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Energy and Power Engineering, 2010, 2, 111-121 doi:10.4236/epe.2010.22016 Published Online May 2010 (http://www. SciRP.org/journal/epe) Copyright © 2010 SciRes. EPE 111 Sequential Approach with Matrix Framework for Various Types of Economic Thermal Power Dispatch Problems Subramanian Srikrishna, Ganesan Sivarajan Department of Electrical Engineering, FEAT, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India E-mail: dr_smani@yahoo.co.in, ganeshshriraj@gmail.com Received January 22, 2010; revised February 25, 2010; accepted March 24, 2010 Abstract This paper presents a sequential approach with matrix framework for solving various kinds of economic dis- patch problems. The objective of the economic dispatch problems of electrical power generation is to sched- ule the committed generating units output so as to meet the required load demand while satisfying the system equality and inequality constraints. This is a maiden approach developed to obtain the optimal dispatches of generating units for all possible load demands of power system in a single execution. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated by solving economic load dispatch problem, combined economic and emission dispatch problem, multiarea economic dispatch problem and economic dispatch problem with mul- tiple fuel options. The proposed methodology is tested with different scale of power systems. The generating unit operational constraints are also considered. The simulation results obtained by proposed methodology for various economic dispatch problems are compared with previous literatures in terms of solution quality. Numerical simulation results indicate an improvement in total cost saving and hence the superiority of the proposed method is also revealed for economic dispatch problems. Keywords: Combined Economic and Emission Dispatch, Composite Cost Function, Economic Dispatch, Multiarea Economic Dispatch, Multiple Fuel Options, Prohibited Operating Zone, Ramp Rate Limits, Sequential Approach, Transmission Loss 1. Introduction The primary objective of the economic dispatch problem is to schedule the generations of thermal units so as to meet the required load demand at minimum operating cost while satisfying the individual and system operating constraints. Traditionally, the cost function for generat- ing units has been approximated as a quadratic function. A variety of optimization techniques has been used for solving economic dispatch problems. The conventional methods include traditional lambda-iteration method, the base point and participation factors method, and the gra- dient methods are suggested to solve economic dispatch problems [1,2]. The applications of classical methods, such as linear or quadratic programming are also applied for solving economic dispatch problems [3,4]. The methods based on operational research and artifi- cial intelligence concepts such as genetic algorithm, evolutionary algorithms, fuzzy and artificial neural net- works have been given attention for solving economic dispatch problems because of their ability to find the solution near global optimal. Simulated Annealing tech- nique (SA) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) have been ap- plied to determine the optimal generation schedule for economic dispatch problem in a power system [5,6]. Ar- tificial neural network based models are developed for the solution of economic power dispatch problem [7,8]. Particle Swarm Optimization method (PSO) has been applied for solving economic dispatch problems with various operating constraints like prohibited operating zones and ramp rate limits [9,10]. Evolutionary strategy based algorithm is suggested for solving economic dis- patch problem [11]. A partition approach based solution for economic dispatch problems considering the physical limitations of the system is presented [12]. An enhanced Hopfield neural network model is developed to solve economic dispatch problems [13]. The heuristic search techniques such as Differential Evolution (DE), Chaotic and ant swarm optimization algorithm and Direct Search GA (DSGA) have been applied to solve economic dis- patch problems [14-17]. Hybrid approaches including SA-PSO and Bacterial foraging-Nelder