized h-BN derivatives [48] [87]. Thus, our present RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under non-catalytic conditions, can interact with the hydroxy and amino groups in h-BN to afford the corresponding fluorinated h-BN nanocomposite derivatives. Such strong interaction between the carboxy segments in the RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer and the hydroxy or amino groups in the h-BN should enable the RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer in the nanocomposites to afford no weight loss behavior even after calcination (see Scheme 2). In contrast, RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under alkaline conditions, afforded a clear weight loss corresponding to the contents of the oligomer in the nanocomposites, suggesting that the carboxy groups in the oligomer would interact preferentially with ammonia during the preparative process in Scheme 1 to produce the carboxylate anion units (−COO−). Such units could not interact with the hydroxy groups or amino groups in the h-BN to provide no weight loss behavior.

Scheme 2. Schematic illustration for the interaction of h-BN and RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer.

On the other hand, the RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under non-catalytic and alkaline conditions, can give no weight loss behavior corresponding to the contents of the oligomer in the composites even after calcination at 800˚C. Huang et al. reported that boron nitride nanotubes [BNNTs: >B-N<], of whose B-N bonding consists of the 2pπ − 2pπ overlapping, can interact with dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO: (δ−)O = S(δ+)Me2] through the nucleophilic attack from O to B and the electrophilic attack from S to N to weaken the B-N bond, affording the cleaved BNNTs derivatives [11]. Therefore, since our present fluoroalkyl end-capped DMAA oligomer possesses the amide units [−C(=O)N<] in the oligomer side chain, this amide unit in oligomer would interact effectively with the >B-N< bond to afford the RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites as shown in the following Schematic interaction. Such interaction would provide no weight loss behavior toward the RF-(DMAA)n-RF oligomer in the h-BN nanocomposites even after calcination.

We previously reported that fluoroalkyl end-capped N-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)acrylamide oligomer [RF-(DOBAA)n-RF]/SiO2 nanocomposites, which were prepared by the sol-gel reaction of tetraethoxysilane in the presence of the corresponding oligomer and the silica nanoparticles under alkaline conditions, exhibit no weight loss characteristic even after calcination at 800˚C [60] [64] [77] [88] [89]. It was suggested that ammonium hexafluorosilicate should be formed through the dehydrofluorination between the amide protons and fluorines in oligomer during the nanocomposite reactions, and the effective interaction between ammonium hexafluorosilicate and RF-(DOBBA)n-RF oligomer in silica gel matrices should afford a nonflammable characteristic for this fluorinated oligomer [88] [89] [90]. Especially, the formation of ammonium hexafluorosilicate during this nanocomposite reaction under alkaline conditions can be attributed to the very strong (129 kcal/mol) Si-F bond [91]. In contrast, RF-(DMAA)n-RF/SiO2 nanocomposites can decompose completely at 800˚C to afford the weight loss in proportion to the contents of RF-(DMAA)n-RF oligomer in composites, due to the absence of the amide protons in oligomer to produce the ammonium hexafluorosilicate [60] [90]. No formation of ammonium hexafluorosilicate enables the RF-(ACA)n-RF/SiO2 nanocomposites to afford the perfect weight loss corresponding to the contents of oligomer in the composites after calcination [60] [90]. Therefore, the synergistic interactions derived from not only the interactions between the amide units in the oligomer and h-BN depicted in Scheme 3 but also noncovalent B … F interactions between the h-BN and fluorines in oligomers would afford a perfect no weight loss characteristic toward the pristine RF-(DMAA)n-RF oligomer even after calcination at 800˚C, due to the stronger B-F bond (183 kcal/mol) [92] than that (129 kcal/mol) of the Si-F bond [91]. Similarly, the synergistic interaction derived from not only the interaction between the hydroxy or amino groups in the h-BN and the carboxy groups in the RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer illustrated in Scheme 2, but also noncovalent B … F interactions between the h-BN and fluorines in oligomer would

Scheme 3. Schematic illustration for the interaction of h-BN with RF-(DMAA)n-RF oligomer.

afford no weight loss even after calcination toward the RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites, which were prepared under non-catalytic conditions.

