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Engineering, 2010, 2, 107-112 doi:10.4236/eng.2010.22015 Published Online February 2010 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/eng). Copyright © 2010 SciRes. ENGINEERING Sliding Mode Control with Auto-Tuning Law for Maglev System Lingling Zhang1, Zhizhou Zhang2*, Zhiqiang Long2, Aming Hao2 1College of Mathematics and Econometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, China 2College of Mechatronics Engineering and Automation, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China E-mail: zzz336@126.com Received September 5, 2009; revised September 27, 2009; accepted October 4, 2009 Abstract This paper presents a control strategy for maglev system based on the sliding mode controller with auto-tuning law. The designed adaptive controller will replace the conventional sliding mode control (SMC) to eliminate the chattering resulting from the SMC. The stability of maglev system is ensured based on the Lyapunov theory. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. In addition, the advan- tages of the proposed controller are indicated in comparison with a traditional sliding mode controller. Keywords: Sliding Mode Control, Maglev System, Lyapunov Theory, Auto-Tuning 1. Introduction Maglev (Magnetic Levitation) train is a late-model rail- way vehicle with many good performances such as high speed, comfort, low environmental pollution, low energy consumption and so on. Lots of countries have started up the engineering study of maglev train [1,2]. The dynamic response of vehicle/guideway system affects the running safety, ride comfort and system costs heavily, which are crucial factors for maglev train com- mercial application [3,4]. Due to open-loop instability and inherent nonlinearities associated with a volt- age-controlled magnetic levitation system, a feedback control is necessary to achieve a stable operation. Re- cently, quite a few control strategies have been devel- oped and applied widely in the industrial field of maglev technology, such as bang-bang control [5], adaptive non-smooth control [6], hybrid control [7] and H control method [8], etc. Sliding mode control is a powerful robust approach for controlling the nonlinear dynamic systems [9]. The ad- vantage of sliding mode control is robustness against parameter matched uncertainties and external disturbance and so on. In general, vehicle-guide vibration of maglev system is easily subjected to external disturbance. Even though the approach of sliding mode control is one of potential control candidates for maglev system, it has some limitations such as discontinuous control law and chattering action, which lead to the appearance of input chattering, the high-frequency plant dynamics and un- foreseen instability in real application. In order to allevi- ate the high-frequency chattering, control researchers have proposed many strategies, such as the boundary layer technique [10,11] and parameter identification mechanism with self-tuning [12,13]. In [14–16], using a modified hyperbolic tangent function as the activation function, the laws for tuning boundary layer thickness and control gain were proposed. In this paper, the sliding mode control technique with auto-tuning law is applied to a voltage-controlled mag- netic levitation system. The task of the control system is to dynamically regulate control voltage which drives the magnet to adjust the magnetic force to maintain a desired gap. Firstly, to simplify the mathematical model of maglev system, we discuss a 4-D maglev system via al- ternating physical variables of maglev system. In the following, with regard to this maglev system, four error variables are chosen to define the switching surface, and then a traditional sliding mode controller is designed accordingly [17]. In order to eliminate high-frequency control and chattering around the sliding surface, an auto-tuning neuron is introduced as an adaptive control- ler to guarantee the convergence of all states for maglev system. Simulations results show the control perform- ance of our proposed method. L. L. ZHANG ET AL. Copyright © 2010 SciRes. ENGINEERING 108 The paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, we give a mathematical model of maglev system, and then choose four error variables to determine the sliding sur- face. In Section 3, we design a general sliding mode con- troller and a systematic sliding mode controller with self-tuning law respectively. Simulation results will be given to validate the effectiveness of our proposed con- troller in Section 4. Conclusions are drawn in Section 5. 