ABSTRACT

In the first paper of two referring to the TEXUS 50 campaign using micro dual wavelength spectrometers (MDWS) we kinetically determined the threshold¹ for GIACs (gravity-induced absorption changes) in Phycomyces to be lower than 25 × 10⁻³ g (http://file.scirp.org/pdf/JMP_2015082810060783.pdf). In this second paper, we attended measurement of GIAC-spectra. Unexpectedly, during the upwards movement, i.e. the hypergravity phase up to top acceleration values reaching 11.6 g at 35.4 s after liftoff we observed transient GIAC-spectra ranging from 380 to 750 nm. In addition, during the whole acceleration phase of 68.2 s, another component near 700 nm develops which remains stable during the whole “free fall trajectory parabola” for 381.3 s. The subsequent reentry of the rocket leads to extraordinary deceleration values up 37.8 g, completely destroying Phycomyces sporangiophores excluding their spectral measurement. During the microgravity phase and by centrifuge operation we were unable to detect any GIAC-spectra (in contrast to kinetic MDWS-measurements, first paper).

Keywords:

MDWS (Micro-Dual Wavelength Spectrophotometer), Single Beam Spectrophotometer (SBS), Diode Array Spectrometer (USB-2000+, Ocean Optics), GIAC (Gravity-Induced Absorption Change), Phycomyces blakesleeanus, Sporangiophore, Micro- and Hypergravity, Texus 50, Sounding Rocket, Graviperception. Hyper Gravity-Induced Transients

1. Introduction

The Micro Dual Wavelength Spectrometer (MDWS) only allows measurements at individual wavelengths of the spectrum defined by selected light emitting diodes (LEDs) [1] . It does not allow to measure complete spectra with a comparable high sensitivity. Therefore, we attempted a complementary measurement of the complete spectrum of GIACs in Phycomyces sporangiophores (SPPHs, Figure 1), during the start phase of hypergravity and the subsequent phase of microgravity using a single beam spectrophotometer (diode array spectrophotometer SBS, USB-2000+ by Ocean Optics). However, due to its fundamentally much lower sensitivity of the SBS compared to the MDWS we were not able to detect any GIACs on a spectral basis during the microgravity phase. During our first evaluation of the TEXUS 50 data [1] we only focussed on the originally envisaged data obtained during microgravity, ignoring data obtained during the start phase, i.e. hypergravity. Surprisingly, just during the phase of strong hypergravity (0 to 37 s, acceleration up to 11.6 g) we observed pronounced and intermediate GIAC-spectra. In addition, another but smaller peak comes up during the late state of hypergravity, further standing in the subsequent microgravity phase. These GIACs generated under hypergravity conditions appear to be of biological rather than artificial background.

2. Material and Methods

2.1 Sounding Rocket TEXUS 50

We participated in the 50^th jubilee sounding rocket campaign:

(http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Swedish_Space_Corporation_Celebrates_50th_Anniversary_of_Esrange_Space_Center_999.html). The Texus 50 was started on the 12^th of April 2013, burn out of the first rocket motor after 11.6 s at a height of about 8 km, burn out of the second rocket motor after 43.9 s at a height of about 100 km reaching a velocity of app. 10100 km h⁻¹. After “YoYo-despin”

the rocket “falls” in a fixed direction through a narrow parabola (cf. Figure 1 in [1] ) and is completely rotational-free as tested by a three-dimensional on-board magnetometer. The greatest height of 261.2 km is reached after 261.9 s. During the whole phase of microgravity (<10⁻⁵ g, between 68.2 to 449.5 s after liftoff) the payload remains completely stable in space allowing the fine-tuned application of gravitational forces by the rotary platform, particularly during the subsequent downwards movement. Gravitational ramps of 5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg were applied, giving rise to the accompanying GIACs as measured with the MDWS [1] .

2.2. The Two Applied Concepts of Optical Spectroscopy

The Micro Dual Wavelength Spectrometer (MDWS) has been developed by us and described previously in more detail [2] [3] . The MDWS is capable of measuring extremely small optical absorption/reflection changes (<10⁻⁵ A) and is at least 1000 times more sensitive(!) than common double and single beam spectrophotometers, depending on the measuring conditions [4] . More details are given in the first paper [1] .

