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![]() Engineering, 2010, 2, 228-236 doi:10.4236/eng.2010.24033 Published Online April 2010 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/eng) Copyright © 2010 SciRes. ENG The Stability of Cylindrical Shells Containing an FGM Layer Subjected to Axial Load on the Pasternak Foundation 1Abdullah Heydaroglu Sofiyev, 2Mehmet Avcar 1,2Department of Civil Engineering of Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey E-mail: asofiyev@mmf.sdu.edu.tr, mavcar@mmf.sdu.edu.tr Received July 7, 2009; revised November 4, 2009; accepted November 12, 2009 Abstract In this study, the stability of cylindrical shells that composed of ceramic, FGM, and metal layers subjected to axial load and resting on Winkler-Pasternak foundations is investigated. Material properties of FGM layer are varied continuously in thickness direction according to a simple power distribution in terms of the ce- ramic and metal volume fractions. The modified Donnell type stability and compatibility equations on the Pasternak foundation are obtained. Applying Galerkin’s method analytic solutions are obtained for the criti- cal axial load of three-layered cylindrical shells containing an FGM layer with and without elastic foundation. The detailed parametric studies are carried out to study the influences of thickness variations of the FGM layer, radius-to-thickness ratio, material composition and material profile index, Winkler and Pasternak foundations on the critical axial load of three-layered cylindrical shells. Comparing results with those in the literature validates the present analysis. Keywords: FGM Layer, Stability, Cylindrical Shell, Critical Axial Load, Winkler and Pasternak Foundations 1. Introduction Functionally graded materials (FGM) are characterized by a gradual change in properties within the specimen as a function of the position coordinates. The property gra- dient in the material is typically caused by a posi- tion-dependent chemical composition, micro structure or atomic order. There are several studies about the proc- essing of FGM, and an overview of the different manu- facturing methods can be found in Koizumi [1] and Kie- back et al. [2]. The mechanical behavior of FGMs shells, such as bending due to mechanical loads, free vibration, stability and buckling, etc., have been studied by many scientists [3-8]. However, the literature on the investiga- tion of vibration and stability problems of composite structures that composed of ceramic, FGM, and metal layers is scarce. A self-consistent constitutive framework is proposed to describe the behaviour of a generic three- layered system containing an FGM layer subjected to thermal loading given by Pitakthapanaphong and Busso [9]. Na and Kim [10] investigated three dimensional thermo-mechanical buckling analysis for FG composite plates that composed of ceramic, FGM, and metal layers by using the finite element methods. Liew et al. [11] presented the non-linear vibration analysis for layered cylindrical panels containing FGMs and subjected to a temperature gradient arising from steady heat conduction through the panel thickness. Lia and Batra [12] investi- gated buckling of axially compressed thin cylindrical shells with the functionally graded middle layer. Sofiyev et al. [13] and Sofiyev [14] studied vibration and stabil- ity of three-layered truncated conical and cylindrical shells containing an FGM layer subjected to an axial compressive load, respectively. For some cases, these shells are embedded in an elas- tic medium. There are different approaches to analyze the interaction between a structure and an ambient me- dium. Most earthen soils can be appropriately repre- sented by a mathematical model from Pasternak, whereas sandy soils and liquids can be represented by Winkler’s model [15]. Despite the evident importance of practical applica- tions cylindrical shells, the investigations on vibration and stability of homogeneous and FGM shells on elastic foundations are limited in the literature [16-23]. The sta- bility problem of composite cylindrical shells that com- posed of ceramic-FGM-metal layers embedded in an elastic medium, subjected to an axial compressive load ![]() A. H. SOFIYEV ET AL. 229 have not been studied yet. In the present work, an at- tempt is made to address this problem. Therefore, it is very important to develop an accurate, reliable analysis towards the understanding of the stability characteristics of the layered FGM structures with the effect of an elas- tic medium. 