2. Sliding Surface Design of the Maglev System The maglev system is a complicated system with ma- chinery, controlling and electromagnetic elements inte- grated together. Figure 1 shows its working elements. According to [3], m denotes the weight of the elec- tromagnet; and represents the absolute displacement of the electromagnet in the vertical. is the resistance of the electromagnet. m z R I and () Vt are current and voltage of the electromagnet winding, respectively. The control current I is driven by control voltage () Vt to maintain the air gap at its nominal value. Define 123 , then dynamical and electro- magnetic equations of the system are given as z ,,zz [, , ][ T yyyy]I T 12 2 3 22 1 2313 1 3 1 , , . 22 yy y k yg my yyRy yy yV ykk (1) where 2 00 1 4 kNS 0 , is the magnetic permeability in vacuum, is the number of turns of coil, and is the effective pole area of electromagnet. N0 S Note that this electromagnetic suspension system is unstable without control voltage . In closed-loop sys- tem, gap sensor measures the relative interval between electromagnet and guideway while accelerometer meas- ures the absolute kinetic acceleration of the electromag- net. Based on feedback signals from sensors, the con- troller can generate certain control voltage according to control algorithm. With the calculated control voltage, the electromagnet can produce suitable electromagnetic force to keep itself suspending under the guideway stably. V In order to simplify the original nonlinear system (1), we choose the variable ***** '' 33 123412 11 [,,,] [,,,()][,,,()] TT yy II Xxxxx zzyy ZZy y ),( zIF )(tz mg I(t) + - elect romagnet rail V(t) Figure 1. Structure of the maglev system. ** 12 *2 *3 2 ** 34 ***** 41423 , , , 1 () 22 xx kx xgm xx R' , x xx xxV kk (2) where is the derivatives of . And the values of the state variables at the balance point are '* * * * 1234 (, ,, )Vxxxx **** 1234 ,,,)xxx(Vx * 00 [,Xz0,,0] mg k, where is a nominal value of the air gap . 0 z z Moving the equilibrium to the origin, letting 1234 [,, ,] T X xxxx, where * 110 x xz , * 22 x x , * 33 mg xx k ,* 44 x x , (2) becomes 12 2 3 23 ** 34 * 41043 2 , 2, , 1 (()() ) 22 x x kx kg xx m m xx Rmg x xzx xxU k kk (3) where '**** 12341 234 (,,,) (,,,)Uxxxx Vxxxx ' 1 0234 (,, , mg Vx zxxx k ) x The system output is 1 [1,0,0,0]YX . For conven- ience, denote2 3 13 2 kx kg f x mm , 21043 (()() ) 2 Rmg 2 f xzx xx k k . T , * 3 x represents electromotive force of the electromagnet winding which has actual physical meanings. Then the model (1) can be transformed as following: Even now, a control scheme is presented to stabilize the states of maglev system. Our control objective is to stabilize all states of (3) to zero, that is to design control input to maintain the air gap at its nominal value. z Similar to linear system, the sliding mode control of nonlinear system consists two relatively independent parts: firstly confirm that the motion on the sliding sur- face is globally stable, and then design a sliding control- L. L. ZHANG ET AL.109 ler which causes the trajectories of the system to reach the sliding surface in finite time. Denote the error variables as 11 22 2 3 31 3 3 41 4 , , 2 2() . ex ex kx kg ef x mm kx kg ef x mm , (4) Then a switching surface is defined as 112 2334 s ce cece e 32 32 cc , where are selected to be positive constant numbers such that the polynomial is Hurwitz. The error dynamics in sliding mode are thus asymptotically stable. 123 ,,cc c 1 c The second step is to design a sliding controller such that the sliding surface approaches 0. And the control input can be formulated as U 1 11 1221 34 33 1 []{ 2 ff Ucxcfc kf f x 11 42 33 [] ()} ff d x xsigns dt ff (5) where is a positive constant. Theorem 1. Under the control (5), all states of (4) will asymptotically converge to zero. Proof. Select a Lyapunov function candidate: 2 2 s V. Differentiating V and substituting (4)-(5) yield, 112 2334 111 1221 3442 333 [] 1 [()()] 2 () 0 Vssscececee fff d s cxc fcxxfU fdtffk ssigns s (6) For the controller (5), inequality (6) implies that the system can reach the surface, , in finite time. 0s represents the amplitude of related to the sign-function, which has a relationship to the velocity of reaching the sliding surface. Since are selected to be posi- tive constant numbers such that the polynomial is