ABSTRACT

Two novel coordination compounds, [Zn(L)₂(OOCH)₂] (1) and [Zn(L)₃(OCHO)](OCHO)]・H₂O (2) (where L = 2-isopropylimidazole, C₆H₁₀N₂) have been prepared by reaction of 2-isopropylimidazole with zinc(II) formate at room temperature using toluene as solvent. These compounds were characterized by elemental and thermal analyses, IR, ¹HNMR and ¹³CNMR spectroscopies, single crystal X-ray diffraction and DFT studies. The Zn centers in 1 and 2 adopt pseudo-tetrahedral coordination geometries. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic system P2/c space group whereas compound 2 crystallizes in the P-1 space group of the triclinic crystal system. Several types of hydrogen intra-/intermolecular interactions are observed in these materials and extend into a two-dimensional leaf like network in 1 and a two-dimensional lattice of rectilinear pillars in 2. Compounds 1 and 2 were also optimized and their frontier molecular orbitals, global reactivity descriptors, molecular electrostatic potential, natural bond orbitals were investigated using density functional theory (DFT). In fact the induced structural differences from complex 1 to complex 2 led to the reduction of the frontier molecular orbital energy gap by 1.338 eV and a decrease of the chemical hardness by 0.669 eV.

Keywords:

Zinc(II) Complexes of 2-Isopropylimidazole, Thermogravimetric Analysis, ¹H-MR, ¹³C-MR, Crystal Structure, DFT Studies

1. Introduction

In recent years, the use of low-molecular weight coordination compounds as models for the active site in metalloproteins has gained much attention [1] . Also, the metal zinc is an essential element to all forms of livelihood, which is indispensable for the effective growth and development of living organisms and has beneficial therapeutic effects on diseases such as malaria and pneumonia [2] . Furthermore, Zinc complexes are part of a burgeoning network of bioactive inorganic molecules with a number of noteworthy biological activities [3] . In humans, zinc complexes have catalytic and structural functions in an estimated 300 enzymes, an example being carboxypeptidase A. This enzyme has been the subject of many recent reviews [4] [5] . In fact, carboxypeptidase A removes the C-terminal amino acid residue with an aromatic or branched aliphatic side chain from peptide substrate [6] . As one of the most intensively studied enzymes, it has contributed enormously to the elucidation of the catalytic mechanism of other zinc-containing proteolytic enzymes and served as a prototypical enzyme for a large number of pathologically important metalloenzymes. Carboxypeptidase A has also been used as a model in the development of inhibitor design strategies for medicinal purposes [7] [8] [9] . Another well-known zinc enzyme is carbonic anhydrase. Since its discovery in 1932, carbonic anhydrase has been the subject of intense study too [10] . It functions primarily in CO₂ transport and excretion in blood [10] and is important in photosynthesis because of its ability to convert CO₂ to ${\text{HCO}}_3^{-}$ reversibly [11] . Molecular, biochemical and genetic studies of carbonic anhydrase, analyzed in various tissues of many organs and plant species suggested its effect on a wide range of diverse biological processes, including pH regulation, gas and ion exchange, provision of bicarbonate for anaplerotic reactions, and fatty acid biosynthesis [12] .

Recently, we have reproduced the active site of carboxypeptidase A through the synthesis and characterization of bisformatobis(2-isopropylimidazole)zinc(II) [13] and bis(2-ethylimidazole)bisformatozinc(II)-water (1/1), [Zn(N₂H₈C₅)₂(OCHO)₂]・H₂O [14] by choosing a transition metal that is present in the naturally existing enzyme and ligands containing oxygen and nitrogen donor atoms. We now intend, on one hand, to enlarge this family of compounds and, on the other hand, to modify the active site of carboxypeptidase A, which was reproduced in bisformatobis(2-isopropylimidazole)zinc(II) [13] . This is realized through the replacement of one formate ligand in bisformatobis(2-isopropylimidazole)zinc(II) (1) by a 2-isopropylimidazole ligand and to evaluate the structural, electronic and enzymatic effects this may have. We report, herein, the synthesis, crystal structures and DFT studies of two model enzymes, bisformatobis(2-isopropylimidazole)zinc(II), [Zn(N₂H₁₀C₆)₂(OOCH)₂] (1) and formatotris(2-isopropylimidazole)Zn(II) formate-water (1/2), [Zn(N₂H₁₀C₆)₃(OCHO)](OCHO)・2H₂O (2).

