New Journal of Glass and Ceramics
 Vol.3 No.4(2013), Article ID:38268,7 pages DOI:10.4236/njgc.2013.34017

High-Density Ceramics of Al2−xMex(WO4)3, (Me = Sc or In) Solid Solutions

Iovka Koseva*, Aneliya Yordanova, Velin Nikolov

Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.

Email: *ikosseva@svr.igic.bas.bg, a.yordanova@svr.igic.bas.bg, vnikolov@svr.igic.bas.bg

Copyright © 2013 Iovka Koseva et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received August 26th, 2013; revised September 26th, 2013; accepted October 3rd, 2013

Keywords: Ceramics; Sintering; Compaction; Electron Microscopy (SEM)

ABSTRACT

Al2−xMex(WO4)3, (Me is Sc or In; x varies from 0 to 2) ceramics are sintered by two methods: 1) cold pressing with subsequent sintering at different temperatures and durations and 2) hot pressure sintering. The row materials are nanoparticles with average particle size of 20, 90 and 200 nm obtained by co-precipitation method. Density, particle size and anisometricity of the obtained ceramics are tested. The results show that optimal initial nanosized dimensions and optimal pressing conditions are needed to obtain compact ceramics. The hot pressure method provides possibilities for obtaining ceramics with a density of about 99.8%. These ceramics possess some level of transparency.

1. Introduction

Aluminium tungstate Al2(WO4)3, indium tungstate In2(WO4)3 and scandium tungstate Sc2(WO4)3 belong to the class of compounds of the general formula Me2(WO4)3, (Me = Y, Sc, In, Al or lanthanoids with small ionic radii—Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) with orthorhombic structure, space group Pnca [1]. This class of compounds possesses Al3+ ion conductivity which affords their use as solid electrolytes, sensors, etc. [2-4]. Some of the Me2(WO4)3 compounds possess unusually low thermal expansion coefficients (including zero and even negative values) within a broad temperature range [5-7]. A further potential application of these tungstates is their use as active media for lasers. Me2(WO4)3 compounds doped by Cr3+ are very prospective laser media for tunable lasers. The active Cr3+ ion possesses both broad absorption cross-section and broad emission crosssection when incorporated in a structure with weak or medium strong crystal field, as that displayed by Me2(WO4)3 tungstates.

Being isostructural, these tungstates can form solid solutions. This is a very important advantage because it enables varying the coefficient of expansion, the ionic conductivity and the laser properties in a wide range by varying the chemical composition of the solid solution [8-10].

The elaboration of ionic conductors and materials with tailored expansion coefficients requires high-density ceramics.

The production of single crystals for laser active media from these tungstates is related to a number of problems mainly due to the significant evaporation of WO3 in the case of Czochralski growth. When the crystals are grown by a flux method, the process is characterized by low growth velocity and high anisometricity of the crystals [11-17].

An effective approach to avoid those problems is to produce high-density ceramics instead of single crystals. If the density of the ceramics is close to the crystallographic one, transparent ceramics could be obtained. Moreover, transparent ceramics are low-cost products which possess high chemical homogeneity and isotropy [18].

The focus of our research in recent years was the preparation of high-density (transparent) ceramics of tungstates with the general formula Al2−xMex(WO4)3, where Me is Sc or In, and x varies from 0 to 2. To our knowledge, preparation of high-density transparent tungstate ceramics has not been published yet.

The technology of optical ceramics production includes three main stages: 1) fabrication of nanopowders; 2) preparation of high-density compacts and 3) sintering the compacts in order to obtain non-porous ceramics [19]. Many investigations show that the fabrication of transparent ceramics needs ultrafine, monosized low-agglomerated nanopowders with high sintering activity [20-24].

The preparation of aluminium tungstate Al2(WO4)3, indium tungstate In2(WO4)3, scandium tungstate Sc2(WO4)3 and solid solutions in the systems of Al2(WO4)3- In2(WO4)3 and Al2(WO4)3-Sc2(WO4)3 nanopowders was previously investigated. Pure phase nanopowders with mean particle size in the range of 10 - 200 nm were obtained and thoroughly characterized by X-ray, TEM, SEM, NMR, IR and Raman analysis [25-27].

In this article, we present the next step of the procedure cold pressing with additional sintering of the highdensity compacts or hot pressure sintering.

2. Experimental

Nanosized powders of Al2(WO4)3, Sc2(WO4)3, In2(WO4)3 and solid solutions of AlSc(WO4)3, AlIn(WO4)3 were obtained using the co-precipitation method. The amorphous precipitates of the samples were thermally treated at different temperatures and durations with a view to obtaining nanosized particles with average particle size of 20, 90 and 200 nm. Tungstates obtained by classical solid state synthesis, with an average particle size of 2 µm, were used as a reference.

