Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics
Vol.07 No.05(2019), Article ID:92777,14 pages
10.4236/jamp.2019.75083
The Bifurcation and Decay of Solutions for Asymptotically Linear Elliptic Systems with Parameter
Yangyang Ma
College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Received: April 14, 2019; Accepted: May 27, 2019; Published: May 30, 2019
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with an elliptic system of the form
where , is a parameter, and is a weighted function. We employ the Rabinowitz’s global bifurcation theory and the Dancer’s unilateral global bifurcation theory to determine the existence of positive solution and negative solution on the interval of with respect to . Furthermore, we also provide the decay of the positive and negative solutions.
Keywords:
Elliptic System, Bifurcation Theory, Decay
1. Introduction
In this paper, we consider the following asymptotically linear elliptic systems
(1.1)
where , is a parameter, and is a weighted function. Moreover, the nonlinear perturbations satisfy the following assumptions:
(H1) are two Hölder continuous functions with exponent such that for all ;
(H2) There exist with such that
The primary motivation for this paper comes from the study of radial entire solutions, spectrum and bifurcation for the following semi-linear elliptic problem
(1.2)
where , is a real parameter, and is a weighted or radially symmetric function.
If there exist two continuous radially symmetric functions q and Q such that
and
(1.3)
then Edelson and Rumbos [1] have obtained that problem (1.2) is similar to the classical Laplace eigenvalue problem. Furthermore, if Q satisfies the following more strong condition
(1.4)
the eigenfunction has the asymptotic property
(1.5)
for some constant c.
If , and is a radially symmetric function, on , and on . The further condition
(1.6)
and
(1.7)
Naito [2] has the following results:
1) Under the assumption (1.6), the number of zeros of every nontrivial radial entire solution near the first eigenvalue.
2) Under the assumption (1.7), the number of zeros of every nontrivial radial entire solution near higher order eigenvalue.
2. Preliminaries and Results
In this section, we will give some lemmas and our results.
Suppose that is a positive radially symmetric function satisfying (1.3). Denote by the set of all measurable real functions defined on . Let . The set together with the inner product
(2.1)
For and , defining
(2.2)
endowed with the norm .
Define
(2.3)
where .
Next, we will define our work space
(2.4)
with the norm
Now we consider the following boundary value problem
(2.5)
where is parameter, .
Lemma 2.1 ( [3] ) Assume that is positive, radially symmetric function and satisfies (1.3), and such that for all . Then there exists an orthogonal basis of and a sequence of positive real numbers with as such that problem (2.5) satisfying
(2.6)
Before giving the Lemma 2.2, it is necessary to give the definition of a nodal domain. For the function defining on the , we say that a nodal domain of is connected component of .
Lemma 2.2 ( [3] ) Assume that and satisfies the assumptions of Lemma 2.1. Let be any eigenfunction associated to an eigenvalue and be its any nodal domain. Then we have
(2.7)
where is some constant depending only on N and .
Lemma 2.3 Assume that there exists a positive constant such that
(2.8)
for any . Then there exists such that problem (1.1) has no one-sign solution for any .
Proof. Let be positive solution of problem (1.1). By Lemma 2.1, we have
(2.9)
Multiplying (2.9) by , we get
(2.10)
Multiplying the first equation of (1.1) by , we have
(2.11)
This yields
(2.12)
Similarly, we have
(2.13)
Thus it follow that . Therefore, the proof of lemma 2.3 is completed. □
Lemma 2.4 Assume that there exists a positive constant such that
(2.14)
for any . Then there exists such that problem (1.1) has no one-sign solution for any . □
Proof. The proof follows similarly with minor changes.
Following lemmas will be helpful in the sequel.
Lemma 2.5 (Lebesgue dominanted convergence) Let be open and let be a sequence such that
1) a.e. in as ,
2) there exists such that for all k, a.e. in .
Then and in the norm, namely as .
Lemma 2.6 (Strong maximum principle) Let the operator L is uniformly elliptic in (may not be bounded), and . Then, if the maximum (minimum) of u can be assumed in the interior of , then u is a
constant; if and is bounded, then the nonnegative maximum
(non-positive minimum) of u can’t be assumed in the interior of unless u is a constant.
Now we state our main results.
Theorem 2.1 Let the assumptions of Lemma 1 hold. If and (H1), (H2) are satisfied. Then for any
problem (1.1) admit at least two one-sign solutions and such that and in .
Theorem 2.2 Assume that is positive, radially symmetric function and satisfies (1.4), and such that for all . If and are given in Theorem 2.1. Then there exist constants and such that
(2.15)
and
(2.16)
3. Proofs of Main Results
Define the integral operator
(3.1)
where , denotes the volume of the unit ball in .
Eedlson [4] has showed that is linear, continuous and compact.
Lemma 3.1 is one-sign solution of problem (1.1) solves the following operator equations
(3.2)
in .
Proof. “ ”
Let is a one-sign solution of problem (1.1), if necessary, we assume .
For , we consider the following boundary value problem
(3.3)
where is a ball of radius of r in , .
For , problem (3.3) has the unique fundamental solution , expressed as
(3.4)
where
(3.5)
Fix and choose so large such that , then
(3.6)
so that
(3.7)
Setting , we shall show that .