2. Experimental Section

2.1. Materials and Method

All the chemicals were purchased from Aldrich and used without further purification. The syntheses of the complexes were carried out in air. Their melting points were uncorrected and measured using an SMP3 Stuart Scientific instrument operating at a 1.5˚C/min ramp rate. Elemental analysis (C, H, N) was performed with a Fisson Instrument 1108 CHNS-O elemental analyzer, and the thermogravimetric analysis was performed using a Perkin-Elmer STA 6000 thermo-balance. The IR spectrum was recorded with a Perkin-Elmer System 100 FT-IR spectrophometer, meanwhile the NMR spectra (400 MHz, ¹H and 100 MHz, ¹³C) were measured on a Mercury Plus Variant 400 spectrophotometer operating at room temperature. Proton chemical shift (δ) values are reported in parts per million (ppm) from SiMe₄ (calibrating by internal deuterium solvent lock). Peak multiplicities are abbreviated as: singlet, s; doublet, d; triplet, t; quartet, q and multiplet, m. Single crystals of the materials were coated with dry perfluoropolyether and placed at the tip of a glass fiber in a cold nitrogen stream [T = 173(2) K] and mounted on a goniometer. The intensity data were collected on a Bruker-Nonius X8ApexII CCD area detector diffractometer using Mo-K_α-radiation source (λ = 0.71073 Å) fitted with a graphite monochromator. The data collection strategy used was ω and φ rotations with narrow frames (width of 0.50 degree). Instrument and crystal stability were evaluated from the measurement of equivalent reflections at different measuring times and no decay was observed. The data were reduced using SAINT [15] and corrected for Lorentz and polarization effects, and a semi-empirical absorption correction was applied (SADABS) [16] . The structure was solved by direct methods using SIR-2002 [17] and refined against all F² data by full-matrix least-squares techniques using SHELXL-2016/6 [18] minimizing w[Fo²-Fc²]². All the non-hydrogen atoms were refined with anisotropic displacement parameters. The hydrogen atoms of the compound were included in the calculated positions and allowed to ride on the attached atoms with isotropic temperature factors (U_iso values) fixed at 1.2 times those U_eq values of the corresponding attached atoms. Theoretical studies were performed using the Gaussian 09 Revision―A.02-SMP program [19] . The vibrational frequencies, natural bond orbitals, electronic structures and geometries of the compounds were computed using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP level of theory of the Lanl2DZ basis set. Molecular orbitals (MO) were visualized using the Gauss View 5.0.8 program. Global reactivity descriptors (chemical potential (μ) chemical hardness (η) molecular electrophilicity (w) and chemical softness) were computed from the energies of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). For a donor atom (i) and an acceptor atom (j), the stabilization energy E⁽²⁾ associated with the electron delocalization between the donor and acceptor was obtained from the relationship; E⁽²⁾ = ΔEij = qⁱF(ij)/(Ej-Ei) (where qi = orbital occupancy, Ej, Ei = diagonal elements and F(ij) = off diagonal NBO fock matrix element.

2.2. Syntheses

2.2.1. Bisformatobis(2-Isopropylimidazole)Zinc(II),[Zn(L)₂(OOCH)₂] (1)

To a stirred solution of zinc(II) formate?water (1/2), Zn(OCHO)₂・2H₂O (1.0 g, 5.20 mmol) in 5 mL of toluene was added in small portions, solid of L = 2-isopropylimidazole, C₆H₁₀N₂ (1.15 g, 10.40 mmol) at room temperature. The solution was stirred overnight, whereby a solid precipitate was formed. The mixture was then filtered, washed trice, firstly with acetone and then twice with a DCM:cyclohexane (1:1) mixture and then dissolved in a DCM:n-hexane (1:1) mixture. The partial evaporation of the solvent gave colorless crystals of 1 in 80% yield of formula mass 375.73 g/mol and melting point of 91˚C ± 2˚C. The results obtained from the analysis of the elements indicated 44.75% C (Calc. 44.75%), 14.95% N (Calc. 14.85%) and 5.90% H (Calc. 5.90), thus confirming the formula of 1 as C₁₄H₂₂N₄O₄Zn. This material was found to be slightly soluble in methanol and dichloromethane and insoluble in water.