To obtain high-density ceramics from these tungstates two methods were used:

-cold pressing followed by thermal sintering;

-hot pressure sintering followed by vacuum treatment.

For the cold pressing process a laboratory press with pressure of 600 MPa was used. Pellets with a diameter of 10 mm and thickness of 1.5 - 2 mm were prepared. The preliminary tests showed that the temperature, at which initial shrinkage begins, mainly depends on tungstate composition. For Al2(WO4)3, Sc2(WO4)3, In2(WO4)3, AlSc(WO4)3 and AlIn(WO4)3, the initial shrinking temperature was 780˚C, 680˚C, 660˚C, 760˚C and 770˚C, respectively. Therefore, the density of the pellets and the particle size was measured after thermal treatment for 1, 5 and 10 hours at 800˚C, 900˚C and 1000˚C for Al2(WO4)3, AlSc(WO4)3 and AlIn(WO4)3, and at 700˚C and 800˚C for Sc2(WO4)3 and In2(WO4)3.

Density measurements were carried out using Archimedes’ principle. The liquid used was distilled water at 20˚C, (density 0.99823 g/cm3). The density of the objects was calculated using the following formula:

where

: pellet density (g/cm3)

: pellet weight measured in air (g)

: pellet weight measured after being dipped in water (g)

: water density (g/cm3)

The accuracy of the pellets mass measurement was ±0.001 g. Hence, the accuracy of the density calculation was ±0.02 g/cm3.

The densities of the non-deformed pellets were calculated by dividing the measured mass by pellets volume. The diameter and the thickness of the samples were measured by a micrometer screw gauge (2 µm accuracy). The accuracy of the measurement in this case was ±0.015 g/cm3. The samples obtained after sintering without any additional treatment of the surface were subjected to SEM analysis. The SEM micrographs with magnification of 200 - 5000 were obtained on a Philips SEM 515 device at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV. The powders were covered with a gold layer of 10 - 15 nm thickness.

The average particle size and the anisometricity were determined using Lince v2.4—Linear Intercept Program.

For hot pressure sintering a laboratory press applying simultaneous or separate pressure up to 100 MPa at temperatures up to 800˚C was used. The pressure was applied in step mode (25, 50 or 100 MPa); the temperature was programmed with a speed from 20˚C to 500˚C per hour. Ceramic matrix with diameter of 10 mm was used. The nanosized powders of Al2(WO4)3, Sc2(WO4)3, In2(WO4)3 and the solid solutions AlSc(WO4)3, AlIn(WO4)3 were subjected to hot pressure sintering. Samples with different composition and different particle size were hot pressed at different pressures (50 - 100 MPa) and different temperatures (400˚C, 600˚C and 800˚C) for different pressing times (30 min, 1 h and 2 h). Some of the obtained nanosized powders were subjected to step-wise applying of pressure and temperature –25 MPa and 400˚C for 15 min, followed by 50 MPa and 600˚C for 15 min and 100 MPa and 800˚C for 30 min. Density measurements were carried out by the methods already described. Samples with densities exceeding 98% of the crystallographic one were subjected to additional vacuum sintering at 1000˚C for 2 h at a constant vacuum of 1 mm Hg.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Cold Pressing

Figure 1 presents the pellets compaction, the particle size and the level of anisometricity of Al2(WO4)3, depending on sintering temperature (800˚C, 900˚C, 1000˚C) for pellets with initial particle size of 20, 90, 200 nm (prepared by co-precipitation) and over 1 µm (prepared by classical solid state synthesis). Pellets density was presented as a relative value to the crystallographic one (5.079 for Al2(WO4)3).

It can be seen that Al2(WO4)3 obtained by the co-precipitation method with initial particle size of 20 nm, (Al20) and 90 nm (Al90), subjected to sintering at 800˚C,

Figure 1. Variation of the relative density of Al2(WO4)3 pellets, depending on sintering temperature (800˚C, 900˚C and 1000˚C), sintering time (0, 1, 5 and 10 h) and average particle size in the raw pellets (─■─ 20 nm, ─▼─ 90 nm, ─▲─ 200 nm and ─●─ >1 µm). 3.8/3 - 3.8 is the average particle size after appropriate sintering [µm]; 3 is the average ratio between the largest and the smallest particle size.

were compacted progressively with time, achieving 74%, respectively 81% of the crystallographic density. The compaction level is significantly lower for Al2(WO4)3 with particle size of 200 nm (Al200) and for the sample obtained by classic solid state synthesis, with particles size of over 1 µm (AL1000). The latter one has only 68% of the crystallographic density. The time required for maximum compaction at 900˚C for all samples was 1 h, except for Al20. Al20 and Al90 achieved the highest density 79% - 81% of the crystallographic one. After thermal treatment at 1000˚C the highest density was achieved for Al20 and Al90 after 1 h of treatment—75% - 80%.