Hurwitz, and will all converge to zero from any initial conditions. On the ideal sliding mode , that is , will converge to zero too. 12 ,,ccc 3 1 ,ee 41 ec 32 32 cc 0s 1 c e 23 e 22 ce 1 3 e c34 e Then, we explain the vector 1234 [, , , ] T X xxxx will converge to 0 if . From (4), we get that and are stabilized. In practical application, the current 0E 3 ef 112 ,exex 21 I and the air gap are posi- tive, so z * 3() I xz must be positive from Equation (2), then * 33 ( mg xx k ) should be larger than in Equa- tion (3). It follows that 3 x has to converge to zero from the stability of 2 3 31 3 (2) kx kg x mm ef . Similarly 4 x will converge to zero if is stabilized. Therefore, under the controller (5), the state variables of system (3) will all converge to the equilibrium point. 4 e 3. Adaptive Sliding Mode Controller Design In order to eliminate the chattering typically found in con- ventional sliding mode control, we utilize the boundary layer technique [14,15,18]. If the control gain constant and the width of the boundary layer are fixed numbers, there is no guarantee for fast convergence. So we introduce an auto-tuning neuron to be the direct adaptive neural con- troller. The structure of an auto-tuning neuron can be mathematically expressed as [14,15,18]: E , where E represents the external input of neuron; de- notes threshold of bias, and is the internal state of neuron. The auto-tuning sliding mode control law for system (3) is 1 11 4 33 c f 1 2 3 f x 1 12 2 4 3 1 [][[]]() 2 fff d Ucxfx f kfdt ff 1 3 c, (7) where () is a modified hyperbolic tangent function, [1 1e exp( xp a)] () , ( ) b b (8) where is the saturated level; and is the slope value. Obviously, the shape of the nonlinear saturated function is governed by the values of both and b. Figure 2 gives the plot of (8), where two adjustable parameters and influence mainly the output range and the curve shape of the activation function. A larger corresponds to a narrower boundary layer. Let ab a a b b [,,] T ab repre- sent the vector of adjustable parameters. In the following we will adjust to achieve the con- trol objective. The auto-tuning law is designed as 1 x gn x ign U esig 1 1 1 exp( ) exp( ) , (), b aesUb be a n ab 1 1 ()( 1 () x U 1 i s ) , (9) where , and are positive constants used to ad- Copyright © 2010 SciRes. ENGINEERING L. L. ZHANG ET AL. Copyright © 2010 SciRes. ENGINEERING 110 -5 -4 -3-2 -10 1 2345 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 a=5,b=5 a=5,b=2 a=5, b=0.5 a=2,b=0.5 a=2,b=2 a=2,b=5 () Figure 2. Modified activation function for different a and b. just the convergence speed, and sign 1 x U determines the direction of the search for . The accurate value of 1 x U is not important since the maglev system output monotonically increases as the control input to the con- trolled plant increases, that is system (3) is said to be positive responded [18]. Then the system direction is written as 1. Fortunately, there are many industrial proc- ess control systems that possess the property of posi- tive-responded or negative-responded. Theorem 2. Under the control (7) and (8), all states of the system (3) with the adaptation law (9) will aymtocally converge to 0. Proof. Consider the Lyapunov function candidate: 2 1 1 2 Ve. Differentiating V [14,15,18], we have 11 11 ( ex dVVU aUbU dtexUatbtt ) (10) For convenience, denote the first term of the right hand side of (10) 11 1 11 ex VU VexUat a , the sec- ond term and the third 11 2 11 ex VU VexUbt b , 11 3 11 ex VU VexU t . Substituting (7), (8) and (9) into (10) yield 11 1 11 1 11 1 11221 33 1 {[] [ 2 ex VUa VexUat xf f ecxcfc Ua kxx 34 x 11 42 33 [1 exp()] () ]} 1exp( ) ff dab x fa dt xxb 22 1 1 1exp( ) () 1 exp() xb eUb Similarly, become respectively: 23 ,VV 11 2 11 22 1 12 2exp()0 (1 exp()) ex VUb VexUbt xb ea Ub 2 , 11 3 11 22 1 12 2exp( )0 (1 exp()) ex VU VexU t xb ea Ub 2 b where 1 1 x eU represents system output error contributed by the control input [18]. Since 0 V t while , according to the Lyapunov stability theory, will decrease to zero, so , and 0V V )0 10e(2,3,4 i ei . Therefore, similarly to the last paragraph in the proof of Theorem 1, the states of system (3) will all converge to zero. 4. Simulation and Results In this section, we give the numerical simulation results of maglev system. The parameters and initial conditions used in the maglev system are given by00.010zm , 500mkg ,4.4R ,0. 