2.2.2. Formatotris(2-Isopropylimidazole)zinc(II) Formate-Water (1/2), [Zn(L)₃(OCHO)](OCHO)・2H₂O(2)

To a colorless solution of zinc(II) formate-water (1/2), Zn(OCHO)₂・2H₂O (0.1 g, 0.50 mmol) in toluene (15 mL) was slowly added L = 2-isopropylimidazole, C₆H₁₀N₂ (0. 23 g, 2.0 mmol), which was maintain under agitation at room temperature. A solid precipitate formed within the reaction mixture was collected by filtration, washed with acetone and dissolved in a methanol:hexane (1:1) mixture. The quasi evaporation of the solvent from the mother liquor gave colorless crystalline solid of 2 at 82% yield, found to have a molar mass of 519.90 g/mol and melted at 90˚C ± 2˚C. Elemental analysis results obtained are, 48.28% C (47.67), 16.83% N (16.80) and 7.19% (6.80), confirming C₂₀H₃₄N₆O₆Zn as the empirical formula of 2.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Spectroscopic Results

The spectrum of compound 1 displays a weak band at 3136 cm⁻¹ attributable to the valence vibration of the N-H group of the 2-isopropylimidazole fraction. The displacement of this frequency to a lower value is an indication that this group is engaged in hydrogen bond formation. The variable broad bands occurring between 2967 - 2823 cm⁻¹ is due to C-H vibration of both the imidazole and the methyl groups of the ligand. The broad intense band observed between 1610 - 1472 cm⁻¹ is assignable to the vibrations of C=O of the formate group, the C=C and C=N fractions of the imidazole unit. The intense band observed in the interval 1376 - 1298 cm⁻¹ can be assigned to C-N and C-C vibrations of the imidazole ring. Even though the spectrum of 1 indicated the absence of O-H vibration of water, compound 2 shows a slight deflection at 3300 cm⁻¹ due to O-H vibration, indicating the presence of uncoordinated water in the material. The medium band at 3074 cm⁻¹ can be assigned to the valence vibration of N-H group of 2-isopropylimidazole. This band expected between 4000 - 3200 cm⁻¹ is shifted to lower frequency, indicating the involvement of this group in hydrogen bond formation. Furthermore, the broad band observed in the interval 2970 - 2684 cm⁻¹ is due to C-H vibration of the ligand. While the large intense bands appearing between 1595 - 1473 cm⁻¹ is attributable to the C=C and C=N vibrations of the imidazole ring. The bands occurring from 1398 cm⁻¹ to 1295 cm⁻¹ arises due to C-C and C-N vibrations of the imidazolic unit.

Complex 1 was also subject to ¹H and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopies. The ¹HNMR spectrum shows five types of protons. The multiplet appearing at δ = 1.2 ppm is due to the resonance of the methyl protons of the isopropyl group (6H, m, −CH₃). Two singlets observed at δ = 13.3 ppm and δ = 8.5 ppm are attributable to the N-H imidazolyl proton (1H, s, −NH) and the proton of the carboxyllate group (1H, s, HCOO) respectively. The multiplet observed at δ = 6.8 ppm is due to the resonance vibration of the −CH=CH-protons of the imidazole cycle (2H, m, −CH=CH−) while that occurring at 3.1 ppm is assignable to the resonance vibration of the -CH- proton of the isopropyl substituent (1H, m, −CH−). On the other hand, the ¹³CNMR spectrum indicated the presence of six types of carbon atoms in the complex. In fact, the peak at δ = 169.3 ppm is due to the carbon atom of the carboxyllate group (1C), while the methyl carbons of the isopropyl group resonates at δ = 21.3 ppm (2C). This spectrum also shows two sp² carbon atoms resonating at δ = 117.5 ppm (1C) and 125.0 ppm (1C) due to the carbon atoms of the −CH=CH− groups of the imidazole ring and one sp³ carbon atom at δ = 28.4 ppm (1C) arising from the resonance of the isopropyle’s −CH− carbon atom. Finally, the peak observed at δ = 155.9 ppm is due to the −C=N carbon of the imidazolyl ring.

