ABSTRACT

We examine a natural supersymmetric extension of the bosonic covariant 3-algebra model for M-theory proposed in [1]. It possesses manifest SO(1,10) symmetry and is constructed based on the Lorentzian Lie 3-algebra associated with the U(N) Lie algebra. There is no ghost related to the Lorentzian signature in this model. It is invariant under 64 supersymmetry transformations although the supersymmetry algebra does not close. From the model, we derive the BFSS matrix theory and the IIB matrix model in a large N limit by taking appropriate vacua.

1. Introduction

The BFSS matrix theory is conjectured to describe infinite momentum frame (IMF) limit of M-theory in [2] and many evidences were found. However, because of the limit, SO(1,10) symmetry is not manifest in these models; it includes only time and nine matrices corresponding to nine spatial coordinates. As a result, it is very difficult to derive full dynamics of M-theory. For example, we do not know the manner to describe longitudinal momentum transfer of D0-branes. Therefore, we need a covariant matrix model for M-theory that possesses manifest SO (1,10) symmetry.

Recently, structures of 3-algebras [3-5] were found in the effective actions of the multiple M2-branes [6-14]1 and 3-algebras have been intensively studied [15-31]. One can expect that structures of 3-algebras play more fundamental roles in M-theory2 than the accidental structures in the effective descriptions.

The BFSS matrix theory and the IIB matrix model [35] can be obtained by the matrix regularization of the Poisson brackets of the light-cone membrane theory [36] and of Green-Schwarz string theory in Schild gauge [35], respectively. Because the regularization replaces a twodimensional integral over a world volume by a trace over matrices, the BFSS matrix theory and the IIB matrix model are one-dimensional and zero-dimensional field theories, respectively. On the other hand, the bosonic part of the membrane action has a structures of a 3-algebra. That is, it can be written in the 3-algebra manifest form as

where denotes Nambu-Poisson bracket [15,16]. Therefore, a bosonic covariant 3-algebra model for Mtheory was proposed in [1].

In this paper, we examine a natural supersymmetric extension of the bosonic covariant model in [1]3,

(1)

The bosons and the Majorana fermions are spanned by the elements of the Lorentzian Lie 3-algebra associated with the U(N) Lie algebra. This action defines a zero-dimensional field theory and possesses manifest SO(1,10) symmetry. By expanding fields around appropriate vacua, we derive the BFSS matrix theory and the IIB matrix model in a large N limit.

2. A Supersymmetric Extension

We examine a following model,

(1)

where with are vectors and are Majorana spinors of SO(1,10). This action defines a zero-dimensional field theory and possesses manifest SO (1,10) symmetry. There is no coupling constant.

and are spanned by the elements of the Lorentzian Lie 3-algebra associated with the U(N) Lie algebra,

(2)

where The algebra is defined by

(3)

where and is totally anti-symmetrized. is a Lie bracket of the U(N) Lie algebra. The metric of the elements is defined by

(4)

By using these relations, the action is rewritten as

(5)

where and. There is no ghost in the theory, because or does not appear in the action4.

Let us summarize symmetry of the action. First, gauge symmetry is the -dimensional translation and U(N) symmetry associated with the Lorentzian Lie 3-algebra [10].

Second, there are two kinds of shift symmetry. First one is the eleven-dimensional translation symmetry generated by

(6)

Where, and the other fields are not transformed. Second one is a part of supersymmetry, so called the kinematical supersymmetry, generated by

(7)

where, and the other fields are not transformed.

Third, the action is invariant under another part of supersymmetry transformation, so called the dynamical supersymmetry transformation,

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

where and is the variation of the action (5) under (8), (9) and (10).

We should note that the above super transformation is slightly different with a 3-algebra manifest super transformation, which is a straightforward analogue to that of the BLG theory for multiple M2-branes;

(12)

If we decompose this transformation, (8), (9) and (10) are the same, but (11) is different. In the analogue case, There is no such symmetry5 because .

In the Lorentzian case, the action does possess supersymmetry because cancels. However, is inconsistent with the 3-algebra symmetry. As a result, the supersymmetry algebra does not close, although it closes in a sector as one can see below.

The commutators among the supersymmetry transformations act on as

where.

If we change a basis of the supersymmetry transformations as

(13)

up to the gauge transformation, we obtain

(14)

where is a translation.

These 64 supersymmetry transformations are summarised as and (14) implies the supersymmetry algebra in eleven dimensions in the sector,

(15)

Because the low energy effective description of Mtheory is given by the eleven-dimensional supergravity, the supersymmetry in this sector is necessarily broken into the supersymmetry, spontaneously. In the next section, we will show that the model reduces to the BFSS matrix theory and the IIB matrix model in a large N limit if appropriate vacua are chosen.