Writing for polar coordinates in , we have
(3.8)
The Cauchy-Schwartz inequality implies
(3.9)
So that
(3.10)
From (3.10) one gets
(3.11)
Integrating on both sides over the unit sphere in we obtain
(3.12)
An application of the Cauchy-Schwartz inequality then yields
(3.13)
By (3.13), we have
(3.14)
Thus we obtain
(3.15)
Hence, by the previous equality, one get
(3.16)
Next, we still show that for any , as .
For , we have
(3.17)
Note that (H1) and (H2), there exists a constant such that . For our convenience, is denoted by . Since is harmonic with respect to , we have
(3.18)
By Lebesgue Dominated Convergence Theorem,
(3.19)
as , and for , using (3.13)-(3.19), we obtain
(3.20)
By the uniqueness of the solution to problem (1.1), we have , that is,
(3.21)
By similarly, for , we get
(3.22)
Therefore, satisfies the following operator equations
(3.23)
“ ” The proofs of this part are analogous to the processes of [4] . □
Lemma 3.2 The solutions of problem (3.2) are acquired by the following equation
(3.24)
Proof. Let is the solution of problem (3.24), then we have
(3.25)
thus , that is, solves the Equations (3.2).
Next, we will show that as . By (H2), we have , and as . Hence, we obtain as .
Since the operator T is linear, continuous and compact, as . □
Proof of Theorem 2.1. From the previous processes, we know that is linear, continuous and compact. By Lemma 3.2, we have that the solutions to problem (3.2) can be determined by .
Define
(3.26)
Let and .
Suppose that such that with
(3.27)
Thus we have
(3.28)
Set , we obtain that Equation (3.24) is equivalent to
(3.29)
Obviously, operator is a linear and compactly continuous map is compactly continuous.
Next, we show that at uniformly on bounded intervals. Let
(3.30)
Then is nondecreasing with respect to and
(3.31)
Further it follow from (3.31) that
(3.32)
as . Similarly, we have
(3.33)
as . It concludes our desired result.
Applying the Rabinowitz’s global bifurcation theory [5] [6] to the operator Equation (3.29), we have that there exists a component of which contains and either is bounded or pass through , where is another eigenvalue of T. Furthermore, by the Dancer unilateral global bifurcation theory [7] , one gets that there are two distinct unbounded continua, and , consisting of the bifurcation branch emanating from , which satisfy either and are both unbounded or .
Next, we shall show that
For the case of “+” and “−”, we only prove the “+” case, because of the proof is similar. we accomplish it by contradiction. Assume that there exists , however .
Assertion: For the , we have .
Otherwise, by the Dancer’s unilateral global bifurcation theory, then must be an eigenvalue of problem (3.29) different to . Hence, there exists a sequence such that . Let . Then one has that
(3.34)
Since is bounded in X, after taking a subsequence if necessary, we have that for some . It follows from (3.34) and the compactness of that in X and
(3.35)
By Lemma 2.1, must change its sign. Lemma 2.2 implies the existence of a such that
(3.36)
which is not compatible with the fact of . So .
It follows from continuity argument that is a solution of the following problem
(3.37)
where . Clearly, in . By strong maximum principle, one has in . Thus and are both unbounded.
Without loss of generality, we assume that . Next, we shall show that joins from to . We only prove the “+” case. Let such that . Clearly, (H1) and (H2) imply that there exist two positive constants and such that
(3.38)
By Lemma 2.4 and Lemma 2.3, there exist two constant and such that . Hence, we obtain that as .
Set . Since is bounded in X, after taking a subsequence if necessary, we have that for some . Let such that
(3.39)
with
(3.40)
Let , are nondecreasing with respect to .
Define
(3.41)
Then we get that
(3.42)
It follow from (3.42) that
(3.43)
Similarly, we can see that
(3.44)
It follow from (3.43) and (3.44) that
(3.45)
as .
Furthermore, it follows that
(3.46)
as . Then by similar argument to the previous processes, we have that
(3.47)
where . Obviously, . Thus in and . It follows from the strong maximum principle (Lemma 2.6) that in . By Lemma 2.1, the uniqueness of the principal eigenvalue implies that . In conclusion, joins from to . By the definition of T, the sign of is same as that of . Thus there exist two one-sign solutions and for
.
Proof of Theorem 2.2. Let is a one-sign solution of problem (1.1) corresponding to . Since is bounded in , without loss of generality, we assume that .
By the processes of Lemma 3.1, we have
(3.48)
Note that (H1) and (H2), we get
(3.49)
Let , then we can see
(3.50)
It follows from (3.50) that
(3.51)
Since is bounded, then one has that
(3.52)
Hence, for any , there exists such that
(3.53)
and
(3.54)
for all , where . By Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem, we obtain that
(3.55)
where . Then we have that
(3.56)
Thus there exists such that
(3.57)
for all . Therefore, we have
(3.58)
Hence, it follows that
(3.59)
Thus there exist constants and such that
(3.60)
and
(3.61)
4. Conclusion
This article presents the result of an investigation into the existence of positive solution and negative solution on . Our results are not only in the given configuration, but also extend single equation to system of equations. For the first question, we apply the Rabinowitz’s global bifurcation theory and the Dancer’s unilateral global bifurcation theory to determine the range of parameter such that the existence of positive solution and negative solution. Under some appropriate assumptions, we also get the decay of positive solution and negative solution by fixing the parameter value on a small interval. We believe that our work is a useful contribution to the existing literature on asymptotically linear systems.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Cite this paper
Ma, Y.Y. (2019) The Bifurcation and Decay of Solutions for Asymptotically Linear Elliptic Systems with Parameter. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 7, 1226-1239. https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2019.75083
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