3.2. Results of Thermal Analyses

These complexes were subjected to thermal analyses during which complex 1 was heated from 25˚C - 350˚C while 2 was heated from 25˚C to 450˚C and the results obtained are illustrated on Figure 1. The figures display two curves, one in red and the other in blue. The blue curves represent the change in mass of the samples as they are subjected to heat while the red curves indicate the variations in the heat content of the material during heating. Complex 1 (Figure 1(a)) is thermally stable up 100˚C, after which it underwent a 28.5% mass loss between 100˚C - 230˚C corresponding to the departure of one 2-isopropylimidazole molecule (Calc. 29.3%). Moreover, the curve indicating the variation of the heat content indicates two endothermic processes at 106˚C and 210˚C. The endothermic process observed at 106˚C is associated with the melting of the material and has an enthalpy, ∆Hf = 7.0 kJ・mol⁻¹. Meanwhile, Figure 1(b) shows that 2 is thermally stable up to 60˚C, followed by a significant 55% weight loss in the interval of 90˚C - 230˚C attributable to the departure of two molecules of uncoordinated water, two 2-isopropylimidazole molecules and one formate anion (Calc. 56%). The heat change curve indicates four endothermic processes, one at 70˚C and three between 185˚C and 230˚C. The endothermic process at 70˚C is associated with the melting of the material and has a transformation enthalpy, ΔH_f = 3.75 kJ・mol⁻¹. The two endothermic processes around 185˚C indicate the beginning of the progressive departure of C₆H₁₀N₂, HCOO⁻ and H₂O of the material.

3.3. Structural Determination

Single crystals of the complexes were subjected to X-ray analyses and their MERCURY and ORTEP views are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 respectively. The unit cells in which these materials crystallize are shown in Figure 4 while the crystallographic data and the structural refinement details used in the full description of their molecular crystalline structures are summarized in Table 1.

The crystallographic data indicate that complex 1 crystallizes in the P2/c space group of the monoclinic system while complex 2 is found in the triclinic system with the P-1 space group. Actually, these compounds consist of a zinc atom situated at the center of a tetrahedral. This geometry is similar to what is observed in [Zn(OOCCH₃)₂(pzH)₂] (where pzH = pyrazole) [20] . More so, the formate unit adopts a monodentate coordination mode, just as was noticed earlier in [Zn(N₂H₈C₅)₂(OCHO)₂]・H₂O [14] . In the neutral compound 1, the geometry around the zinc center is constructed by two nitrogen atoms (Zn-N = 2.004 Å) from two 2-isopropylimidazole molecules and two oxygen atoms (Zn-O = 1.957 Å) from two formate units. Meanwhile, in compound 2, the geometry around the zinc atom is established by three nitrogen atoms (Zn(2)-N(7) = 1.990 Å,

Zn(2)-N(9) = 2.000 Å, Zn(2)-N(11) = 1.970 Å) from three 2-isopropylimidazole ligands and one oxygen atom (Zn(2)-O(3) = 1.960 Å) from a formate group, giving rise to a cationic [Zn(N₂H₁₀C₆)₃(OCHO)]⁺ coordination entity, one anionic formate counter ion and two hydrated water molecules. Some selected bond lengths and angles in the compounds are summarized in Table 2. The arrangement of the 2-isopropylimidazole ligands in the molecular structure of 1 creates π-π interactions of the order 3.156 Å to 5.149 Å due to the proximity of the electronic cloud around the aromatic nuclei of 2-isopropylimidazoles. Moreover, some intermolecular hydrogen interactions observed in 1 and 2 are summarized on the Table 3 and Table 4. These interactions generate in the crystal lattice of 1 a two-dimensional leaf like structure shown in Figure 5 containing cavities of various sizes and shapes. Some pseudo-rectangular cavities of dimensions of 9.832 Å × 8.919 Å for example, found within this crystal structure and having vertices occupied by the zinc atoms, are likely to accommodate small molecules. On the other hand, the interactions in 2 generate a two-dimensional crystalline lattice consisting of important rectilinear pillars (Figure 6), in which the anions and the cations alternate, leaving small cavities occupied by water molecules of crystallization and capable of inducing particular properties in the material.