Mead method have also been developed to obtain the dispatches of generating units [18,19]. S. SUBRAMANIAN ET AL. 112 i L 00 Due to environmental concerns, Combined Economic and Emission Dispatch (CEED) problem has been for- mulated to determine the optimal amount of generated power for the generating units in the system by mini- mizing the fuel cost and emission level simultaneously subject to various system constraints. The passage of clean air act amendments in 1990 has forced utilities to reduce their SO2 and NOx emissions since both are the primary power plant emissions [20]. A general formula- tion based on the Lagrange relaxation method is pre- sented for solving environmental constrained economic dispatch problem [21]. Lamount and Qbesses detailed various emission dispatching strategies and solution procedure based on emission shadow prices [22]. Srik- rishna and Palanichamy suggested price penalty factor to convert bi objective function into a single objective func- tion [23]. Fuzzy logic and neural network models are developed for solving this multiobjective optimization problem [24-28]. The heuristic search methods are ap- plied to solve this problem [29,30]. Quadratic Program- ming (QP) method based solution for this multi objective problem is presented [31]. Dynamic programming recursive approach is devel- oped for solving emission constrained economic dispatch problem [32]. L. Wang and C. Singh investigated to solve this problem by applying a fuzzified multi objec- tive particle swarm optimization algorithm [33]. An ap- proach based on constrained pattern search method is presented to solve this problem [34]. Simplified recur- sive approach is presented for the solution of this mul- tiobjective optimization problem [35]. The authors de- veloped a generalized equation to find the optimal gen- erations of units. Palanichamy and Sundar Babu devel- oped direct method for solving this type of problems based on mathematical modeling [36]. Artificial neural network (ANN), Fuzzy logic based models and heuristic search techniques are used for solving this multiobjective problem [37-40]. The economic dispatch problem of a power system is extended to take into consideration of additional neces- sary constraints such as transmission capacity limits to ensure security of the system. Direct Search Method (DSM) and ANN models have been suggested for solv- ing the multi area economic dispatch problem [41,42]. In certain fossil fired generating units use different fu- els hence the cost function are represented as a seg- mented piecewise quadratic function. This problem faces with the problem of identification of the most economi- cal fuel of each unit. Lin and Viviani reported Hierar- chical Method [HM] to solve the economic dispatch problem with piecewise quadratic functions [43]. Artifi- cial neural network models and heuristic search tech- niques are used for solve this problem [44-48]. In this article, simplified methodology is presented for solving economic dispatch problems namely, large scale economic dispatch, economic dispatch with operational constraints, combined economic and emission dispatch, multi area economic dispatch and economic dispatch with multiple fuel options. The proposed approach is demonstrated with suitable test systems. 2. Problem Formulation The problem formulation for economic dispatch, com- bined economic and emission dispatch, multiarea eco- nomic dispatch and economic dispatch with multiple fuel options are described as follows. 2.1. Economic Dispatch (ED) Problem with Generator Operating Constraints The objective of economic dispatch is to simultaneously minimize the generation cost rate and to meet the load demand of a power system over some appropriate period while satisfying various operating constraints. The ob- jective function of an economic dispatch problem can be formulated as, 11 nn 2 Tii iiii i= i= minF=F(P)=aP+bP+ c (1) Constraints 1) Power balance constraint 1 n iGD i= P=P=P +P (2) The transmission loss can be expressed as, 0 11 1 nn n Liijjii i= j=i= P=PB P+BP+B (3) or approximately 11 nn L iijj i= j= P=PB P (4) 2) Generator operational constraints a. Generator capacity constraint i,mini i,max PPP (5) b. Ramp rate limits The inequality constraints due to ramp rate limits