J. Software Engineering & Applications, 2010, 3: 287-302
doi:10.4236/jsea.2010.33035 Published Online March 2010 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/jsea)
287
A Novel Training System of Lathe Works on
Virtual Operating Platform
Hui-Chin Chang
Department of Mechanical Engineering, De Lin Institute of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, China.
Received October 19th, 2009; revised November 11th, 2009; accepted November 20th, 2009.
ABSTRACT
In recent years virtual reality technology has been extensively applied to the areas relating to manufacturing, such as
factory layout planning, manufacturing planning, operation training, system testing, and process control, etc. Most of the
studies made in the past focused on the simulation and monitoring of the entire manufacturing system, or the simulation of
working schedule implementation. There was no complete research result on the most basic processing unit of
manufacturing system––the operation training for the lathe works. However, these skills of operating methods are the
basic skills and particularly emphasized in the practical operation during instruction. As observed from the past
experience, after workers had learned the operating process of lathe works, they could achieve very good results in the
written examination of the basic knowledge about the operation of different works. However, when they faced the actual
operation in front of machine, they were always at a loss. The reason behind this was that when the workers had to face
the possible collision and damage during actual operation of machine, since they did not have performed many times of
simulated computer rehearsal designed for them to get familiar with the entire operating process, fear and nervous
psychology were naturally derived from them. In view of this, the paper uses EON Studio software to integrate virtual
reality technology with the application of 3D solid model to simulate a virtual operation of the various operating steps
and virtual machining of lathe works during practical operation of lathe machine. The simulation enables users to learn
in the simulated environment without scruple. After the accumulation of learning experience, it can be applied in the
actual environment to accomplish the mission of operation.
Keywords: Virtual Reality, Lathe Machine
1. Introduction
Computer graphics technology was originally developed
from the traditional 2D cartographic technology, which
was then developed to be 2.5D, and then the 3D solid
object and animation production. In recent years, virtual
reality (VR) technology gradually becomes mature. Man
and computer have been brought to a communication
interface of “going into the environment”. The scenes
appeared in computer are no longer the single stiff images,
but the continuous, vivid and animated images. VR is an
operation environment composed of “intelligent objects”
with different particular attributes. Currently, VR has
been extensively applied to medical science, education,
military, entertainment, engineering, machines, marketing,
etc.
The so-called “virtual reality” (VR) technology mainly
uses computer to simulate a real or virtual environment,
enabling users to have a feeling of being in the environ-
ment. The environment not only gives a three-dimensional
and layered look, but also lets users learn in the simulated
environment. After they have accumulated their learning
experience, they can apply it in the real environment to
accomplish their missions.
Presently, VR technology has been adopted in many
areas. For example, in the area of medical science, M.
Tavakoli et al. [1] and Chen E. et al. [2] used haptic in-
terface for the computer-integrated endoscopic surgery
system. Through force feedback device, user could in-
teract with the virtual scene in computer to perform more
effective training of surgical and medical operation. The
intravenous injection simulation system of Shoaw [3]
concretely provided a training course that met the re-
quirements for the learning of intravenous injection tech-
nique by nursing students. The system decreased the
happening of accidents and the sliding of syringe during
intravenous injection, and raised the quality of nursing
and clinical services. The palpation simulation system of