2. Formulation of the Problem Figure 1(a) shows a composite cylindrical shell with simply supported edge conditions, composed of ceramic, FGM, and metal layers, of length L, radius R and total thickness h = h1 + h2. The ceramic and metal layers are assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic. The shell is referred to a coordinate system x y z in which x and y is in the axial and circumferential directions of the shell and z is in the direction of the inward normal to the middle surface. The origin of the coordinate system is located at the end of the shell, on the reference surface of the FGM layer. The three layered cylindrical shell containing an FGM layer is subjected to an axial compressive load T (Figure 4): TNx 0, , (1) 0 0 y N0 0 xy N The in plane geometry of the layered structure is shown in Figure 1(b). The FGM layer extends from and, for continuous property assump- tions to be valid; the thickness of this layer must be sig- nificantly larger than dominant micro structural length scale (e.g. grain size). The interfaces between the differ- ent layers are assumed to be perfectly bonded at all times and the multilayer system behaviour to be linear elastic. azaz to We assume that the composition is varied from the bottom to top surface, i.e. the bottom surfacea ( z ) of the layer is metal-rich whereas the top surfacea ( z ) is ceramic-rich. In such a way, the effective material properties P, like Young’s modulus E or Poisson’s ratio can be expressed as mmcc VPVPP (2) in which and denote the temperature-dependent properties of the ceramic and metal surfaces of the FGM layer, respectively. c Pm P c V and are the ceramic and metal volume frac- tions of the FGM layer and are related by m V 1 mc VV (3) Following Reddy and his co-workers, the ceramic volume fraction is assumed as c V N ca az V 2 (4) (a) (b) Figure 1. Schematic representation of (a) a three layered cylindrical shell and coordinate axes; (b) dimensions of the three-layered system. where N is the volume fraction index N0. Vc is satisfying the following conditions at homoge- neous layers interfaces [9], azat azat Vc 1 0 (5) Variation of volume fraction Vc in the thickness direction of composite cylindrical shell composed of Ceramic-FGM- Metal layers is shown in Figure 2. The top surface is fully ceramic and bottom surface is fully metal of the FGM layer. The horizontal-axis stands for the volumetric percentage of ceramic while vertical-axis represents the position along the thickness of shell. Metal is the dominant constituent at the bottom layer and its volume fraction is increased continually from the bottom to the top of FGM layer. At the top layer, ceramic is the dominant constituent. Copyright © 2010 SciRes. ENG ![]() A. H. SOFIYEV ET AL. 230 Figure 2. Variation of volume fraction Vc in thickness direction of the Ceramic-FGM-Metal three layered shell. From Equations (2)–(5), the Young’s modulus and the Poisson’s ratio E ˆ ˆ of an FGM layer can be writ- ten as mcmc EVEEE )( ˆ; mcmc V )( ˆ (6) where Em, m and Ec, c are the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the metal and ceramic surfaces of the FGM layer, respectively. In the majority of practical applications involving FGMs, they are used as interlayer between two homoge- neous materials. For such cases, the through-thickness variation of the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio in the three-layered system are (7.1) and (7.2). where E0m, 0mo and E0c, 0c are the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the 20 10 for for)( for )( hzaE azaVEEE azhE zE c cmcm m (7.1) 20 10 for for)( for )( hza azaV azh z c cmcm m (7.2) homogeneous metal and ceramic materials, respectively. 