for unit generation changes are given 1) as generation increases 0 ii PP URi i (6) 2) as generation decreases 0 ii PP DR (7) The generator operation constraint after including ramp rate limit of generators can be described as, 00 i () i,miniii,max ii maxP,PDRPmin(P,P+UR ) (8) Copyright © 2010 SciRes. EPE S. SUBRAMANIAN ET AL.113 ) i i ) i c. Prohibited operating zone constraint The feasible operating zones of unit i can be described as follows, l i,minii ,1 PPP 1,23 ul i,j-i i,ji PPPj =,,....,n (9) i u i,nii ,max PPP 2.2. Combined Economic and Emission Dispatch (CEED) Problem This problem is formulated by including the reduction of emission as an objective. Like the fuel cost function given in (1), the total emission of generation ET (kg/h) can be expressed by a quadratic function of generation as, 2 1 ( n Tiiii i= E= dP+eP+f (10) A multi-objective optimization problem is converted in to a single objective optimization problem by intro- ducing price penalty factor h as follows, n22 ii i1 ()( Tiiiiiii F aPb PchdPe Pf (11) and this objective function has to satisfy the power bal- ance constraint and the generation capacity constraints. The price penalty factor that coordinates the emission with the normal fuel cost. 2.3. Multi Area Economic Dispatch (MAED) Problem The objective of multi area economic dispatch is to de- termine the generation levels and the interchange power between areas that minimize the system operation cost while satisfying a set of constraints as, 2) m N MM mmnmn mnmn mn m=1m=1 n=1 minF= min(aPbPc (12) Subject to 1) Area power balance constraint m mm N mnkjjk DM m=1j βjβ P+t-t-P =0 (13) 2) Generation limits constraint mn,min mn mn,max PPP (14) 3) Tie line limits constraint j k,min jkjk,max ttt (15) 2.4. Economic Dispatch Problem with Multiple Fuel Options (EDMFO) In economic dispatch problem, the fuel cost of each gen- erator is represented by a single quadratic cost function. Owing to multiple fuel options, the cost function may become piecewise quadratic. Hence, the economic dis- patch problem with piecewise quadratic function is de- fined as, 1 N j j j= minF (P ) (16) where, 111 1 222 2 1 1 2 2 jjjj jj,min jj 2 jjjj jj1 jj jj 2 j m jjm jjmj,m-jj,max aP+bP+c,fuel,PP P aP+bP+c,fuel,PP P F(P)= . aP+bP+c, fuelm,PPP (17) This objective function is minimized subject to power balance constraint. 3. Solution Methodology 3.1. Demonstration of Sequential Approach with Matrix Framework Sequential approach with matrix framework is proposed for solving economic dispatch problems. This is the first method developed to obtain the optimal dispatches for all possible load demands in a system. The demonstration of the solution methodology is presented in this section. The electric power production in a power plant is al- lowed to vary from minimum technical limit (Pmin) to maximum technical limit (Pmax). Initially the Pi,min of all generating units in a power plant are considered as initial state input values and is represented by a single dimen- sional matrix as, [] 1,min 2,min3,minn,min s=PPP,......,P (18) Based on the above single dimensional matrix, a square matrix (I) is developed to identify the economic schedule of generation. The formation of the square ma- trix is as follows. The process starts with a step incre- ment in generation by Δ MW in P1,min by keeping the remaining units at its input value. This will form first row of the square matrix. [Δ] 11,min2,min 3,minn,min IP+PP,......,P (19) The increment in generation is made in the second element by keeping the other elements at its input value that leads to the development of second row of the square matrix. Copyright © 2010 SciRes. EPE S. SUBRAMANIAN ET AL. Copyright © 2010 SciRes. EPE 114 [Δ] 21,min 2,min3,minn,min I=PP+P,......, P (20) Δ n i,iLi, j j=1 ji P=(pd+)+ P-Pi=1,2,...,n (23) In the same logic, an increment is made for remaining units one at a time and a square matrix with a dimension equal to the number of units has been developed. For every step increment in the operating range of the plant the unit one at a time is allowed to experience the change in generation thus leads to the formation of the square matrix. The detailed computational flow of the proposed method is presented in Figure 1. The proposed method- ology in the form of