Received 25 August 2014; revised 16 September 2014; accepted 14 October 2014

ABSTRACT

Specific heat measurements have been made in glassy Se_80−xTe₂₀Ag_x (0 ≤ x ≤ 15) alloys using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique. An extremely large increase in the specific heat values has been observed at the glass transition temperature. It has also been found that the values of C_p below glass transition temperature and the difference of C_p values before and after glass transition (∆C_p) are highly composition dependent. This indicates that the incorporation of Ag in binary Se₈₀Te₂₀ alloy in the present study influences the structure of the binary alloy. Specific heat of the additive element Ag is found to be important for the observed changes in the specific heat of the ternary alloys as compared to binary alloy.

Keywords:

Chalcogenide Glasses, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Glass Transition, Specific Heat

1. Introduction

Chalcogenide glasses belong to family of non-oxide glassy alloys, which contain a large amount of chalcogen elements Se, S and Te from VI group of the Periodic Table. These glasses behave as semiconductor. A variety of stable glasses have been prepared in bulk, fiber, thin film and multilayer forms using melt quenching, vacuum deposition and various other less common techniques. These glasses are being used in computer memories, erasable high density optical memories, photoconductive applications such as photoreceptors in copying machines and X-ray imaging plates, I.R. optical lenses and windows and high sensitivity ionic sensors [1] -[4] using silver doped chalcogenide glasses. Due to these technical advantages of chalcogenide glasses, these materials are being studied all over the world by scientists as well as engineers.

One of the most significant problems in the area of glasses is the understanding of glass transition temperature and structural relaxation [5] -[9] . The glass transition is exhibited as an endothermic peak or a shift in the base line in the scan of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) due to change in specific heat.

Specific heat is very sensitive to the way in which atoms or molecules are dynamically bound in a solid [10] . Thus the measurement of such parameter like heat capacity will lead to a valuable test for characterizing material as glassy substance. An abrupt change in specific heat at the glass transition is characteristic of all chalcogenide glasses. The parameter detects sensitively the change in the microstructure of the glass which can be seen by the jump of the specific heat close to the Dulong and the Petit value C_p = 3R. Some attempts have been made to measure the specific heat of chalcogenide glasses in old [11] -[17] and recent past [18] [19] . However, the explanations for the change in specific heat before and after glass transition are of diversified in nature. More experimental work is required in this direction.

Chalcogenide glasses containing Ag have attracted much interest in glass science and technology for fundamental research of their structure, properties and preparation [20] . They have many current and potential applications in optics, optoelectronics, chemistry and biology such as optical elements, gratings, photo-doping, optical memories, microlenses, waveguides, holography, bio- and chemical-sensors, solid electrolytes, batteries etc. [20] .

One other aspect of silver’s influence in Ag-containing chalcogenide glasses is the effect on the electrical conductivity of the glasses, which can be changed by several orders of magnitudes when Ag is introduced. Therefore, investigations on the influence of Ag on the electrical properties of chalcogenide glasses are of relevance both from the basic science and application point of view. The low free energy of crystallization of Ag (48 kcal/mol) was a further reason to consider the introduction of Ag in chalcogenide glasses used for phase change optical recording [21] -[24] . This is one of the main requirements for good optical recording-high phase transformation rate.

Chalcogenide glasses containing Ag, generally, exhibit single glass transition and single crystallization temperature, which is an important condition for rewritable disks. Thin films of chalcogenide glasses containing Ag have been found application in erasable PC optical recording [20] . Different Ag doped chalcogenide alloys have been developed as recording layer and their good practical performance has been reported [20] . The electrical, optical and structural properties of Ag doped chalcogenide glasses have been studied by various workers [25] -[27] but no serious attempts have been made to report specific heat studies in these materials [28] . This motivated us to start work in this direction. The present paper reports the effect of Ag additives on the specific heat in binary Se₈₀Te₂₀ alloy.

2. Experimental

Glassy alloys of Se_80−xTe₂₀Ag_x (0 ≤ x ≤ 15) were prepared by quenching technique. High purity materials (5 N pure) were weighed according to their atomic percentages and were sealed in quartz ampoules under the vacuum of 10⁻⁵ Torr. Each ampoule was kept inside the furnace at 1000˚C (where the temperature was raised at a rate of 3˚C - 4˚C/min). The ampoules were rocked frequently for 10 hrs at the maximum temperature to make the melt homogeneous. Quenching was done in ice water and the glassy nature of alloys was checked by X-ray diffraction technique. The XRD pattern of ternary Se₇₀Te₂₀Ag₁₀ alloy is shown in Figure 1. The absence of any sharp peak confirms the glassy nature of alloy. Similar XRD patters were obtained for other glasses.