SEM micrographs of some samples are shown in Figures 2-4. These figures show that samples Al20 (Figure 2) and Al90 (Figure 3) have a very high sintering ability, compared to Al1000 (Figure 4). This ability is demonstrated by the very high speed of particle size growth during the thermal treatment. For example, the particle size of samples with initial average size of 20 nm (Al20) grows to 3.0, 32 and 103 µm upon treatment for 10 h at 800˚C, 900˚C and 1000˚C, respectively. The particles in the pellets with initial size of 90 nm grow to 3.8, 6.7 and 22.2 µm at 800˚C, 900˚C and 1000˚C, respectively.

In other words, the dimensions of the particles increase by a factor of 5000 for Al20 and 250 for Al90. Samples obtained by solid state synthesis (Al1000) possess significantly lower sintering ability. Figure 4 illustrates the particles growth of Al1000. They grow from 2 µm to 5 - 10 µm.

The main reason for the relatively high compaction level of Al20 and Al90 seems to be just this sintering ability, which is expressed by a high growth speed of the particles.

Figure 2. SEM photographs of the surfaces of the Al2(WO4)3 pellets with initial average particle size of 20 nm after cold pressing and thermal treatment during 10 h at 800˚C (a); 900˚C (b) and 1000˚C (c).

Figure 3. SEM photographs of the surfaces of the Al2(WO4)3 pellets with initial average particle size of 90 nm after cold pressing and thermal treatment during 10 h at 800˚C (a); 900˚C (b) and 1000˚C (c).

Figure 4. SEM photographs of the surfaces of the Al2(WO4)3 pellets with initial average particle size of 2 µm after cold pressing and thermal treatment during 10 h at 800˚C (a); 900˚C (b) and 1000˚C (c).

The SEM micrographs show another feature of the Al20 and Al90 samples. There is a clear tendency for growing of the grain in the preferable crystallographic direction (anisometricity). This tendency is more obvious for Al20, than for Al90 (Figures 2 and 3). Another feature is the tendency of habit growth for Al1000 (Figure 4). These features could explain the results on pellets compaction. Al20 and Al90 display high sintering ability which leads to rapid particle growth and compaction. The higher tendency of anisometric growth of Al20 compared with Al90 could explain the higher compaction of Al90 compared with Al20. The lower sintering ability of Al200 and Al1000 and the tendency of habit growth are the reasons for the low density of these samples.

Also important is the observation that the density of the samples is not proportional to the particle size. As a rule, the maximal density was obtained when the particle size is about 10 µm. Further growth of the particles size does not lead to an increase in the density.

It could be summarized that Al2(WO4)3 with initial particle size of 90 nm has the highest compaction level of 80%. The thermal treatment time required for this level of compaction is 10 h at 800˚C, 5 h at 900˚C and 1 h at 1000˚C.

In accordance with the results obtained by sintering Al2(WO4)3, Sc2(WO4)3, In2(WO4)3, AlSc(WO4)3 and AlIn(WO4)3, samples with particle sizes of 20 and 90 nm were investigated. The obtained data qualitatively repeated the previous results. Again, it was observed that:

The density of the samples increases on increasing the sintering time. The required maximum time decreases at higher temperatures.

The average particle size increases on increasing the time and temperature of sintering. The maximum density increases in parallel with the growth in particle size up to 5 - 10 µm. Further increase in the particle size does not result in further compaction of the ceramics.

Highest compaction is achieved when a starting material with particle size of 90 nm is used.

Data for the density, particle size and anisometricity of the tungstates after sintering at 800˚C for 1, 5 and 10 h are shown in Table 1. The obtained results qualitatively repeat the previous ones, with an exception for In2(WO4)3. Compared to other tungstates, the particle size of In2(WO4)3 increases more slowly and it is practically isometric. Probably that is the reason for the achievement of 85% density in cold pressing of 90 nm In2(WO4)3 after 10 h thermal treatment at 800˚C. Figure 5 presents the particle size and the shape of Al2(WO4)3, Sc2(WO4)3 and In2(WO4)3, treated at the same thermal conditions.