4. Conclusion

Fluoroalkyl end-capped acrylic acid oligomer/h-BN nanocomposites [RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN], which were prepared under alkaline conditions, were found to give a clear weight loss behavior corresponding to the contents of oligomer after calcination at 800˚C; however, RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites obtained from the non-catalytic conditions could give no weight loss behavior even after calcination at 800˚C. On the other hand, fluoroalkyl end-capped N,N-dimethylacrylamide oligomer/h-BN nanocomposites [RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN], which were prepared under alkaline or non-catalytic conditions, afforded no weight loss characteristic even after calcination at 800˚C, giving the quite similar TGA curve to that of the original h-BN nanoparticles. The RF-(ACA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites possessing a clear weight loss behavior were applied to the surface modification of PMMA film to exhibit the oleophobic property related to the fluoroalkyl groups on the modified surface. However, the corresponding nanocomposites after calcination at 800˚C afforded an oleophilic property on the modified PMMA surface, quite similar to that of the original PMMA film surface, indicating that RF-(ACA)n-RF oligomer could give a flammable characteristic during the calcination process. The modified PMMA film surfaces treated with the RF-(DMAA)n-RF/h-BN nanocomposites obtained under alkaline or non-catalytic conditions can supply an oleophobic property related to the fluoroalkyl groups in the nanocomposites on the surfaces. More interestingly, the corresponding nanocomposites after calcination at 800˚C can also provide a good oleophobic property on the modified PMMA surfaces. In this way, our present fluorinated oligomer/h-BN nanocomposites possessing no weight loss behavior have high potential for the development of nonflammable fluorinated functional oligomeric materials into a wide variety of fields.

Funding

This work was partially supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 16K05891 from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture, Japan.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Cite this paper

Saengkaew, J., Ogasawara, T., Yamashita, K., Kongparakul, S. and Sawada, H. (2019) Preparation of Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Oligomers/Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanocomposites Possessing No Weight Loss Behavior in Nanocomposites Even after Calcination at 800˚C. Open Journal of Composite Materials, 9, 72-98. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojcm.2019.92004

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  63. 63. Sawada, H., Tashima, T., Kakehi, H., Nishiyama, Y., Kikuchi, M., Miura, M., Sato, Y. and Isu, N. (2010) Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Oligomers Possessing Nonflammable and Flammable Characteristics in Silica Gel Matrices after Calcination at 800°C under Atmospheric Conditions. Polymer Journal, 42, 167-171. https://doi.org/10.1038/pj.2009.316

  64. 64. Sawada, H., Sasaki, A. and Sasazawa, K. (2009) Preparation of Size-Controlled Cross-Linked Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Oligomer/Gold Nanocomposites. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 337, 57-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.11.048

  65. 65. Takashima, H., Iwaki, K., Takishita, K. and Sawada, H. (2009) Preparation and Applications of Novel Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Vinyltrimethoxysilane Oligomer/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 20, 887-891. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.1320

  66. 66. Takashima, H., Iwaki, K., Furukuwa, R., Takishita, K. and Sawada, H. (2008) Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 320, 436-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2007.12.029

  67. 67. Sawada, H., Takashima, H., Iwaki, K., Furukuwa, R. and Takishita, K. (2007) Preparation of Novel Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Oligomer/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 292, 403-406. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.200600462

  68. 68. Sawada, H., Sasaki, A., Sasazawa, K., Toriba, K., Kakehi, H., Miura, M. and Isu, N. (2008) Preparation of Colloidal Stable Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Oligomer/Silver Nanocomposites—Application to the Surface Modification of Traditional Organic Polymers with These Nanocomposites. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 19, 419-424. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.1027