A Novel Training System of Lathe Works on Virtual Operating Platform 288
M. Dinsmore et al. [4] was applied by doctors to the
simulation of looking for tumors from patients. It could
train doctors to diagnose the tumor of subcutaneous tissue
accurately through palpation by fingertips.
As to the engineering and mechanical domain, Korves
and Loftus [5] and Sly [6] imported VR technology to the
outlay and planning of manufacturing system for factories.
The system could more intuitively and efficiently use the
computer digitalized virtual prototype. Through the
simulated prototype, before the design of a product and
the actual prototype or manufacturing system appears, the
designer was able to experience and feel the performance
of the future product or the status of the manufacturing
system. Immediately, the designer could discover the
mistakes and defects that were not considered in the
process of product design, and then make amendments
accordingly. Hence, more perspective decisions could be
made, and more excellent implementation projects could
be implemented to guarantee the quality and quantity of
product.
Dewar et al. [7] indicated that in the process of product
assembly, since it always involved such problems as
product design and assembly, it had to rely on profes-
sional knowledge and the actual assembly by experienced
experts so as to formulate standard assembly procedures.
Therefore, in order to decrease effectively the time spent
on the assembly procedures of product, VR technology is
up to now a technology most frequently applied. As to the
studies in this aspect, they mainly included two directions:
one was undergone directly by using VR technology to
assist assembly training [8–10]; and the other was the
application of VR, together with the related technologies
like CAD/CAM, etc., to preserve many significant con-
cepts, procedures or experience in the assembly process
by digitalized (visualized) or formalized ways (steps)
[11–13]. There was one thing worthy of mentioning that
the visual assembly design environment (VADE) system
developed by Jayaram et al. [14] emphasized the integra-
tion of VADE and CAD system. On the one hand, VADE
information was acquired from CAD system; and on the
other, the design performed by VADE or assembly in-
formation could be transmitted back to CAD system for
further application. At the same time, after VADE system
was added with detection of collision and simulation of
physical nature, the application area of VR technology
was tremendously enlarged.
Regarding VR instruction and training, the related ap-
plication and research are very extensive. There were
studies on the benefits of haptic feedback in virtual reality
environment in terms of the shortening of completion time
and the improvement of perceptual motor capabilities of
human operator [15,16]. Wu Y. L. et al. [17] established a
virtual network laboratory. Students can do physical ex-
periment in the virtual laboratory on the internet. The
laboratory can protect students from encountering possi-
ble danger when doing physical experiments. Eder Arroyo
et al. [18] established a virtual control and operation sys-
tem of apparatuses, providing staff with the training on
control and operation procedures of the apparatuses and
equipments in factory, and assisting staff in becoming
competent for their jobs within a short period of time. Lei
Li et al. [19] proposed an immersive virtual reality system
called ERT-VR, in which the instructors assigned a spe-
cific training scenario to the trainees by using the scenario
creator. Trainees took on the role of the characters in the
training scenario, and controlled their actions and ulti-
mately the scenario outcome.
Lathe machine is one of the working machines with the
widest range of usage in machinery factories, and lathe
works are also the basic skill for their workers. Lathe
works use cutter to machining raw material to form the
shapes of facing, external turning, internal turning,
knurling, grooving, drilling, taper turning, contour turning,
threading, etc. Therefore, this paper firstly uses VR ap-
plication software to integrate the 3D models of lathe
machines. After that, through step-by-step use of function
nodes provided by EON studio software, the operation
features for the driving function of each operating hand-
wheel of lathe machine are constructed. At the same time
through the connection with external program, it is
available to simulate the virtual machining actions. In this
way, users are able to learn the operation of lathe machine
in the simulated environment. After they have accumu-
lated their learning experience, they can apply it in the real
environment, thus decreasing the damage of mechanical
operation, and saving the time for education and training.
2. Development of Virtual Lathe Machine
This paper mainly applies the combination of VR tech-
nology and 3D solid model to simulate the virtual opera-
tion of the practical operating process of lathe machine,
and virtual machining operation of the lathe works. The
simulation reduces the worker’ fear aroused when facing
the large-sized machine in the learning process of lathe
works. It not only improves the learning effects of work-
ers, but also decreases the damage of machine caused by
the wrong operation of workers for their unfamiliarity or
nervousness. The main task of this section includes:
1) Construction of 3D models of virtual lathe machine;
2) Development of the virtual operation platform of
lathe machine.
2.1 Construction of 3D Models of Virtual Lathe
Machine
The paper adopts Pro/Engineer software, which has the
characteristics of 3D solid model, single database, fea-
ture-based design and parametric design, as the operation
tool for establishing the 3D model of the various parts of
lathe machine and for setting the relationship among their
mutual positions. Therefore, besides the main fixed bed