3. Basic Equations The stress-strain relations for three layered shells containing an FGM layer are given as follows [11, 14]: yx w ze y w ze x w ze Q QQ QQ xy y x k kk kk k xy k y k x 2 2 2 2 2 )( 66 )( 11 )( 12 )( 12 )( 11 )( )( )( 0 0 0 0 (8) where k y k x , and k xy are the stresses in the layers, ex and ey are the normal strains in the curvilinear coordi- nate directions x and y on the reference surface, respec- tively, whereas exy is the corresponding shear strain; w is the displacement of the reference surface in the normal direction, positive towards the axis of the cylinder and assumed to be much smaller than the thickness, a comma denotes partial differentiation with respect to the corre- sponding coordinates. The quantities for lamina are 3,2,1;6 ,2 ,1, , )( kjiQ k ij Copyright © 2010 SciRes. ENG ![]() A. H. SOFIYEV ET AL. 231 m m m mm m mE Q E Q E QQ 0 0 )1( 66 2 0 00 )1( 12 2 0 0 )1( 22 )1( 11 1 , 1 , 1 2 )2( 22 )2( 11 )(1 )( mcmc mcmc V EVEE QQ 2 )2( 12 )(1 )()( mcmc mcmcmcmc V VEVEE Q mcmc mcmc V EVEE Q )(1 )( )2( 66 c c c cc c cE Q E Q E QQ 0 0 )3( 66 2 0 00 )3( 12 2 0 0 )3( 22 )3( 11 1 , 1 , 1 (9) The well-known force and moment resultants are ex- pressed by [14, 25] 3 1 1d ,,z 1, ,,(),,, k z z k xy k y k xxyyxxyyx k k zMMMNNN (10) The relations between the forces and the Airy stress function yxNN ,, xy N h/ are given by yxxy Nxyyx 2 2 2 2 2 ,,N ,N , (11) For the elastic foundation, one assumes the two-parameter elastic foundation model proposed by Pasternak [15]. The foundation medium is assumed to be linear, homogenous and isotropic. The bonding between the truncated conical shell and the foundation is perfect and frictionless. If the effects of damping and inertia force in the foundation are neglected, the foundation in- terface pressure p may be expressed as 2 2 2 2 y w x w KwKp pw (12) where is the modulus of subgrade reaction for the foundation and the shear modulus of the subgrade. Note that by setting , the Pasternak model be- comes that of the Winkler foundation model. w K p K 0 p K When the above assumptions are taken into considera- tion, the modified Donnell type stability and compatibil- ity equations of composite cylindrical shells that com- posed of ceramic, FGM, and metal layers, subjected axial compressive load and resting on the Pasternak founda- tion are given, respectively by 2 2 2 22 2 2 2x w T R N y M yx M x Myyxy x 0 2 2 2 2 y w x w KwK pw (13) 2 2 2 2 2 2 21 2x w Ryx e x e y exyy x (14) where are moment resultants. yxyx MMM ,, Substituting expressions (8)-(11) and (12) in Equa- tions. (13) and (14) a system of differential equations for the stress function and the normal displacement can be obtained in form as 0 L L 2221 1211 wL L (15) where the following definitions apply: 2 2 22 4 51 4 4 4 4 211 1 2 xRyx AA yx AL (16.1) 22 4 64 4 4 4 4 312 2 yx AA yx AL 2 2 2 2 2 2 yx KK x Tpw (16.2) 22 4 52 4 4 4 4 121 2 BLyx BB yx (16.3) 22 4 63 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 22 2 R 1 Lyx BB yx B x (16.4) in which expressions are defined as follows: )61(, iBA ii , 2211111 BCBCA , 1212112 BCBCA , 124213113 CBCBCA , 223214114 CBCBCA , 5615BCA , 626616 CBCA , 101 DCB , 202 DCB , 101121203DCCCCB , 102111204 DCCCCB ,/1 605CB ,/ 60616 CCB 2 20 2 10 /1 CCD (17) Copyright © 2010 SciRes. ENG ![]() A. H. SOFIYEV ET AL. 232 in which expressions are defined as follows: )2,1,0(and,1621 111 kCCC kkk d 11 1 12 0 0 1 a h k m m kzz E C 211 d 1 d )(1 )( 2 0 0 2 h a k c c a amcmc mcmc kzz E z V EVEE z (18.1) 2 1 1 1 1 d 1 d 1 d )(1 )()( 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 1 2 h a k c c a h k m m a amcmc mcmcmcmc k k zz E zz E z V VEVEE zC (18.2) a amcmc mcmc k a h k m m kz V EVEE zzz E Cd )(1 )( d 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 6 21d 10 0 h a k c czz E (18.3) Equation (15) is the basic differential equations for the vibration and stability of generic composite cylindrical shells containing an FGM layer resting on a Pasternak foundation. 4. Solution of Basic Equations Consider a cylindrical shell with simply supported edge conditions. The solution of the system of equation (15) is sought as follows [24]: R ny sin m sin , R ny sin m sin w11 R x R x (19) where LRmm/ 1 y , m is the half wave length in the di- rection of the x-axis, is the wave number in the direc- tion of the -axis, n and are the amplitudes. Substituting expression (19) in the equation set (15), ap- plying Galerkin’s method in the ranges Lx 0 and Ry 20 and eliminating ζ from the equations, the fol- lowing equation for the critical axial load is obtained: The minimum values of the critical axial load () are obtained by minimizing Equation (20) with respect to m and n, the number of longitudinal and circumferential buckling waves. cr wp T As 0 p K, from Equation (20), in special case for the critical axial load () of three layered cylindrical shells containing an FGM layer on the Winkler founda- tion is obtained. cr w T As 0 pw KK , from Equation (20), in special case for the critical axial load (cr T ) of three layered cylindri- cal shells containing an FGM layer without an elastic foundation is obtained. 