matrix framework to support the demonstration is as follows. Δ Δ Δ 1,min 2,minn,min 1 1,min 2,minn,min 2 1,min 2,minn,min n P+P... P I PP+...P I I.... . PP...P+ I (21) Δ Δ Δ Δ Δ 1,min 2,minn,min 1,min 2,minn,min 1,min 2,minn,min 1,max 2,maxn,max 1,max 2,maxn,max 1,max 2,maxn, I nitial Stage fit1 P+P. P Choose PP+.P fit 2 .... min fit PP.P+ fit n Final Stage P- P.P PP-.P . ... PP.P Δ max fit1 Choose fit 2 min fit -fit n Each element in the square matrix represents the gen- eration of a unit corresponding to the column that should satisfy the unit capacity constraints. In addition, the op- erational constraints such as ramp rate limits and prohib- ited operating zones are also enforced. The operating regions of the unit after including ramp rate limits are identified as mentioned in Equation (8). The operating regions of the units having prohibited operating zones are separated into isolated sub regions and it is identified using Equation (9). The operating regions of the units having prohibited operating zones and ramp rate con- straints are obtained as mentioned earlier. The units are allowed to operate in the one of the operating zones. If the generation of a unit falls in a prohibited operating zone, the feasible optimal level would most likely to be located in any one of the adjacent feasible operating re- gions, that is, the operating region above or below the prohibited operating zone. 4. Simulations Results and Discussions A simplified methodology based on sequential approach with matrix framework is developed for solving different kinds of economic dispatch problems. The effectiveness of this approach is tested for solving various kinds of economic dispatch problems including combined eco- nomic and emission dispatch problem, multi area eco- nomic dispatch problem and economic dispatch with multiple fuel options. In the square matrix the unit generations of each row that satisfy the constraints are identified and total fuel cost of generation is evaluated. The desired economic schedule of generation is identified by analyzing fitness of each row. The fitness function of each row is calcu- lated as, The algorithm for solving the examples were imple- mented in Matlab 7.0 platform and executed with Pen- tium IV, 2.8 GHz personal computer. The proposed methodology provides the optimal schedule of genera- tions for all possible load demands which is varied from minimum technical limit by a small increment to maxi- mum technical limit of the system. The selection of in- crement is also an important factor. Too large increment may end up with unfeasible solution and too small in- crement may take long execution time. Based on experi- ence, the desired increment is chosen as 1 MW. Δ T F(j) f it (j)=j=1,2,...n pd + (22) where, pd is the total of input values. The schedule with the minimum fitness is chosen as the successive state input values. This process is repeated till all the generating units reach their maximum genera- tion capacity. The feasible solutions for every increment from Pmin to Pmax are obtained and hence the best solution for any load demand falls in the operating boundary can be easily sited. 4.1. Case A: Economic Dispatch (ED) Problem with Generator Operating Constraints The objective is the minimization of total fuel cost sub- ject to power balance and generator operational con- straints. The effectiveness and efficiency of the devel- oped approach is tested with large scale economic dis- In practical applications, the total generation must be equal to the power demand and transmission loss. In such cases, the power balance constraint is exactly met by calculating the diagonal unit generation as follows. S. SUBRAMANIAN ET AL. 115 i= i+1 Choose the row corresponding to best fitness as Input values. Start Read system data, and load demand. Create initial matrix. i =1 Create the i th row of square matrix by increasing the generation of i th unit by Δ MW. Check for desired operating region Fix to adjacent desired region. If i = n Compute total power generation, total fuel cost and fitness of each row. Choose the row with best fitness. If P G = P max Print the optimal dispatches for all load demands. Stop YES YES NO YES NO NO Figure 1. Computational flow of proposed method. patch problem and economic