A Novel Training System of Lathe Works on Virtual Operating Platform 289
Figure 2. the 3D model required to be constructed still needs to
build up the components of transmitting mechanism, such
as the axle, variable-speed mechanism, auto-feed mecha-
nism, machining feed bench, tool post, power clutch, and
tailstock assembly and dead center, etc. As shown in
Figure 1.
2) Principles of construction
a) Initial condition is carriage clamping lever to be in
sensing status, and transmit its orientation into orientation
judgment program;
b) When carriage clamping lever is active (mouse left
button or mouse right button be clicked), then carriage
clamping lever rotate in CW or CCW direction, and
transmit action signal into orientation judgment program;
2.2 Principles for Establishment of Virtual
Operation Platform of Lathe Machine
c) To judge whether carriage clamping lever is situated
at the position of locked limit by means of orientation
judgment program;
To the entire lathe machine, the overall operation func-
tions are: 1) Operation for the action of tool change of tool
post; 2) Automatic and manual operation for longitudi-
nal/transverse feed control; 3) Control of CW and CCW
rotation of axle, operation of braking, and simulation of its
axle rotation inertia. Here using (1) Operation for the
action of tool changes of tool post function as example to
explain its construction process.
d) If carriage clamping lever has been at the locked
position, it is required to disable the sensing of both the
right button of carriage clamping lever and tool post ro-
tation;
e) If carriage clamping lever has been deviated from the
locked position, it is required to active the sensing of both
the right button of carriage clamping lever and tool post
rotation.
2.2.1 Principles for Action Control of Tool Change of
Tool Post
1) Requirements of system The flow chart of tool change of tool post control as
shown in Figure 3.
 When carriage clamping lever is locked, there is a
position limit of locking; 3) Software construction techniques
 Only when carriage clamping lever is at loosening
position, the tool change of tool post can be implemented.
a) Use the right (left) button sensing of “ClickSensor”
function node (symbol of “tool post open” (“tool post
lock”) icon depicted in Figure 4) to detect whether the
mouse right (left) button be clicked on the object of car-
riage clamping lever or not;
 Tool post should be able to rotate in CW and CCW
direction, and there is no position limit.
The tool change of tool post mechanism is shown in
Longitudinal and
transverse feed
control
Spindle speed
selector
Spindle
with chuck
Power clutch
Tool post
Carriage
Compound
rest
Tailstoc
k
assembl
y
Brake padal
Figure 1. Lathe machine (WH 1000G-Win Ho Technology Industrial Co., Ltd. Manufacturing)

A Novel Training System of Lathe Works on Virtual Operating Platform 290
b) Use the “Place” function node (symbol of “tool post
open act” (“tool post lock act”) icon depicted in Figure 4)
to control the object of carriage clamping lever action. i.e.
when the mouse right (left) button be clicked on the object
of carriage clamping lever, the “ClickSensor” function
node will receive the “OnButtonDownTrue” signal, and
then it will send out the “SetRun” signal (as the Table 1
listed) to drive the object of carriage clamping lever action;
c) Use the “Frame” function node (symbol of “tool post
handle-1” icon depicted in Figure 4) to transmit the object
of carriage clamping lever’s orientation (“World Orienta-
tion” as the Table 1 listed) into orientation judgment
program (symbol of “Script” icon depicted in Figure 4);
d) To judge whether carriage clamping lever is situated
at the position of locked limit by means of orientation
judgment program (as the Figure 5 depicted);
e) If carriage clamping lever has been at the locked
position, the orientation judgment program will send out
the “statussign” and “statussign1” (as the Table 1 listed)
signals to “Place” function node (symbol of “tool post left
turn” and “tool post right turn” icons depicted in Figure 4).
At this time, the value of “statussign” and “statussign1”
signals both are “0”, in other words, it will disable the
action of “Place” function node, and then the object of tool
post can not rotate;
f) In contrast, if carriage clamping lever has been at the
loosened position, the orientation judgment program will
send out the signal value “1” to the “Place” function node,
that is say, it will active the “Place” function node, and
then the object of tool post can rotate in CW and CCW
direction.
The control process and script function of orientation
judgment program of tool change of tool post as shown
in Figures 4–5, and their interactive relationship between
each function nodes are listed in Table 1.
2.2.2 Requirements for Automatic and Manual
Operation of Longitudinal/Transverse Feed
Control
Requirements of system:
 The longitudinal/transverse feed selection lever
should possess the functions of upper/lower limit position,
and central neutral position.
 When the longitudinal/transverse feed selection
lever is situated at the central neutral position, it can be
used for longitudinal and transverse manual feed opera-
tion.
 During the CCW (CW) rotation of axle, and when
the longitudinal/transverse feed selection lever is situated
Carriage clamping
lever on the locked
position
Tool post can
not rotate
Tool post can
rotate
Carriage clamping
lever on the
loosening position
Figure 2. Tool change of tool post mechanis
Table 1. The software control skill of tool change of tool post
Output node Output signal Receive node Receive signal comment
Tool post han-
dle 「Frame」 WorldOrientation Script「Script」 posvalue
Tool post left
「ClickSensor」 OnButtonDownTrue Script「Script」 Mousein1
Tool post right
「ClickSensor」 OnButtonDownTrue Script「Script」 Mousein
Script「Script」 statussign Tool post left turn
「Place」 SetRun
Script「Script」 Statussign1 Tool post right turn
「Place」 SetRun
Recording and judging
the carriage clamping
lever orientation