5. Numerical Results and Discussions The buckling loads of single-layer orthotropic and (0o/90o/0o) cross-ply laminated graphite/epoxy circular cylindrical shells under pure axial load are compared in Table 1 with results of the Jones and Morgan [25], using their material properties, i.e., E1 = 30 106 psi; E2 = 0.75 106 psi; G12 = 0.375 106 psi; 1 = 0.25; 2 = 0.0625, and cylindrical shell parameters L = 34.64 in; R = 10.0 in; h = 0.12 in. It can be seen that the present results are in very good agreement with results of Jones and Morgan [25]. As there are presently no results in the open literature for the buckling of cylindrical shells under an axial load and resting on elastic foundations, comparison of results in this study is made with those of Paliwal et al. [17] for the free vibration analysis of homogenous isotropic cy- lindrical shells resting on a Winkler foundation. The comparison is shown in Table 2. When the inertial term is added into the left side of Equa- tion (13), after integrating and after some mathematical operations for the dimensionless frequency parame- Table 1. Comparisons of dimensionless critical axial loads for single-layer orthotropic and (0o/90o/0o) cross-ply lami- nated cylindrical shells. Jones and Morgan [25]Present study Lay-up TcrL2/E2h3 TcrL2/E2h3 (0o) 1482 1482.0 (3,7) (0o/90o/0o) 1859.8 1859.8 (3,6) 2 1 222 1 2 22 152 44 11 22 163 44 14 2 1 22 151 44 12 2 1 22 164 44 13 22 1 )( 2 2 2 2 1 m RnmKKR nmBBnmB nmBBnmBRm nmAAnmARm nmAAnmA Rm T pw cr wp (20) Table 2. Comparison of the dimensionless frequency pa- rameter for a cylindrical shell resting on the Winkler foundation (). 1w ω R/h 34 wN/m10K2;L/R100; Paliwal et al. [17] Present study 0.6788(1) 0.6792(1) 0.3639(2) 0.3646 (2) 0.2053(3) 0.2080(3) 0.1275(4) 0.1382(4) Copyright © 2010 SciRes. ENG ![]() A. H. SOFIYEV ET AL. Copyright © 2010 SciRes. ENG 233 Based on the above comparisons of Tables 1 and 2, the ter w1w of the free vibration of FGM cylindrical shells resting on the Winkler-Pasternak foundations, the fol- lowing expression is obtained in Equation (21): accuracy of the present study is validated. 5.1. Numerical Results where the mass density per unit length defined as )(d )()(20 a a- 10 ahzVahcmcmcmt (22) The buckling analysis of three layered cylindrical shells containing an FGM layer was conducted for ceramic and metal combinations. The FGM material considered was Zirconium oxide and Titanium alloy, referred to as ZrO2/Ti–6Al–4V or FGM. The temperature dependence This comparison is to ensure that the elastic foundation effects have been correctly integrated into the present formulation. 222 1 22 152 44 11 22 163 44 14 2 1 22 151 44 12 2 1 22 164 44 13 4 1 /)( 2 2 2 2 1 1 RnmKK nmBBnmB nmBBnmBRm nmAA nmARm nmAAnmA R pw t w (21) that the critical axial load of three layered cylindrical shells containing an FGM layer increases gradually with increasing or separately or together for all compositional profiles. The effect of the composi ional profiles on the critical axial loads reduce, as the consid- ering affect of elastic foundations. Further more, for the small values of and the variations of volume fractions of the FGM has a considerable influence on the values of the critical axial load. When the volume frac- tion index N increases, the values of the critical axial loads with and without elastic foundation decrease. When the volume fraction index N increases, the effect to the critical axial loads with and without elastic foun- dation increases. w Kp K w Kp K of FGM material properties can be expressed as )1( 3 3 2 21 1 10 TPTPTPTPPP (23) in which (room temperature), P0, P-1, P1, P2 , P3 are the coefficients of temperature T (K) expressed in Kelvin and are unique to the constituent materials Reddy and Chin [4]. K300T Typical values for ZrO2 and Ti–6Al–4V listed in Table 3. The materials are assumed to be perfectly elastic throughout the deformation. E0c, E0m, 0c, 0m, are the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the metal and ceramic materials of the cylindrical shell, respectively. Numerical computations, for pure metal, pure ceramic and