Because the commutators among the supersymmetry transformations of result in the eleven-dimensional translation (6), eigen values of should be interpreted as eleven-dimensional space-time6. In the next section, when we derive the BFSS matrix theory and the IIB matrix model, and are identified with matrices in the BFSS matrix theory and the IIB matrix model respectively. Therefore, our interpretation is consistent with the space-time interpretation in these models.

3. BFSS Matrix Theory and IIB Matrix Model from Covariant 3-Algebra Model for M-Theory

The covariant 3-algebra model for M-theory possesses a large moduli that includes simultaneously diagonalizable configurations. By treating appropriate configurations as backgrounds, we derive the BFSS matrix theory and the IIB matrix model in the large N limit.

We consider backgrounds

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

where and () represent N points randomly distributed in a d-dimensional space. There are infinitely many such configurations. represents an eleven-dimensional constant vector. By using SO(1,10) symmetry, we can choose (3) as a background without loss of generality. will be identified with a coupling constant. corresponds to, which leads to SO(1,10) symmetric vacua.

We assume all the backgrounds (1), (2), (3) and (4) as independent vacua and fix them in the large N limit [40]. Thus, we do not integrate, or the diagonal elements of and we expand the fields around the backgrounds as,

(5)

where we impose a chirality condition

(6)

Under these conditions, the first term of the action (5) is rewritten as

(7)

The second term is

(8)

As a result, the total action is independent of as follows,

(9)

where. In the large N limit, this action is equivalent to

where is redefined to. This fact is proved perturbatively and non-perturbatively in the large N limit as in the case of the large N reduced model [41-44].

Under the conditions (1)-(6), the super transformations (8) and (10) reduces to

by which (9) is invariant. Moreover, (9) and (11) reduces to

(10)

because the action (5) reduces to the action (9) and. This is consistent with the fact that and are fixed.

Therefore, if we choose the backgrounds with, we obtain the BFSS matrix theory in the large N limit,

(11)

If we choose those with, we obtain the IIB matrix model in the large N limit,

(12)

We also obtain matrix string theory [45-47] when and [48] when.

4. Conclusion and Discussion

In this paper, we have studied a natural supersymmetric extension of the bosonic covariant 3-algebra model for M-theory proposed in [1]. It possesses manifest SO(1,10) symmetry. The action is invariant under 64 supersymmetry transformations, although the supersymmetry algebra does not close. In this model, the eleven-dimensional space-time is given by eigen values of the U(N) part of the bosonic fields. From this action, by choosing appropriate vacua, we have derived the BFSS matrix theory and the IIB matrix model in a large N limit.

In order to obtain a covariant 3-algebra model for M-theory by means of a matrix regularization of a supermembrane action, the action must be written only with the Nambu brackets. Then, the action must be invariant under constant shifts of the fermions, that is under the kinematical supersymmetry transformations. The number of them is 32 because the Majorana fermions possess 32 components for covariance. Thus, the total number of the dynamical and kinematical supersymmetries exceeds the number of the supersymmetries. Therefore, there does not exist a supersymmetric covariant 3-algebra model for M-theory that is obtained by a matrix regularization of a supermembrane action. As a result, there are two possibilities for 3-algebra models for Mtheory. One is a covariant 3-algebra model for M-theory that possesses more than 32 supersymmetries as in this paper. Another is a supersymmetric 3-algebra model for M-theory that is obtained by a matrix regularization of a non-covariant supermembrane action7.

5. Acknowledgements

We would like to thank T. Asakawa, K. Hashimoto, N. Kamiya, H. Kunitomo, T. Matsuo, S. Moriyama, K. Murakami, J. Nishimura, S. Sasa, F. Sugino, T. Tada, S. Terashima, S. Watamura, K. Yoshida, and especially H. Kawai and A. Tsuchiya for valuable discussions.

REFERENCES

NOTES

¹ABJM theory can also be rewritten in a 3-algebra manifest form [14].

²A formulation of M-theory by a cubic matrix action was proposed by Smolin [32-34].

³This extension was originally proposed in Appendix of [1].

⁴Ghost-free Lorentzian 3-algebra theories were studied in [37,38].

⁵This fact was originally shown in [39].

⁶This kind of mechanism and interpretation was originally found in [35].

⁷In [49-51], because a supermembrane action that is 3-algebra manifest but a non-covariant, is obtained by fixing only the -symmetry of the covariant supermembrane action, it is expected to obtain all the physical observables in M-theory by using the corresponding 3-algebra model.