A Novel Training System of Lathe Works on Virtual Operating Platform291
at the lower limit position, then after the automatic feed
control lever is pulled down and geared, the apron shall
implement automatic feed movement towards (staying
away from) the chuck direction.
 During the CCW (CW) rotation of axle, and when
the longitudinal/transverse feed selection lever is situated
at the upper limit position, then after the automatic feed
control lever is pulled down and geared, the carriage shall
implement automatic feed movement staying away from
(towards) the worker direction.
 When implementing longitudinal or transverse
automatic feed process, if the automatic feed control lever
is pulled back to manual position, the apron or carriage
shall immediately stop the feeding movement.
The longitudinal and transverse feed control mecha-
nism is shown in Figure 6.
2.2.3 Principles of Control for CW and CCW Rotation
and Inertia Action of Axle
Requirements of system:
CCL MLB
sensing
CCL MRB
sensing
Orient ation
judgment
program
CCL CCW
rotating
CCL CW
rotating
CCL
object
Active Active
orientation
Locked
position
No Yes
Tool post
rotating sensing
Tool post CW
rotating
Tool post CCW
rotating
Active
MRB
Active
MLB
Active
Disable
Active
CCL : Carriage Clamping Lever
MLB : Mouse Left Button
MRB : Mouse Right Button
Disable
Figure 3. Flow chart of tool change of tool post control
Right button
loosening
Left button
locking
Recording and judging the carriage
clamping lever orientation
Figure 4. Control process of tool change of tool post

A Novel Training System of Lathe Works on Virtual Operating Platform 292
Receive the MLB signal
on carriage clamping lever
Get the carriage clamping
lever orientation
Judge the carriage clamping
lever and set its function
Receive the MRB signal
on carriage clamping lever
Judge the carriage clamping
lever and set its function
Figure 5. Script function of orientation judgment program
Longitudinal and
transverse feed selection
lever (neutral position)
Automatic feed control
lever (neutral position)
Longitudinal feed
position Automatic feed control
lever (active position)
Longitudinal feed
handwheel
Automatic feed control
lever (active position)
Transverse
feeding positionTransverse feed
handwheel
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 6. Longitudinal and transverse feed control mechanism
 Power clutch has to possess the function of being at
upper/lower limit position;
 When power clutch is at the upper (lower) limit po-
sition, the axle rotates in CW (CCW) direction at specified
speed;
After the axle is turned on, when power clutch resumes
to the neutral position, the axle gradually stops rotating at
a constantly decreasing speed;
 When the brake pedal is stepped down, the axle has
to be able to stop rotating immediately. Meanwhile, the
brake pedal should be able to resume to the original posi-
tion actively.
The axle rotating control with power clutch mecha-
nism is shown in Figure 7.
3. Principles for Establishment of Virtual
Machining Platform
To the entire lathe works, the overall operation functions
are:
1) External straight turning;
2) Internal straight turning;
3) Facing;
4) Necking;
5) External threading;
6) Taper turning.
3.1 Simulated Theorem of External Straight
Turning
We utilize an assembly operation of outer-annular hollow

A Novel Training System of Lathe Works on Virtual Operating Platform 293
part and solid mandrel workpiece to simulate unmachined
raw material and at the same time, we adjust the scaled
rotation origin “O” of outer-annular hollow part to its
left-sided shaft center shown in Figure 8. While simu-
lating cutting operation, if the collision occurs between
the cutter and the outer-annular hollow part, it triggers the
outer-annular hollow part to induce scaled operation and
the scale proportion, i.e., SCALEexternal along the X direc-
tion can be expressed as the follows.
vtL
tvL
SCALE external )1( 

 t = 1, 2, 3 (1)
L denotes the original length of outer-annular hollow
part, v is the cutting speed along the X direction, and t is
the time to be a unit of second.
3.2 Simulated Theorem of Internal Straight
Turning
We utilize an assembly operation of outer-annular hollow
part and solid mandrel workpiece to simulate unmachined
raw material and at the same time, we adjust the scaled
rotation origin “O” of outer-annular hollow part to it-
sleft-sided shaft center shown in Figure 9. While simulat-
ing cutting operation, if the collision occurs between the
neutral positionupper limit positionlower limit position
( stop rotating )( CW rotating )( CCW rotating )
Figure 7. Axle rotating control with power clutch mechanism
L
v
outer-annular hollow part
X
Y
The induce direction of
outer-annular hollow part
O
solid mandrel workpiece
assembly part to simulate
unmachined raw material
machining process of
external straight turning
machining direction of cutter
Figure 8. Simulated theorem of external straight turning