three layered cylindrical shells containing an FGM layer with or without the Pasternak-Winkler foundations have been carried out using expression (20). The results are presented in Table 4 and Figures 4-7. The results given in all tables below for the values of the critical axial load, cor- responding to the numbers of longitudinal and circumferen- tial waves (m,n) are presented in parentheses. When the shear subgrade modulus is zero and the Winkler foundation stiffness is changed, the effect on the critical axial load () are 5.95%, 11.62%; 49.08% for , respectively, for N = 0.5 of the FGM layer of three layered cylindrical shells. p K w K /( mN cr w T 10)5;10;105 3887 Kw In Table 4 variations of the critical axial load and cor- responding wave numbers for pure metal, pure ceramic and three layered cylindrical shells containing an FGM layer with different compositional profiles (N=0.5; 1; 2; 15), versus the Winkler foundation stiffness and the shear subgrade modulus are presented. It is observed w K p K When is keep constant () and the Winkler foundation stiffness is changed the effect on the critical axial load () are 25.82%, 31.48%; 69% for , respectively, for N = .5 of the FGM layer of three layered cylindrical shells. p K ;107 N/m10 6 p K ) 3 w K (N/m cr wp T 10 8 5;105 8 w K 0 Table 3. Temperature-dependent coefficients of Young’s modulus E (MPa) and Poisson’s ratio for ceramics and metals (Reddy and Chin [4]). Coefficients Zirconia (ZrO2) Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) E c (Pa) c Em (Pa) m P0 2.4427×1011 0.2882 1.2256×1011 0.2884 P-1 0 0 0 0 P1 -1.371×10-3 1.133×10-4 -4.586×10-4 -1.121×10-4 P2 1.214×10-6 0 0 0 P3 -3.681×10-10 0 0 0 P 1.68063×1011 0.2980 1.05698×1011 0.2981 ![]() A. H. SOFIYEV ET AL. 234 Table 4. Variations of critical axial loads and corresponding circumferential wave numbers for pure metal, pure ceramic and three layered FGM cylindrical shells versus the foundations moduli and (h/h1 = h/h2 = 2, h/a = 4, L/R = 3; R/h = 200). w Kp K ZrO2–FGM-Ti-6Al-4V w K P K ZrO2 N = 0.5 N = 1 N = 2 N = 15 Ti-6Al-4V 0 0 7.364(24,4) 5.062(6,11) 4.969(16,12) 4.873(22,7) 4.684(19,10) 3.695(24,4) 0 7.663(25,2) 5.363(25,2) 5.275(25,2) 5.184(25,2) 5.001(25,2) 3.990(25,2) 105 7.764(25,2) 5.464(25,2) 5.375(25,2) 5.284(25,2) 5.101(25,2) 4.091(25,2) 7 105 106 8.669(25,2) 6.369(25,2) 6.281(25,2) 6.190(25,2) 6.007(25,2) 4.996(25,2) 0 7.955(25,2) 5.650(25,2) 5.566(26,2) 5.475(25,2) 5.293(25,2) 4.262(26,2) 105 8.055(25,2) 5.751(26,2) 5.667(26,2) 5.576(25,2) 5.393(25,2) 4.363(26,2) 8 101 106 8.961(25,2) 6.656(26,2) 6.572(26,2) 6.481(25,2) 6.298(25,2) 5.267(26,2) 0 9.957(28,2) 7.547(30,2) 7.475(30,2) 7.399(30,2) 7.226(30,2) 6.009(31,2) 105 10.058(28,2) 7.647(30,2) 7.575(30,2) 7.500(30,2) 7.327(30,2) 6.110(31,2) 8 105 106 10.962(29,2) 8.551(30,2) 8.479(30,2) 8.403(30,2) 8.230(30,2) 7.013(31,2) When is keep constant () and the shear subgrade modulus is changed the effect on the critical axial load () are 13.61%, 31.48% for (), respectively, for N = 0.5 of the FGM layer of three layered cylindrical shells. w K 510; 38 N/m10 w K p K cr wp T 6 10 p KmN / Note, the following expression is used for percents: %100/)( crcrcr wp TTT In Figure 3 shows the variations of the values of critical axial loads for the cylindrical shell composed of ZrO2–FGM-Ti-6Al-4V layers with and without elastic foundation with respect to h/2a. When h/2a = 1, the three layered cylindrical shell containing an FGM layer trans- formed to the pure FGM cylindrical shell. When the ratio, h/2a, increases, the values of the criti- cal axial loads for the composite cylindrical shells com- posed of ZrO2–FGM-Ti-6Al-4V layers with and without elastic foundations increase. On the other hand, when FGM layer thickness is increased, the values of the criti- cal axial loads with and without elastic foundation for the three layered cylindrical shells degrease. Figure 4 shows the variations of the values of critical axial loads for the composite cylindrical shell composed of ZrO2–FGM-Ti-6Al-4V layers with respect to h/2a. Figure 3. Variations of critical axial loads for three layered FGM cylindrical shells with and without elastic foundations for N = 2, versus h/2a (h1 = h2, R/h = 200, L/R = 3; Kw = 5×108 N/m3; Kp = 106 N/m). Figure 4. Variations of critical axial loads for three layered FGM cylindrical shells without elastic foundations versus h/2a; (h1= h2; R/h = 200; L/R = 3). The effects of compositional profiles on the critical axial load of three layered cylindrical shells containing an FGM layer are decreased, as the ratio h/2a increase. For example, comparing the values of the critical axial load of three layered cylindrical shells containing an FGM layer with the values for pure ceramic cylindrical shells, at N = 2; h/2a = 1; 1.5; 2.0, the effects are 47.7%; 36.7%; 33.8% as , respectively. 