3.2. Hot Pressure Sintering

Starting tungstates of the same chemical compositions and the same average particle size (20, 90 and 200 nm) were subjected to hot pressure sintering. Several combinations of applied temperature and pressure, as well as pressure sintering with stepwise increased temperature and pressure –400˚C and 25 MPa for 15 min; 600˚C and 50 MPa for 15 min and 800˚C and 100 MPa for 15 min were used. Preliminary experiments showed that the duration of pressure sintering can be limited to 1 h. Further

Table 1. Density, average particle size and anisometrisity of the tungstates, sintered at 800˚C for 1 h, 5 h and 10 h. Me 20 and Me 90 mean Me2(WO4)3 with initial average particle size 20 and 90 nm respectively. (a) 1 hour treatment; (b) 5 hours treatment; (c) 10 hours treatment.

Figure 5. SEM photographs of the surfaces of the Al2(WO4)3 (a), Sc2(WO4)3 (b) and In2(WO4)3 (c) pellets after thermal treatment during 5 h at 800˚C.

treatment does not influence the density of the samples. The relative density of the sintered samples of Al2(WO4)3, Sc2(WO4)3 and AlSc(WO4)3, depending on the conditions of hot pressure treatment, is shown in Figure 6.

It can be seen that hot pressure treatment yields considerably higher density compared with cold pressure treatment. Even after hot pressure sintering at 400˚C and pressure 25 MPa, the density reaches almost 90%, while the maximum density achieved in cold pressure treatment and subsequent sintering is about 80%. The density after hot pressure sintering increases with increasing temperature and pressure and reaches 98.6% at 800˚C and 100 MPa. It is interesting to note that the stepwise raising of temperature and pressure results in a further increase in the density and the maximum density is 99.6%. The highest density is achieved after treating nanosized powders with an average particle size of 90 nm. The accuracy of the relative density calculation in this case is ±0.02%.

The difference between the densities obtained by cold pressing with following sintering and by hot pressure sintering may be explained by the significant increase in the mobility of the grain boundaries in the presence of heat and the limited volume due to the pressure exerted.

SEM photographs throw additional light on the differences in compaction in both compression methods. Figure 7 presents some typical photographs of the surface of the Al2(WO4)3 samples after hot pressure sintering under different conditions. Compared with the already shown SEM photographs after cold pressing and subsequent heat treatment, it can be seen that after hot pressure treatment, grains of considerably higher uniformity in size, isometricity and compactness of package are obtained. It is particularly important to note that the 1 μm thick pellets with a density of over 98% are translucent (Figure 8). It was found that the transparency is further improved after additional vacuum sintering of the specimens at 1000˚C for 2 h. This is probably a result of the additional sealing of the samples, filling of the residual pores and reducing of the phase boundaries.

This result encourages further studies on the optimization of the hot pressure sintering by optimization of the nanoparticles size of the starting powders, the values of temperature and pressure, as well as the sequence of their application, and the conditions for further vacuum sintering.

Figure 6. Variation of the relative density of Al2(WO4)3, Sc2(WO4)3 and AlSc(WO4)3 pellets depending on the average particle size in the initial pellets (─■─ 20 nm, ─▼─ 90 nm and ─▲─ 200 nm) after hot pressing under the following conditions: (а) 400˚C and 25 MPa, (b) 600˚C and 50 MPa, (c) 800˚C and 100 MPa after 1 h pressing and (d) stepwise increasing the temperature and pressure: 400˚C and 25 MPa for 15 min, 600˚C and 50 MPa for 15 min, 800˚C and 100 MPa for 30 min.

Figure 7. SEM photographs of tungstate ceramics with 90 nm initial average particle size after hot pressing at 600˚C and 50 MPa (a); at 800˚C and 100 MPa (b) and after stepwise increasing the temperature and pressure: 400˚C and 25 MPa for 15 min, 600˚C and 50 MPa for 15 min, 800˚C and 100 MPa for 30 min (c).

Figure 8. Al2(WO4)3 ceramics with different levels of transparency obtained after hot pressing.

4. Conclusions

From the results of obtaining Al2−xMex(WO4)3 high density ceramics, where Me = Sc or In, and x varies from 0 to 2, the following conclusions can be drawn:

-Obligatory condition for obtaining high density tungstate ceramics is the availability of initial powders with nanosized particles. These powders have a high level of sinterability which determines a faster grain growth and a high level of compaction.

-The optimal particle size for obtaining high density ceramics is about 90 nm. Grains sized below 90 nm display higher anisometricity; grains sized above this value have low sintering ability. In both cases the preparation of high density ceramics is hampered.

-The densities of 99.8%, obtained by hot pressure sintering, significantly exceed those, obtained by cold pressure sintering.

-High density pellets (98%) have some level of transparency. It could be expected that translucency can be increased by additional optimization of the hot pressure sintering conditions.

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NOTES

*Corresponding author.

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