A Novel Training System of Lathe Works on Virtual Operating Platform 294
cutter and the solid mandrel workpiece, it triggers the
solid mandrel workpiece to induce scaled operation and
the scale proportion, i.e., SCALEinner along the X direction
can be expressed as the follows.
vtL
tvL
SCALE inner )1( 

 t = 1, 2, 3 (2)
L denotes the original length of outer-annular hollow
part, v is the cutting speed along the X direction, and t is
the time to be a unit of second.
3.3 Simulated Theorem of Facing
We utilize an assembly operation of finished part and
solid cutting-ring workpiece to simulate unmachined raw
material and at the same time, we adjust the scaled rota-
tion origin “O” of solid cutting-ring workpiece to its
left-sided shaft center shown in Figure 10. While simu-
lating cutting operation, if the collision occurs between
the cutter and solid cutting-ring workpiece, it triggers the
solid cutting-ring workpiece to induce scaled operation
and the scale proportion, i.e., SCALEface along the YZ
plane di- rection can be expressed as the follows.
])1(21[
2
vtD
tvD
SCALE face 

 t = 1, 2, 3 (3)
D denotes the original diameter of solid cutting-ring
workpiece, v is the cutting speed along the Z direction,
and t is the time to be a unit of second.
3.4 Simulated Theorem of Necking
As the facing simulation, we also utilize an assembly
operation of finished part and solid cutting-ring workpiece
to simulate unmachined raw material and at the same time,
we adjust the scaled rotation origin “O” of solid cut-
ting-ring workpiece to its left-sided shaft center shown in
Figure 11. While simulating cutting operation, if the
collision occurs between the cutter and solid cutting-ring
workpiece, it triggers the solid cutting-ring workpiece to
induce scaled operation and the scale proportion, i.e.,
SCALEgroove along the YZ plane direction can be ex-
pressed as the follows.
])1(21[
2
vtD
tvD
SCALEgroove

 t = 1, 2, 3 (4)
D denotes the original diameter of solid cutting-ring
workpiece, v is the cutting speed along the Z direction,
and t is the time to be a unit of second.
3.5 Simulated Theorem of External Threading
As the external straight turning simulation, we also utilize
an assembly operation of cutting workpiece and finish
L
v
outer-annular hollow part
X
Y
O
solid mandrel workpiece
assembly part to simulate
unmachined raw material
machining process of
internal straight turning
The induce direction of
solid mandrel workpiece
machining direction of cutter
Figure 9. Simulated theorem of internal straight turning

A Novel Training System of Lathe Works on Virtual Operating Platform295
finished part
D
v
X
ZZ
Y
O
solid cutting-ring
workpiece
assembly part to simulate
unmachined raw material
machining process of facing
indu ce
directio n
induce
direction
induce
direction
induce
direction
machining direction of cutter
Figure 10. Simulated theorem of facing
D
v
X
ZZ
Y
O
finished partsolid cutting-ring
workpiece
assembly part to simulate
unmachined raw material
machining process of necking
machining
direction of cutter
induce
direction
induce
direction
induce
direction
induce
direction
Figure 11. Simulated theorem of necking

A Novel Training System of Lathe Works on Virtual Operating Platform 296
part to simulate unmachined raw material and at the same
time, we adjust the scaled rotation origin “O” of cutting
workpiece to its left-sided shaft center shown in Figure
12. While simulating cutting operation, if the collision
occurs between the cutter and the cutting workpiece, it
triggers the cutting workpiece to induce scaled operation
and the scale proportion, i.e., SCALEthread along the X
direction can be expressed as the follows.
vtL
tvL
SCALE thread )1( 

 t = 1, 2, 3 (5)
L denotes the original length of outer-annular hollow
part, v is the cutting speed along the X direction, and t is
the time to be a unit of second.
3.6 Simulated Theorem of External Taper
Turning
As the external straight turning simulation, we also utilize
an assembly operation of outer-annular hollow part and-
finish part to simulate unmachined raw material and at the
same time, we adjust the scaled rotation origin “O” of
outer-annular hollow part to its left-sided shaft center
shown in Figure 13. While simulating cutting operation,
if the collision occurs between the cutter and the
outer-annular hollow part, it triggers the outer-annular
hollow part to induce scaled operation and the scale
proportion, i.e., SCALEtaper along the X direction can be
expressed as the follows.
))
2
(cos(tan)1(
))
2
(cos(tan
1
1
L
dD
vtL
L
dD
tvL
SCALE taper 