0,/105 38 pw KmNK Figure 5 shows the variations of the values of critical axial loads for the composite cylindrical shell com- posed of ZrO2–FGM-Ti-6Al-4V layers on a Winkler foundation with respect to h/2a. The effects of compo- sitional profiles on the critical axial load of three layered cylindrical shells containing an FGM layer resting on a Winkler foundation are decreased, as the ratio h/2a in- crease. For example, comparing the values of the critical axial loads of three layered cylindrical shells containing an FGM layer with the values for pure ceramic cylindri- cal shells, at N = 2; h/2a = 1; 1.5; 2.0, the effects are 37.8%; 27.6%; 25.7% as , respec- tively. 0,N/m105 38 pw KK Figure 6 shows the variations of the values of critical axial loads for the composite cylindrical shell composed of ZrO2–FGM-Ti-6Al-4V layers on a Pasternak founda- tion with respect to h/2a ratios. As the ratio h/2a increase, the effects of compositional profiles on the critical axial Copyright © 2010 SciRes. ENG ![]() A. H. SOFIYEV ET AL. 235 load of three layered cylindrical shells containing an FGM layer resting on a Winkler foundation are de- creased. For example, comparing the values of the criti- cal axial loads of three layered cylindrical shells containing an FGM layer with the values for pure ceramic cylindrical shells, at N = 2; h/2a = 1; 1.5; 2.0, the effects are 34.3%; 25.1%; 23.3% as , re- spectively. ,N/m105 38 w KN/m106 p K In Figure 7 are illustrated variations of critical axial loads for three layered FGM cylindrical shells with and without elastic foundation versus R/h. When the ratio R/h increases, the values of the critical axial loads for cylin- drical shells composed of ZrO2–FGM-Ti-6Al-4V layers with and without elastic foundation decrease. The ef- fect of the elastic foundation on the values of the critical axial load of three layered cylindrical shells containing an FGM layer are increased, as the ratio R/h increase. For example, comparing the values of the criti- cal axial load of three layered cylindrical shells contain- ing an FGM layer with the values for pure ceramic cylin- drical shells, at N = 2; R/h = 100; 200; 300, the effects are 15.34%; 51.8%; 91.1% as , 25.7%; 72.4%; 128.9% as respectively. 0,N/m105 38 pw KK p K,N/m105 38 10 w KN/m 6 6. Conclusions In this study, the stability of cylindrical shells that composed of ceramic, FGM, and metal layers subjected to axial load and resting on a Pasternak foundation is investigated. Material properties of an FGM layer are varied continuously in thickness direction according to a simple power distribution in terms of the ceramic and metal volume fractions. The modified Donnell type sta- bility and compatibility equations on a Pasternak founda- tion are obtained. Applying Galerkin’s method analytic solutions are obtained for the critical axial load of three- Figure 5. Variations of critical axial loads for three layered FGM cylindrical shells on a Winkler foundation versus h/2a (h1 = h2; R/h = 200; L/R = 3; Kw = 5×108 N/m3). Figure 6. Variations of critical axial loads for three layered FGM cylindrical shells on a Pasternak foundation versus h/2a (h1 = h2; R/h = 200; L/R = 3; Kw = 5×108 N/m3; Kp = 106 N/m). Figure 7. Variations of critical axial loads for three layered FGM cylindrical shells with and without elastic foundations versus R/h (h1 = h2; L/R = 3; Kw = 5×108 N/m3; Kp = 106 N/m). layered cylindrical shells containing an FGM layer with and without elastic foundations. The detailed parametric studies are carried out to study the influences of thick- ness variations of the FGM layer, radius-to-thickness ratio, material composition and material profile index, Winkler and Pasternak foundations on the critical axial load of three-layered cylindrical shells. Comparing re- sults with those in the literature validates the present analysis. 7. 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