3.4. DFT Studies

DFT studies were performed on both complexes, at the B3LYP level of theory, using the Lanl2DZ basis set in the gas phase. The optimized structures obtained are shown in Figure 7. The optimized structure of 1 shows a partial delocalization of the π-electron systems of the formate group and the imidazolyl rings. In the optimized structure of 2, the π-electron systems of the formate groups and those of two imidazole ligands are partially delocalized while that of one imidazole moiety is completely delocalized. The geometric parameters of these optimized structures are summarized on Table 5 and Table 6. All the bonds around the Zn(II) center in 1 and 2 are slightly elongated in the optimized structure with acceptable discrepancies ranging from 0.010 - 0.083 Å in 1 and 0.024 -

R1 = Σ//F_a/ − /F_c//Σ/F_a/, $\text{wR2}={\left[\Sigma {\left({\text{F}}_{\text{a}}^2-{\text{F}}_{\text{c}}^2\right)}^{\text{2}}/\Sigma \text{w}{\left({\text{F}}_{\text{a}}^2\right)}^{\text{2}}\right]}^{\text{1}/\text{2}}$ .

0.138 Å in 2. However, the N₁₀-Zn₉-N₇ and N₁₀-Zn₉-O₂₃ angles in 1 are enlarged, while the O₂₃-Zn₉-O₁₈ angle is compressed in the optimized structure. In fact, the N₁₀-Zn₉-N₇ angle which is increased from 103.34˚ in the experimental structure to 115.86˚ in the optimized structure shows an exaggerated disparity of 12.19˚. Meanwhile, the discrepancy observed between the experimental angles and theoretical angles of N₁₀-Zn₉-O₂₃ and O₂₃-Zn₉-O₁₈ in the interval 4.06˚ - 5.57˚ is

Symmetry transformations used to generate equivalent atoms: #1 ?x + 1, y, −z + 3/2 #2 −x, y, −z + 1/2.

within the acceptable range. In complex 2, all bond angles around the Zn(II) tetrahedron are increased in the optimized structure except the N₁₈-Zn₁-N₁₀ and N₁₈-Zn₁-N₂ angles which are compressed. The disparity between these bond

angles in the experimental and the theoretical structures (between 2.28˚ - 8.56˚) are acceptable except for the N₁₈-Zn₁-N₂ and N₂-Zn₁-N₁₀ which are exaggerated. That is, while the N₁₈-Zn₁-N₂ angle is compressed from 116.31˚ in the experimental structure to 103.58˚ in the optimized with a difference of 12.73˚, the N₂-Zn₁-N₁₀ angle is enlarged from 105.20˚ in the experimental structure to 117.96˚ in the theoretical structure, giving a disparity of 12.96˚. The frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) of both complexes were also computed using the Lanl2DZ basis set at the B3LYP level. The results obtained are shown on Figure 8. The energies and electron densities of these orbitals are important tools used in describing the chemical reactivity and excitation properties. Recently the energy gap between HOMO and LUMO has been used to prove the bioactivity of a molecule from intramolecular charge transfer [21] . Compound 1 has 260 molecular orbitals, 89 occupied and 172 unoccupied. The highest occupied molecular orbital, the 89^th has an energy of −6.207 eV while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, the 90^th has an energy of −0.181 eV. Compound 2 has 370 molecular orbitals, of which 129 are occupied and 241 are unoccupied. The highest occupied molecular orbital of 2 is the 129^th, with an energy of −5.543 eV, while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital which is 130^th has an energy of −0.855 eV. The red colors on these orbitals show the positive phases while the