dispatch problem with gen- erator operational constraints. The 40 unit and 15 unit sample systems are considered for the case studies. The first sample system consists of forty units in the realistic Taipower system that is a large scale and mixed -generating system where coal-fired, oil-fired, gas-fired, diesel and combined cycle are present. The cost coeffi- cients and maximum and minimum generation limits of the sample system are available in literature [15]. The simulation results for load demands of 9000 MW, 9500 MW and 10500 MW are compared with Simulated An- nealing (SA) [15], Genetic Algorithm (GA) [15], Hybrid Differential Evolution (HDE) [15], Variable Scaling Hy- brid Differential Evolution (VSHDE) [15] and Direct Search Genetic Algorithm (DSGA) [17] and the com- parison of results are presented in Table 1. As seen from comparison, the proposed method provides the minimum generation cost for above mentioned load demands. It C opyright © 2010 SciRes. EPE S. SUBRAMANIAN ET AL. 116 Table 1. Total fuel cost ($/h) comparison of 40 unit system. Load demand Method 9000 MW 9500 MW 10500 MW Proposed method 121039.18 128219.31 143721.71 VSHDE [15] 121253.01 --- 143943.90 HDE [15] 121266.40 --- 143955.83 GA [15] 121839.72 --- 144486.02 SA [15] 135229.69 --- 164069.36 DSGA [17] --- 128424.26 --- also clears that the proposed methodology is efficient to solve large scale economic dispatch problems. The cost coefficients, maximum and minimum gen- eration limits, ramp rate limits and prohibited operating zones and the transmission loss coefficients with a base capacity of 100 MVA of the fifteen unit sample system are reported in the literature [9]. The minimum and maximum technical limits of the system are 915 MW and 3542 MW respectively. The operating regions of the unit are identified after incorporating ramp rate limits and prohibited operating zone constraints. The transmission loss is calculated using transmission loss matrix or B coefficients. The power balance is exactly met by evalu- ating the generation using Equation (23). The genera- tions of the units neglecting transmission loss are treated as input values for the successive state. The optimum generations of individual thermal units and total fuel cost for the load demand of 2630 MW are presented in Table 2. The simulation result is compared with GA [9], PSO [9], Modified PSO (MPSO) [18] and Adaptive Bacterial Foraging-Nelder Mead method (ABFNM) [19] and the comparison of results are presented in Table 3. It is clear from the comparison of results that the proposed method provides better schedule of generations to meet the load demand with existing techniques. 4.2. Case B: Combined Economic and Emission Dispatch (CEED) Problem The objective of this multi objective optimization prob- lem is to determine the optimal generations of thermal units by minimizing the total fuel cost and emission si- multaneously subject to various system operating con- straints. The price penalty factor multiobjective optimi- zation problem can be converted into a single objective optimization problem. Various price penalty factors [23, 31,35] are suggested and among these maximum price penalty factor is chosen for combining cost of fuel plus the implied cost of emission as it offers a very good so- lution for emission restricted less cost condition [35]. In this article the maximum price penalty factor is consid- ered. The maximum price penalty factor of each genera- Table 2. Economic dispatch results for 15 unit system. Unit Output (MW) Unit Output (MW) Unit Output (MW) 1 455.00 6 460.00 11 80.00 2 380.00 7 430.00 12 80.00 3 130.00 8 60.00 13 25.00 4 130.00 9 70.9033 14 15.00 5 170.00 10 159.00 15 15.00 Load demand (MW) 2630 Transmission loss (MW) 29.9033 Total fuel cost ($/h) 32696.81 Table 3. Simulation results comparison for 15 unit system. Load demand 2630 W Method Transmission loss (MW) Total fuel cost ($/h) Proposed method 29.9033 32696.81 ABFNM [19] 28.9470 32784.5024 MPSO [18] 30.908 32708 PSO [9] 32.431 32858 GA [9] 38.278 33113 tor is the ratio between the fuel cost and emission at its maximum power output. () () 2 ii,max ii,max i i,max 2 ii ,maxii,maxi aP+b P+c h= dP+e P+f (24) The effectiveness of the proposed approach has been analyzed with 6 unit test system. The