002k ,. The parameters and initial conditions of the controller for (0) ,0)T x(0.00 458,0,1 simulation are 222.25,c ,, 0.1, 0.1, (0)( 0.1,0.2,0)T , and time interval is 0.0001,t As we know, the learning rate ,, play an im- portant role in parameter learning process. For in- stance, a larger learning rate can accelerate the system response, but may also cause the system to have a lar- ger overshoot. In the design of switching surface, 112 23 34 s ce cecee 123 ,,cc c 121.75,c , pole placement methodology [19] is often adopted to place the roots of the characteris- tic polynomial in desired region of the complex plane. That is, the control system denoted by the characteristic polynomial should have suitable damp, fast system re- sponse, short settling time and small overshoot. There- fore, are often chosen such that the three order polynomial has a pair of conjugate complex roots with negative real parts and a negative real root. When 222.25,c 3 c8 , the roots of the character- istic polynomial are 2.5 1i and -3. Our control object is to design the control input to regulate the air gap to the desired value. Figure 3(a) and (b) represent the performance of state 1 x and the con- trol input by using the traditional sliding mode con- U 0 L. L. ZHANG ET AL.111 trol, and it can be seen that the chattering around 10x have occurred. The control input is regulated with high-frequency, which is not expected in industrial field. Figure 4(a) and (b) show the results by using our pro- posed method. Here, we choose 112,c214,c36c . The state 1 x is asymptotically controlled to 0 and the control input is modulated. In Figure 4(a), the regu- lation time of state U 1 x is about 6 second and the over- shoot is near to 0.6 mm. In Figure 4(b), the overshoot of control input is reduced to 2. These verify that better co ntrol performance of maglev system can be achieved by the proposed auto-tuning controller. 00.5 11.5 22.5 33.5 44.5 5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5x 10 -3 time (s ) x1 (a) 00.5 11.5 22.5 33.5 44.5 5 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 time ( s ) imput(u) (b) Figure3. (a-b) represent the control performance using the general sliding mode control. 0 1 23 45 6 78 910 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x 10 -3 time(s) x1 (a) 012345678910 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 time (s ) input(u) (b) Figure 4. (a-b) show the results using the auto-tuning sliding mode control with control parameters 112,c214,c36c . 00.5 11.5 22.5 33.5 44.5 5 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5x 10 -3 tim e(s) x1 (a) 00.5 11.5 22.5 33.5 44.5 5 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 tim e(s) input(u) (b) Figure 5. (a-b) show the results using the auto-tuning slid- ing mode control with control parameters 14,c26,c 34c . In Figure 4, the regulation time and overshoot is not satisfying, so here some new parameters 14,c 26,c 34c by the proposed auto-tuning sliding mode control are chosen to accelerate system response and decrease the overshoot. In Figure 5(a), the convergence time of state 1 x slows to 3 second and the overshoot 1 x falls to 0. In Figure 5(b), the overshoot of control input is reduced to 0. It accords with the theoretical analysis. Based on the demand of practical application, Copyright © 2010 SciRes. ENGINEERING L. L. ZHANG ET AL. Copyright © 2010 SciRes. ENGINEERING 112 we can regulate these parameters to get a better per- formance. 5. Conclusions In this paper, we discuss the problem of vibration control of maglev problem via a sliding mode control approach. In order to eliminate the high control activity and chat- tering caused by the general sliding mode control, we present an auto-tuning law based on the Lyapunov stabil- ity theory to guarantee the convergence of the system states. Simulation results verify the proposed auto-tuning controller is better than the traditional sliding mode con- troller. It should be pointed out that only three control pa- rameters are chosen to achieve good performance for maglev system in this paper, but other factors also can be applied to sliding mode control in practice. Next plan is to combine with more state variables with elastic guide- way conditions. The expected results should improve the suspension performance of flexible guideway with pro- posed control algorithms. 6 . References [1] Y. Yoshihide, F. Masaaki, T. Masao, et al, “The first HSST maglev commercial train in Japan,” MAGLEV 2004 Proceedings, pp. 76–85, 2004. [2] R. 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