  69. 69. Yoshioka, H., Ohnishi, K. and Sawada, H. (2007) Preparation of Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Oligomers/Magnetite Nanocomposites Possessing a Good Dispersibility and Stability. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, 128, 1104-1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluchem.2007.03.016

  70. 70. Sawada, H., Furukuwa, R., Sasazawa, K., Mugisawa, M. and Ohnishi, K. (2007) Preparation of Novel Cross-Linked Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Adamantane Cooligomer/Copper Nanocomposites. European Polymer Journal, 43, 3258-3263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.04.050

  71. 71. Sasazawa, K., Hirayama, Y. and Sawada, H. (2009) Facile Preparation and Characterization of Novel Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Oligomer/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites. Polymer International, 58, 177-182. https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.2511

  72. 72. Mugisawa, M., Kasai, R. and Sawada, H. (2009) Cross-Linked Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Co-Oligomeric Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Fullerene—A New Approach to the Surface Modification of Traditional Organic Polymers with Fullerene-Containing Nanoparticles. Langmuir, 25, 415-421. https://doi.org/10.1021/la800875s

  73. 73. Mugisawa, M., Ohnishi, K. and Sawada, H. (2007) Preparation of Novel Fluoroalkyl-End-Capped 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic Acid Cooligomeric Nanoparticles Containing Adamantane Units Possessing a Lower Critical Solution Temperature Characteristic in Organic Media. Langmuir, 23, 5848-58851. https://doi.org/10.1021/la062060+

  74. 74. Kijima, T., Javakhishvili, I., Jankova, K., Hvilsted, S., Kodama, S., Sugiya, M. and Sawada, H. (2012) Controlled Immobilization of Palladium Nanoparticles in Two Different Fluorinated Polymeric Aggregate Cores and Their Application in Catalysis. Colloid and Polymer Science, 290, 589-597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-011-2567-9

  75. 75. Sawada, E., Kakehi, H., Chounan, Y., Miura, M., Sato, Y., Isu, N. and Sawada, H. (2010) UV-Induced Switching Behavior of Novel Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Vinyltrimethoxysilane Oligomer/Titanium Oxide Nanocomposite between Superhydrophobicity and Superhydrophilicity with Good Oleophobicity. Composites Part B: Engineering, 41, 498-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2010.04.002

  76. 76. Saito, T., Kakehi, H., Kato, Y., Miura, M., Isu, N. and Sawada, H. (2013) Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Oligomers Possessing Nonflammable Characteristic in Calcium Carbonate Nanocomposites. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 24, 532-540. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.3111

  77. 77. Sawada, H., Kikuchi, M. and Nishida, M. (2011) Low Molecular Weight Aromatic Compounds Possessing a Nonflammable Characteristic in Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Acrylic Acid Oligomer/Silica Nanocomposite Matrices after Calcination at 800°C under Atmospheric Conditions. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 49, 1070-1078. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.24516

  78. 78. Sawada, H., Matsuki, Y., Goto, Y., Kodama, S., Sugiya, M. and Nishiyama, Y. (2010) Preparation of Novel Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Trimethoxyvinylsilane Oligomeric Nanoparticle-Encapsulated Binaphthol: Encapsulated Binaphthol Remaining Thermally Stable Even at 800°C. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 83, 75-81. https://doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.20090204

  79. 79. Mugisawa, M. and Sawada, H. (2008) Architecture of Linear Arrays of Fluorinated Co-Oligomeric Nanocomposite-Encapsulated Gold Nanoparticles: A New Approach to the Development of Gold Nanoparticles Possessing an Extremely Red-Shifted Absorption Characteristic. Langmuir, 24, 9215-9218. https://doi.org/10.1021/la8015035

  80. 80. Guo, S., Yoshioka, H., Kakehi, H., Kato, Y., Miura, M., Isu, N., Ameduri, B. and Sawada, H. (2012) Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Vinyltrimethoxysilane Oligomer/Anatase Titanium Oxide Nanocomposites Possessing Photocatalytic Activity Even after Calcination at 1000°C. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 387, 141-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2012.08.005