system details in- cluding cost coefficients, emission coefficients, mini- mum and maximum generation limits and transmission loss coefficients are given in [40]. The optimal dis- patches are obtained for load demands vary from 345 MW to 1350 MW. The simulation results are compared with λ-iteration method [39], Quadratic Programming (QP) [31], Artificial Immune System (AIS) [39] and NSGA II-MADM [40] for a load demand of 700 MW. The comparison of total fuel cost, total emission and transmission loss is tabulated in Table 4. The compari- son clearly indicates the significant reduction in fuel cost and transmission losses over earlier reports and the solu- tion obtained by the proposed approach is close agree- ment with λ-iteration method. For most of the load demands, the proposed method yields better results and they are in good agreement with the existing methods. The economic and environmental dispatch is conflicting multiobjective problem when the fuel cost increases the emission level decreases and hence in vice versa. As per the above statement, for some load conditions, there is a slight deviation in cost and emission with respect to the other existing methods. 4.3. Case C: Multi Area Economic Dispatch (MAED) Problem The economic dispatch problem is extended to take into Copyright © 2010 SciRes. EPE S. SUBRAMANIAN ET AL.117 Table 4. Simulation results comparison of six-generator system. Load demand 700 MW Method Total fuel cost ($/h) Total emission (kg/h) Transmission loss (MW) λ-iteration [39] 37781 442 21.17 QP [31] 37488 439.7 17.054 AIS [39] 37344 438.1 16.91 NSGA II-MADM [40] 38331.647 443.138 14.645 Proposed method 37166.73 453.44 17.64 considerations of transmission capacity limits to ensure the security of the system. A two area system with four thermal generating units is considered to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The system data are available in the literature [41]. The total load demand in area 1 and area 2 are 70% and 30% of total load de- mand respectively and these two areas are interconnected through transmission lines. Each area consists of two generating units and for the sake of comparison with earlier reports transmission losses are not considered. The line flow limits of 90 MW, 120 MW and 200 MW are considered for the analysis. The optimum generations of individual units of each area for load demand of 1200 MW including transmission line limits are tabulated in Table 5. The total generation of area 2 is greater than the total generation of area 1 that can export as much economical excess as power to area 1 to satisfy the requirement in area 1 without violating transmission line flow limits. The results obtained by this proposed methodology are Table 5. Optimal generation results of two area system in- cluding transmission capacity constraints. Flow limit (MW) Load 1120 MW 90 MW 90 MW 90 MW P1 (MW) 528 506 445 Optimal generation in area-1 P2 (MW) 166 158 139 P1 (MW) 159 173 212 Optimal generation in area-2 P2 (MW) 267 283 324 Total fuel cost ($/h) 10700.80 10669.09 10604.68 Table 6. Comparison of total fuel cost for MAED. Total generation cost ($/h) Load (MW) Flow limit (MW) EDSM [43] NN [44] Proposed method 90 7812.2 7812.2 7811.94 120 7791.5 7791.5 7791.25 800 200 7754.8 7754.8 7754.70 90 9874.7 9874.7 9874.20 120 9846.4 9846.4 9846.01 1030 200 9789.7 9789.7 9789.42 90 10701 10701 10700.80 120 10670 10670 10669.09 1120 200 10605 10605 10604.68 compared with Economic Dispatch Direct Search Method (EDSM) [41] and Neural Network (NN) [42] and the comparison of results are presented in Table 6. 4.4. Case D: Economic Dispatch Problem with Multiple Fuel Options (EDMFO) The economic dispatch problem with multiple fuel op- tions has been solved in two phases. In first phase, the most economic fuel of each generating unit is identified. The economic dispatch of generating units is determined by a sequential approach with the selected fuels in sec- ond phase. The implementation procedure of the pro- posed methodology has been detailed as follows. The primary search process calculates the composite cost function of each generating unit and the detailed derivation of composite cost coefficients are presented in Appendix. Then sequential approach with matrix frame- work is