The glasses, thus prepared, were ground to make fine powder for DSC studies. Constant heating rate of 10 K/min was used for DSC scans. Then 5 - 10 mg of the sample was kept inside in the pans and then thermoscans were recorded under almost identical conditions.

Measurements were made under almost identical conditions so that a comparison of specific heat C_p could be made in order to understand the effect of changing the composition of Ag in binary Se₈₀Te₂₀ alloy. Using these plots, the specific heat of each alloy is measured at different temperature in the glass transition region.

3. Results and Discussions

Figure 2 shows the typical DSC thermogram for ternary alloy Se₇₀Te₂₀Ag₁₀ at the heating rate of 10 K/min. Similar thermograms were obtained for other glassy alloys. When a material is subjected to a linear temperature programme, the heat flow rate into the sample is proportional to its instantaneous specific heat. Since the scanning rate of the DSC analyzer is linear and the instrument measures heat flow directly, the specific heat of a sample material is easily calculated.

The variation of C_p as a function of temperature at the heating rate of 10 K/min for each glassy alloy is shown in Figure 3. It is clear from this figure that below glass transition temperature, C_p is weakly temperature dependent. However, near glass transition temperature, C_p increases drastically with the increase of temperature and shows maxima at glass transition temperature. After glass transition temperature, C_p attains a stable value which is slightly higher as compared to C_p below glass transition temperature. The sudden jump in C_p value for each alloy at glass transition can be attributed [29] to anharmonic contribution to the specific heat. The overshoot in the value of C_p at the upper end of the “C_p jump” at glass transition is due to the relaxation effects. The time scale [30] for structural relaxation is highly dependent both on temperature and on the instantaneous structure itself. The observed peak in C_p at glass transition temperature T_g may be due to the fact that the structural relaxation times at this temperature becomes of the same order as the time scale of the experiment.

The difference of specific heat values (∆C_p) after glass transition (i.e., equilibrium liquid specific heat C_pe) and before glass transition (i.e., glass specific heat C_pg) has been calculated for each glassy alloy and the values of C_pe, C_pg and ∆C_p are given in Table 1. From this table, it is observed that the value of glass specific heat C_pg and equilibrium liquid specific heat C_pe are higher for ternary alloys as compared to binary alloy Se₈₀Te₂₀ (see Table 1).

This increase in C_pe and C_pg of ternary Se-Te-Ag alloys can be explained in terms of atomic weights of Se and Ag. The additive element (Ag) is added in Se-Te system at the cost of Se in the present glassy system. The atomic weight of Ag (107.87 gm/mol) is more than that of Se (78.96 gm/mol). It is well-known that during the glass transition phenomenon in chalcogenide glasses, some thermally-induced structural relaxation takes place in the glassy network. The atomic weight of Se (78.96 gm/mol) is less than that of Ag (107.87 gm/mol). Thus more specific heat is required for structural rearrangements with the increase in the mean atomic weights in ternary alloys. This is probably the reason for increase in C_p values after incorporation of Ag. Similar behavior was observed by our group in another glassy system [19] .

4. Conclusion

Calorimetric measurements have been performed in glassy Se_80−xTe₂₀Ag_x (0 ≤ x ≤ 15) alloys to study the effect of Ag additive on the specific heat in glassy Se₈₀Te₂₀ alloy. The values of C_p have been found to be increased in ternary alloys due to incorporation of third element (Ag) in Se-Te system. This indicates that the Ag additive drastically changes the structure of the binary Se₈₀Te₂₀ glassy alloy. The composition dependence of the specific heat, C_pe, of equilibrium liquid and glass specific heat, C_pg, in glassy Se_80−xTe₂₀Ag_x (0 ≤ x ≤ 15) system is explained in terms of mean atomic masses of ternary alloys.

Acknowledgements

S. S. thanks to Prof. Ashok Kumar, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur India for providing experimental facilities and useful discussion.

References

NOTES

^*Corresponding author.