green colors represent the negative phases [22] . The figure shows that major contributions to the HOMO of complex 1 are made by the formate ligands while the main contributions to the HOMO in compound 2 are made by one water molecule of crystallization. However, some small contributions to the HOMO of 2 were observed from the −C=N nitrogen atom of one imidazolyl fragment. Furthermore, major contributions to the LUMO of 1 came from the three 2-isopropylimidazolyl ligands meanwhile the major contributions to the LUMO of 2 were made by only one 2-isopropylimidazole fragment of the molecule. The global reactive descriptors of both complexes (Table 7) were obtained using the E_HOMO and E_LUMO. The global reactivity descriptors predict the reactivity and kinetic stability of a chemical special. In fact, molecules with large frontier molecular orbital gap or high values of chemical hardness are generally considered as hard molecules and are characterized by less polarizability, high kinetic stability and low chemical reactivity. Contrarily, molecules with small frontier molecular orbital gap or low values of chemical hardness are termed soft molecules. Such molecules are characterized by high degree of polarizability, low kinetic stability and high chemical reactivity. It is observed from Table 7 that compound 1 has a higher frontier molecular orbital gap and a higher value of chemical hardness than compound 2. Thus compound 2 is a softer molecule which is easily polarizable, with a low kinetic stability and a higher reactivity than complex 1. This implies that the replacement of one formate group in bisformatobis(2-isopropylimidazole)zinc(II) (1) by a 2-isopropylimidazole unit couple with the presence of one formate counter ion and two hydrated water molecules in its unit cell increases the reactivity of the complex. This is achieved by the reduction of the frontier molecular orbital energy gap by 1.338 eV and the decrease of its chemical hardness by 0.669 eV. Moreover, the analysis of the molecular electrostatic potential map shows that the formate ligands of 1 offer sites for electrophilic attack while in complex 2, the counter fomate anion is the only site susceptible to attack by electrophiles. Furthermore, the theoretical vibrational frequencies and corresponding assignments of the complexes were investigated using the LanL2DZ basis set and the results obtained are shown in Table 8. The O-H vibrations of complex 2 and the N-H vibrations of both complexes are shifted to higher values compared to the values obtained experimentally. Meanwhile, the theoretical C=C and C=N of both complexes are close to the experimental values and to those reported in literature. In order to comprehend the role of intermolecular orbital interaction

ῡ: vibration, wat: water, Iso: isopropyl, uncoord: uncoordinated, im: imidazole, form: formate s: stretching, as: asymmetric stretching, ss: symmetric stretching, r: rocking.

in the material in terms of charge transfer, Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analyses were carried out on both complexes. This was achieved by considering all possible interactions between filled donor and empty acceptor NBOs and by estimating their energetic importance by second-order perturbation theory [23] . NBO analysis effectively studies intra and intermolecular binding through the examination of the degree of delocalization of electrons that usually occurs when ligand orbitals overlap with metal orbitals. When the interaction between the electron donor and electrons acceptor is strong, there is a greater extent of conjugation. This is often characterized by high values of the stabilization energy, E⁽²⁾. The stabilization energies, E⁽²⁾ for the most important intramolecular charge transfer interactions are summarized in Table 9 for compound 1 and Table 10 for compound 2. The donation of lone pair of electrons from N7 to an anti-bonding orbital of Zn9 in compound 1 was accompanied by an electron delocalization of 0.283 leading to the stabilization of the molecule by 33.070 kcal/mol. Meanwhile, the donation of the lone pair of electrons from Zn9 stabilized the molecule by 33.130 kcal/mol with a delocalization of 0.283. Furthermore, the donation of the second lone pair of electrons from O18 to LP*(6)Zn₉ and LP*(7)Zn₉ induced a stabilization energy of 30.750 kcal/mol and 22.860 kcal/mol respectively. It was also observed that the donation of the second lone pair of electrons from O23 to LP*(6)Zn₉ and LP*(7)Zn₉ stabilized the molecule by 30.460 kcal/mol and 23.120 kcal/mol respectively. Other strong interactions noticed in this complex involved the donation of a second lone pair of electrons from O20 to the anti-bonding orbital, π*O18-C19. This led to an electron delocalization of 0.064 and a stabilization energy of 72.970 kcal/mol. The donation of the third lone pair of electrons from O23 to π*C₂₁-O₂₂ anti-bonding orbital stabilized the molecule by 71.700 kcal/mol while the donation of the first lone