performed to identify the most economic fuel of each unit. The composite function and capacity of the units are using for the above process. This phase pro- vides the generation dispatches and the fuel correspond- ing to the dispatches is known as the most economic fuel. The generation limits corresponding to the selected fuel is the desired operating region of the unit. At the end of first phase, the most economic fuel and the desired oper- ating region of each unit are obtained. In second phase, the generation dispatches of the units are refined within the desired operating regions. The cost functions of the selected fuels are considered and sequential approach with matrix framework is performed again to obtain the optimal dispatches of generating units. The effectiveness of this proposed approach for solv- ing this problem is tested with a sample system consists of ten generating units, each unit with two or three fuel options. The details of fuel options, cost coefficients and maximum and minimum generations of each fuel in each generating unit are available in the literature [43]. The simulation result for load demand of 2700 MW is de- Copyright © 2010 SciRes. EPE S. SUBRAMANIAN ET AL. 118 tailed in Table 7. The total fuel cost for load demands of 2500 MW, 2600 MW and 2700 MW obtained by this methodology, Hierarchical Method (HM) [43], Hopfield Neural Network (HNN) [44], Adaptive Hopfield Neural Network (AHNN) [45], Hybrid Genetic Algorithm (HGA) [46], Classical Evolutionary Programming (CEP) [47], Fast Evolutionary Programming (FEP) [47], Im- proved Fast Evolutionary Programming (IFEP) [47] and Particle Swarm Optimization [48] are compared and the comparison of results are detailed in Table 8. From the comparison of results, it is clear that the proposed ap- proach provides comparable result for economic dispatch problem with piecewise quadratic function. The computational time for the above case studies by the proposed approach is presented in Table 9. The proposed methodology has following merits. Table 7. Economic dispatch results of 10 unit system with multiple fuel options (Load=2700 MW). Unit Fuel type Generation (MW) Unit Fuel type Generation (MW) 1 2 218 6 3 240 2 1 212 7 1 288 3 1 281 8 3 240 4 3 240 9 3 428 5 1 278 10 1 275 Total cost ($/h) 623.81 Table 8. Comparison of total fuel cost for 10 unit system with multiple fuel options. Total fuel cost ($/h) Method 2500 MW 2600 MW 2700 MW HM [43] 526.70 574.03 625.18 HNN [44] 526.13 574.26 626.12 AHNN [45] 526.23 574.37 626.24 HGA [46] 526.24 574.38 623.81 IFEP [47] 526.25 --- --- FEP [47] 526.26 --- --- CEP [47] 526.25 --- --- PSO [48] --- --- 623.88 Proposed method 526.24 574.38 623.81 Table 9. Total execution time for various case studies. Case study Test system Execution time (s) 40 Unit 1.5337 ED 15 Unit 0.6642 CEED 6 Unit 0.2613 MAED Two area system 0.2534 EDMFO 10 Unit 0.2700 From these studies, this approach has the compe- tence to solve various types of economic dispatch prob- lem. It is a first method that provides the optimal solu- tion for all possible load demands of system in a single run. It provides the schedule with minimum total cost in all cases hence global optimal solution. The performance of the proposed approach is inde- pendent of the number of generating units in the system and hence it is suitable for system of any size. The computational procedure is minimal. It offers the solution for all load demands of a sys- tem hence it takes a reasonable execution time. 5. Conclusions This article presents sequential approach with matrix framework for solving various kinds of economic dis- patch problems. The proposed methodology is validated by solving the different economic load dispatch problem such as large scale economic dispatch, economic dis- patch with generator operating constraints, combined economic and emission dispatch, multiarea economic dispatch and economic dispatch with multiple fuel op- tions. The different scale of power systems are consid- ered in each case. The practical operational constraints of generators like ramp rate limits and prohibited operating zones are also taken into account for the solution of eco- nomic dispatch problems. The price penalty factor ap- proach is used to convert the multi objective