
Optimization of Renewable Energy Power System for Small Scale Brackish Reverse Osmosis Desalination Unit and
a Tourism Motel in Egypt
50
guration comprising of 5 kW PV array, a 6 kW wind
turbine and 10 batteries each has a capacity of 8.64 kWh
is the most economic solution under given resource and
load conditions. Also, the high PV-wind-fuel cell system
cost over PV-buttery system is due to the high capital
cost of fuel cell system and electrolyser compared to bat-
tery. Therefore, the major obstacle in using hydrogen as a
storage medium is the high cost associated with it.
REFERENCES
[1] D. M. Atia, F. H. Fahmy, N. M. Ahmed and H. T. Dorrah,
“Comparative Study of PV-Wind Power Systems for
Aquaculture System using Genetic Algorithm,” Proceed-
ings of 1st International Conference on New Paradigms
in Electronics and Information Technologies.(PEIT’011),
Alexandria, Egypt, 9-12 October 2011.
[2] I. S. E. Fraunhofer, “Co-Ordination Action for Autono-
mous Desalination Units Based on Renewable Energy
Systems,” INCO-CT-2004-50-90-93, 2006.
http://www.adu-res.org
[3] E. E. Khalil, “Potable Water Technology Development in
Egypt,” Desalination, Vol. 136, No. 1-3, 2001, pp. 57-62.
doi:10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00165-5
[4] A. El-Sadek, “Water Desalination: An Imperative Meas-
ure for Water Security in Egypt,” Desalination, Vol. 250,
No. 3, 2010, pp. 876-884.
doi:10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.143
[5] H. Aybar, J. S. Akhatov, N. R. Avezova and A. S. Hali-
mov, “Solar Powered RO Desalination: Investigations on
Pilot Project of PV Powered RO Desalination System 1,”
Applied Solar Energy, Vol. 46, No. 4, 2010, pp. 275-284.
doi:10.3103/S0003701X10040080
[6] T. Espinoa, B. Peñate, G. Piernavieja, D. Heroldb and
Apostel Neskakis, “Optimised Desalination of Seawater
by a PV Powered Reverse Osmosis Plant for a Decentral-
ised Coastal Water Supply,” Desalination, Vol. 156, No.
1-3, 2003, pp. 349-350.
doi:10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00365-5
[7] A. Ghermandi and R. Messalem, “Solar-Driven Desalina-
tion with Reverse Osmosis: The State of Art,” Desalina-
tion and Water Treatment, Vol. 7, No. 1-3, 2009, pp.
285-296. doi:10.5004/dwt.2009.723
[8] M. E1-Kady and F. E1-Shibini, “Desalination in Egypt
and the Future Application in Supplementary Irrigation,”
Desalination, Vol. 136, No. 1-3, 2001, pp. 63-72.
doi:10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00166-7
[9] A. Al-Alawi and S. Islam, “Estimation of Electricity De-
mand for Remote Area Power Supply Systems Including
Water Desalination and Demand Side Management Mo-
dels,” 2011. http://itee.uq.edu.au
[10] E. Gkeredaki, “Autonomous Photovoltaic-Powered Re-
verse Osmosis for Remote Coastal Areas,” Master Thesis,
Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2011.
[11] Zejli, O-K. Bouhelal, R. Benchrifa and A. Bennouna. “Ap-
plications of Solar and Wind Energy Sources to Sea-
Water Desalination-Economical Aspects,” International
Conference on Nuclear Desalination: Challenges and
Options, Marrakech, Morocco, 16-18 October.
[12] M. M. Mahmoud, “Solar Electric Powered Reverse Os-
mosis Water Desalination System for the Rural Village
Al Maleh: Design and Simulation,” International Journal
of Solar Energy, 2003, Vol. 23, No. 1-2, pp. 51-62.
[13] The Official Website of Citor Pty. Ltd. Company. Fre-
mantle, Western Australia, 2002. http://www.citor.com.au
[14] A. Muhaidat, M. Kabariti, K. Touryan and A. Hoffman,
“Design, Sizing and Simulation of Solar Powered De-
salination Unit for Brackish Water in Jordan,” Desalina-
tion and Water Treatment, Vol. 13, No. 1-3, 2010, pp.
238-246. doi:10.5004/dwt.2010.1067
[15] New and Renewable Energy Authority, Ministry of Elec-
tricity and Energy, Egyptain Solar Radiation Atlas, Cairo,
Egypt, 1998.
[16] Kh Abulqasem, M. A. Alghoul, M. N. Mohammed, A.
Mustafa, Kh Glaisa, N. Amin, A. Zaharim and K. Sopian,
“Optimization of Renewable Power System for Small
Scale Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Unit in
Mrair-Gabis Village, Libya,” Recent Researches in Ap-
plied Mathematics, Simulation and Modelling, 2011, pp.
155-160.
[17] HOMER Program, Ver.2 68 Beta, “National Renewable
Energy Laboratory,” Golden, 2010.
[18] B. E. Türkay, “Selection of Optimum Hybrid Stand Alone
Systems,” Proceedings of the 14th International Middle
East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON’10), Cairo
University, Cairo, 19-21 December 2010, pp. 994-1000.
[19] M. J. Khan and M. T. Iqbal, “Pre-Feasibility Study of
Stand-Alone Hybrid Energy Systems for Applications in
Newfoundland,” Renewable Energy, Vol. 30, No. 6, 2005,
pp. 835-854. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2004.09.001
[20] R. Dufo-López, J. L. Bernal-Agustín and J. Contreras,
“Optimization of Control Strategies for Stand-Alone Re-
newable Energy Systems with Hydrogen Storage,” Re-
newable Energy, Vol. 32, No. 7, 2007, pp. 1102-1126.
doi:10.1016/j.renene.2006.04.013
[21] S. A. Kershrnana, J. Rheinländer and H. Gablerb, “Sea-
water Reverse Osmosis Powered from Renewable Energy
Sources—Hybrid Wind/Photovoltaic/Grid Power Supply
for Small-Scale Desalination in Libya,” Desalination, Vol.
153, No. 1-3, 2002, pp. 17-23.
[22] J. Cotrell and W. Pratt, “Modeling the Feasibility of Us-
ing Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Internal Combustion En-
gines in Remote Renewable Energy Systems,” NREL/
TP-500-34648, September 2003.
[23] P. Bajpai, S. Kumar and N. K. Kishore, “Sizing Optimi-
zation and Analysis of a Stand-Alone WTG System Us-
ing Hybrid Energy Storage Technologies,” PEA-AIT In-
ternational Conference on Energy and Sustainable De-
velopment: Issues, and Strategies (ESD 2010), Thailand,
2-4 June 2010, pp. 1-6.
Copyright © 2012 SciRes. SGRE