  81. 81. Guo, S., Yoshioka, H., Kato, Y., Kakehi, H., Miura, M., Isu, N., Manseri, A., Sawada, H. and Ameduri, B. (2014) Photocatalytic Activity of Vinylidene Fluoride-Containing Copolymers/Anatase Titanium Oxide/Silica Nanocomposites. European Polymer Journal, 58, 79-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.04.022

  82. 82. Guo, S., Ogasawara, T., Saito, T., Kakehi, H., Kato, Y., Miura, M., Isu, N. and Sawada, H. (2013) Preparation and Photocatalytic Activity of Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Vinyltrimethoxysilane Oligomer/Anatase Titanium Oxide Nanocomposite-Encapsulated Low Molecular Weight Aromatic Compounds. Colloid and Polymer Science, 291, 2947-2957. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-013-3027-5

  83. 83. Sawada, H., Gong, Y.F., Minoshima, Y., Matsumoto, T., Nakayama, M., Kosugi, M. and Migita, T. (1992) Synthesis and Surfactant Properties of Fluoroalkylated Oligomers Containing Carboxy Groups. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, 537-538. https://doi.org/10.1039/c39920000537

  84. 84. Sawada, H., Yoshino, Y., Ikematsu, Y. and Kawase, T. (2000) Synthesis and Properties of Fluoro-Alkylated End-Capped Acrylamide Oligomers. European Polymer Journal, 36, 231-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(99)00086-5

  85. 85. Watanabe, K., Taniguchi, T. and Kaneda, H. (2004) Direct-Bandgap Properties and Evidence for Ultraviolet Lasing of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Single Crystal. Nature Materials, 3, 404-409. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1134

  86. 86. Sawada, H., Yanagida, K., Inaba, Y., Sugiya, M., Kawase, T. and Tomita, T. (2001) Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Novel Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Cooligomers Containing Dimethyl(Octyl)Ammonium Segments. European Polymer Journal, 37, 1433-1439. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(01)00005-2

  87. 87. Kim, K., Kim, M., Hwang, Y. and Kim, J. (2014) Chemically Modified Boron Nitride-Epoxy Terminated Dimethylsiloxane Composite for Improving the Thermal Conductivity. Ceramics International, 40, 2047-2056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.07.117

  88. 88. Sawada, H., Tashima, T. and Kodama, S. (2008) Preparation of a Variety of Fluoroalkyl End-Capped N-(1,1-Dimethyl-3-Oxobutyl)Acrylamide Oligomer/Silica Nanocomposites Possessing No Weight Loss Characteristic at 800°C. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 19, 739-747. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.1050

  89. 89. Sawada, H., Tashima, T., Nishiyama, Y., Kikuchi, M., Kostov, G., Goto, Y. and Ameduri, B. (2011) Iodine Transfer Terpolymerization of Vinylidene Fluoride, α-Trifluoromethacrylic Acid and Hexafluoropropylene for Exceptional Thermostable Fluoropolymers/Silica Nanocomposites. Macromolecules, 44, 1114-1124. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma102532k

  90. 90. Sawada, H., Kakehi, H., Tashima, T., Nishiyama, Y., Miura, M. and Isu, N. (2009) Fluoroalkyl End-Capped Oligomer Possessing a Nonflammable Characteristic in Silica Gel Matrices Even at 800°C under Atmospheric Conditions. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 112, 3482-3487. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.29942

  91. 91. Walsh, R. (1981) Bond Dissociation Energy Values in Silicon-Containing Compounds and Some of Their Implications. Accounts of Chemical Research, 14, 246-252. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00068a004

  92. 92. Hildenbrnd, D.L. and Murad, E. (1965) Dissociation Energy of Boron Monofluoride from Mass-Spectrometric Studies. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 43, 1400-1403. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1696932

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