optimiza- tion problem into single objective optimization problem and maximum price penalty factor is considered as it offers very good solution for emission constrained less cost condition. The proposed approach is extended for solving economic dispatch problems with line flow con- straints. Further, simple methodology for solving eco- nomic dispatch problem with multiple fuel options is presented. The most economic fuel of generating unit is identified by using the composite cost function and se- quential approach with matrix frame work. These decen- tralized approaches provide simple solution methodology for economic dispatch problem with multiple fuel op- tions. The simulation results of different case studies are compared with recent reports. The comparison of results concludes that the proposed methodology provides the minimum total fuel cost hence global optimal solution for various types of economic dispatch problems. 6. Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the management the support and facilities provided by the authorities of An- namalai University, Annamalainagar, India to carry out this research work. Copyright © 2010 SciRes. EPE S. SUBRAMANIAN ET AL.119 7 . References [1] A. J. Woods and B. F. 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SUBRAMANIAN ET AL.121 Nomenclature ai, bi, ci Cost coefficients of generating unit i di, ei, fi Emission coefficients of generating unit i Bij, B0i, B00 Transmission loss coefficients or B coef- ficients ET Total emission of generators in (kg/h) FT Total operating cost or total fuel cost of generation in ($/h) n Number of generating units ni Number of prohibited operating zones Pi Real power generation of generating unit i in MW Pi,min Minimum value of real power allowed at generator i in MW Pi,max Maximum value of real power allowed at gen- erator i in MW PD Total load demand of the system in MW PL Total transmission losses in MW Pi 0 Output power of generator i before dis- patched hour in MW Pi,j l Lower bound of generation of unit i in prohibited operating zone j in MW Pi,j u Upper bound of generation of unit i in prohibited operating zone j in MW URi Up ramp limit of i th generator in (MW/h) DRi Down ramp limit of i th generator in (MW/h) h Price penalty factor in ($/kg) hi, max Maximum price penalty factor of unit i in ($/kg) M Number of areas in an interconnected system Nm Number of on-line units for the area m in an M area system amn, bmn, cmn Cost coefficients of generating unit n in area m Pmn Power output of generator n in area m in MW PDm Load demand for area m in MW tjk Economic tie transfer from area j to k in MW tjk, min, tjk, max Tie line minimum and maximum capac- ity limits in MW βm Set of tie lines in area m s One dimensional matrix consists of input values I Square matrix consists of real power generations of units fit Fitness of the solution in ($/MWh) Pmin Minimum technical limit in MW Pmax Maximum technical limit in MW Appendix The incremental production cost of a plant is a prior re- quirement for coordination among plants. The incre- mental production cost of the plant can be derived by a simple realignment of the fuel cost coefficients of the units. Consider an “n” unit system and the cost equation of n th unit is, 2 F =aP+bP+c nnnnnn (A.1) and the composite cost function of the plant can be writ- ten as, 2 F =AP +BP +C TGG (A.2) The composite cost coefficients are derived as follows. The total fuel cost ($/h) of the “n” unit system can be written as, F =F +F+F+.....+F n T123 (A.3) For most economical generation, ; . ; ; 11 1111 nn nnnn GG 2aP +bP=λ-b/ 2a 2aP+bP =λ-b/2a 2AP+ BP=λ-B/ 2A (A.4) where, λ is the incremental production cost of the plant in MW. The total generation of the plant can be written as, G123 P= P+P+ P+....+ P n G123n 112233nn P= λ/21/ a+1/ a+1/ a+...+1/ a -1/2 b/a+b/a+b/a+...+b/a 123 n 112233 nn 123 n λ=21/1/a+1/ a+1/ a+...+1/aP +b/ a+b/a+b/a+...+b/ a 1 /1/a+1 /a+1 /a+...+1 /a G (A.5) By comparing (A.4) and (A.5), 123 n A =1 /1/a+1 /a+1 /a+....+1 /a (A.6) 112233 nn B=b/ a+b/ a+b/ a+....+b/ aA (A.7) The fuel cost can be rewritten as, ; ; 22 nnnn 22 T F=λ/4a-b/4a +c F=λ/4A-B /4A+C n (A.8) From (A.8), 123 n 222 2 112233 nn 2 C =c+c+c+...+c b/ 4a+b/ 4a+b/ 4a+...+b/ 4a +B/ 4A (A.9) Copyright © 2010 SciRes. EPE |