pair of electrons from N13 to π*N10-C14 caused a delocalization of 0.027 with a stabilization energy of 59.880 kcal/mol. In compound 2, the donation of the first lone pair of electrons from N2 to the anti-bonding orbital of Zn1 stabilized the molecule by 41.970 kcal/mol with an electron delocalization of 0.290, meanwhile, the donation of first lone pair of electrons from N10 to Zn anti-bonding orbital led to a delocalization of 0.291 and a stabilization energy of 32.580 kcal/mol. Furthermore the donation of the first lone pair of electrons from N18 and the second lone pair of electrons from O26 to an anti-bonding orbital of Zn1 was accompanied by a stabilization of 25.240 kcal/mol and 31.230 kcal/mol respectively. Some additional significant interactions observed in complex 2 included, πC₃-C₄ to LP(2)N₂, LP(2)N₂ to π*N₅-C₆, LP(1)N₅ to δ*O₃₁-H₄₂, LP(1)N₁₃ to π*N₁₀-C₁₄, LP(1)N₂₁ to π*N₁₈-C₂₂, LP(3)O₂₆ to π*C₂₇-O₂₈ and LP(2)O₃₁ to π*O29-C30 with stabilization energies of 74.890, 74.580, 133.930, 64.040, 60.290, 59.200 and 64.020 kcal/mol respectively. The values indicate the delocalization of electrons from the second lone pair of N2 to the neighboring N5-C6, first lone pair of N13 to the neighboring N10-C14, first lone pair of N21 to neighboring N18-C22, third lone pair of O26 to C27-O28 and the second lone pair of O31 to the neighboring O29-C30.

4. Conclusion

Two new zinc(II) complexes based on

2-isoproplylimidazole,bisformatobis(2-isopropylimidazole)zinc(II) (1) and formatotris(2-isopropylimidazole)zinc(II) formate-water (1/2) (2) have been synthesized and characterized in an attempt to modify the active site present in the

(*) indicates anti-bonding, LP(A) is a valence lone pair orbital on atom A, ED is electron delocalization, F(i,j) is the Fock matrix elements (a.u) between i and j NBO.

enzyme mimic, bisformatobis(2-isopropylimidazole)zinc(II) (1), by replacing one of its formate ligands by a 2-isopropylimidazole group. This, we thought could be achieved by varying the molar ratio of zinc(II) formate-water (1/2) and 2-isopropylimidazole from 1:2 in 1 to 1:4 in 2. Although the attempt was successful, the additional presence of one formate counter ion and two hydrated water molecules was observed in the crystal structure of 2. This structural differences induced in these complexes, affected the electronic and physicochemical properties of the complexes. For instance, while compound 1 appeared thermally stable up to 100˚C, compound 2 was only stable up to 60˚C. Furthermore, the intra- and intermolecular interactions observed in these materials generated a two-dimensional leaf like crystalline network in structure 1 and a two-dimensional crystalline lattice of rectilinear pillars in 2. The structural differences between 1 and 2 also reduced the frontier molecular orbital energy gap and the chemical hardness of compound 1. Thus the reactivity of the modified enzyme mimic 2 was found to be greater than that of 1. Finally, we realized that the modification of the active site present in complex 1 through the synthesis of complex 2 led to the reproduction of the active site present in another naturally existing enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, in which the Zn metal center is found in a pseudo-tetrahedral geometry built up by three nitrogen atoms from three histidine molecules and one oxygen atom from a coordinated water [24] . Meanwhile, the enzymatic effects this modification may have would be published in our future reports.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Prof E. Alvarez of Instituto de Investigaciones Quimicas (IIQ)-Universidad de Sevilla (Spain) for X-ray facilities and to Prof C. Pettinari of the University of Camerino (Italy) for spectroscopic and Thermogravimetric analyses facilities. We are also grateful for the “allocation spéciale pour la modernisation de la recherche universitaire” from the Ministry of Higher Education (Cameroon).

Supplementary Material

Detailed crystallographic data in CIF format has been deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC number: 1850662-1850663). The data can be obtained free of charge at http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/conts/retrieving.html [or from Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC), 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 IEZ, UK; fax: +44 (0) 1223-336033; e-mail: deposit@ccdc.cam.ac.uk].

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Cite this paper

Anguile, J.J., Ngnabeuye, O.N., Bridget, N.N., Fomuta, T.R., Djoumbissie, A.L., Tagne, A.C.K. and Ngoune, J. (2018) Synthesis, Characterization and DFT Studies of Two Zinc(II) Complexes Based on 2-Isopropylimidazole. Open Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 8, 105-124. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojic.2018.84009

References