t = 1, 2, 3
(6)
D denotes large diameter, d is small diameter, L is the
length of taper, v is the cutting speed along the X direction,
and t is the time to be a unit of second.
3.7 Constructed Technique of Virtual Machining
System
This paper utilizes the reducible feature and mutual colli-
sion detection functions of function node, and then by
means of programmable function to carry out the in-
duced
proportion, to achieve the virtual machining simulation.
Here uses the external straight turning as example to
show the constructed technique of virtual cutting system.
1) Requirements of system
 When “S” key has been pushed down, the cutter
shall implement automatic feed movement towards the
part;
D
v
X
Z
O
finished partcutting workpiece
assembly part to simulate
unmachined raw material
machining process of
external threading
The induce direction of
cutting workpiece
machining direction of cutter
Figure 12. Simulated theorem of external threading

A Novel Training System of Lathe Works on Virtual Operating Platform297
D
v
X
ZZ
Y
d
O
d
L
D
finished part outer-annular
hollow part
assembly part to simulate
unmachined raw material
machining process of
external taper turning
The induce direction
outer-annular hollow part
machining direction
of cutter
Figure 13. Simulated theorem of external taper turning
 When the cutter collided with the outer-annular
hollow part, the length of outer-annular hollow part must
be induced, and the induced speed is the same as cutter
moving feed.
2) Constructed technique of software
 Use the “ClickSensor” function node to detect the
condition that whether “S” key has been pushed down or not;
 Use the “Place” function node to control the cutter
moving feed.
 Use “Script” function node to receive, record, judge
and output the induced proportion of length of
outer-annular hollow part, so as to control the induced
speed is the same as cutter moving feed.
The model tree, routes, and parameters of script node
are shown in Figure 14.
4. Practical Operation Cases
This paper makes a comparison between the situations
before and after the operating process of the overall
transmitting control function and machining function of
lathe works, and takes it as an implementation example of
virtual lathe machine operating and machining for lathe
works.
Figure 15 shows the virtual lathe machine platform for
this paper. Figure 16 presents the results after the forward
and backward movements of apron caused in the longi-
tudinal feed operating process. Figure 17 shows the re-
sults after the forward and backward movements of car-
riage caused in the transverse feed operating process.
Figure 18 shows the results after the forward and back-
ward movements of compound rest caused in compound
rest operating process. Figure 19 presents the initial and
results during external straight turning process. Figure 20
shows the initial and results during internal straight turn-
ing process. Figure 21 shows the initial and results during
facing process. Figure 22 shows the initial and results
during necking process. Figure 23 shows the initial and
results during external threading process. Figure 24
shows the initial and results during external taper turning
process.
5. Conclusions and Results
The paper integrates virtual reality technology with the
application of 3D solid model to complete a virtual op-
eration platform based on the transmitting principles of
lathe machine during practical operation. At the same
time, the paper has completed the virtual machining for
various lathe works. Users are able to learn in the simu-
lated environment without scruple, increasing the effects
of training. After the accumulation of learning experience,
it can be applied by users in the actual environment to
accomplish the mission of operation.

A Novel Training System of Lathe Works on Virtual Operating Platform 298
Figure 14. Relative data
Figure 15. Virtual lathe machine

A Novel Training System of Lathe Works on Virtual Operating Platform299
(a) Apron forward moving(b) Apron backward moving
Figure 16. Longitudinal feed operating process
Carriage forward movingCarriage backward moving
Figure 17. Transverse feed operating process
Compound rest forward movingCompound rest backward moving
Figure 18. Compound rest operating process
(b) During external straight
turning process
(a) Initial condition
Figure 19. External straight turning process

A Novel Training System of Lathe Works on Virtual Operating Platform 300
(b) During internal straight
turning process
(a) Initial condition
Figure 20. Internal straight turning process
(a) Initial condition(b) During facing process
Figure 21. Facing process
(a) Initial condition(b) During necking process
Figure 22. Necking process
(a) Initial condition(b) During external threading process
Figure 23. External threading process

A Novel Training System of Lathe Works on Virtual Operating Platform301
(b) During external taper
turning process
(a) Initial condition
Figure 24. External taper turning process
6. Acknowledgements
It is gratefully acknowledged that this research was sup-
ported by the National Science Council under contract
No. NSC 95-2520-S-237-001.
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