The Single Beam Spectrophotometer (SBS): In contrast to classical double beam spectroscopy the SBS allows a much simplified set-up and extensive usage of special computer software. In order to measure GIAC-spectra in this present 2^nd paper of this series of sounding rocket (TEXUS 50) experiments we used the miniature SBS as based on a diode array technology (USB-2000+, Ocean Optics, Figure 2). It is highly flexible, small, sensitive (dynamic range 8.5 × 10⁸ for single acquisition), and fast: full scan from 3 ms up to 0.283 s as in the present work, depending on used conditions such as averaging, boxcar width, time delay and slit width. Using two sets of white and blue LEDs each for sufficient illumination of the SPPHs we monitored the whole spectrum from 350 to 875 nm within 0.283 s. The program was written by Astrium/Bremen. In order to increase illumination strength and thereby sensitivity, no entrance slit at all was used, only the light fiber diameter of 400 µm serving as wavelength limiter. As in the first paper [1] , because of the structure of SPPHs and for technical reasons we measured

reflectance rather than absorption as suggested by its name. Important to note generally: when measuring very small optical signals in various SBS-modes such as absorption, fluorescence or reflection the absolute measure is inevitably lost (e.g. dark currents, light scattering, see [4] ). Thus, the baseline has to be defined manually (cf. Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 7, Figure 10).

Nevertheless, due to the relative small amount of reflected light reaching the entrance of the spectrometer only a poor SNR³ is attained, anyway. However, after extensive averaging and by FFT²-smoothing using a suitable kernel for the integral, valuable information can be extracted even from noisy signals.

Figure 3 shows the 3D-plot of all four spectrophotometers embedded in the TEXUS 50 rocket (flight implementation plan by Astrium, MDWS, SBS; module TEM 06-33). A fixed platform is located in the upper part of the module, the rotary platform in the middle part. A 3D-magnetometer (not seen in this plot) is localized just below the fixed and on top the rotary platform (playing the essential role in the 3^rd forthcoming paper of this series). The bottom part contains the electronics, batteries and the motor drive of the rotary platform.

2.3. Strains and Culture Conditions

The left side of Figure 1 shows a hedge of SPPHs of Phycomyces blakesleeanus (Burgeff), NRRL1555 (-) originally obtained from the Northern Regional Research Laboratory, USDA, Peoria, IL, USA. Sporangiophores of Phycomyces were raised as described previously [5] . Right: Microscopic picture of a single sporangium. Highest geo- (and photo-) sensitivity is just below the spherical sporangium as shown. For short, they were grown in glass shell vials (1 cm diameter × 4 cm height; Flachbodengläser, AR Klarglas, Münnerstädter Glaswarenfabrik, Münnerstadt, Germany) on a synthetic solid medium with glucose. Until the appearance of stage-4b sporangiophores (i.e. with sporangium) of 2.5 cm length the material was kept in transparent plastic boxes at ambient temperature (19˚C - 21˚C) under white incandescent light (fluence rate 0.5 Wm⁻²).

2.4. Telemetry

The on board experiment is completely controlled and monitored from the base station via radio signals (TCE64―Telecommand-Encoder for 64 digital signals). These include various parameters such as currents of LEDs, averaging, boxcar, integration time, strobe frequency and correction for dark current. Common module data such as GPS, battery voltage, currents, temperatures, and amplification are monitored at 5 Hz. GIAC data are monitored with 16 bit resolution at 500 Hz and completely stored in the on board micro-PC. For reasons of velocity only 1/16 of all GIAC-data is transferred to the ground station via a Kayser- Threde-Module for numerical and graphical display on ground. In addition to GIAC-recording, this allows the baseline correction by the experimenter on-line. These control functions are performed on ground using a handheld console with all these functions available―in addition to a monitoring screen.

3. Results and Discussion

We measured 1281 (uncorrected) individual reflection spectra ranging from 350 to 850 nm during the start―(hypergravity, 0 to 68.2 s) and the subsequent microgravity phase (<10⁻⁵ g between 68.2 s to 449.5 s) as shown in Figure 4. Thus, 3.36 spectra per second were monitored. The observed changes are large and the spectra are from the beginning of microgravity “compressed” to a single spectrum. In addition, 15 s after the liftoff another group of “densified” spectra is observed. This is explained by the (uncorrected) kinetical GIAC-signals for various wavelengths indicated as obtained by the SBS. Figure 5(b) shows the original g-course of all three components x, y, z as provided by the rocket companies (Kayser-Threde, Astrium). The G-scale is marked in readable characters (too small in the original graph), for the purpose of comparison the time scales of Figure 5(a) and Figure 5(b) are properly adjusted. The upper trace in Figure 5(b) represents the main g-value in flight direction (G_z).

Just after liftoff the G_z signal decreases for 3 s from 7 to 3.8 g (rocket is set to rotation) to increase again to 6 g, when the first rocket motor is separated after

12 s at a height about 8 km. Then, for 3 s G_z is −1 g (ground situation) and subsequently the rocket is boosted by the second motor up to a height approx. 100 km experiencing a maximum of 11.6 g after 35.5 s and a velocity of 10,100 km/h. Concluding, the course of the hypergravity-induced GIAC (Figure 5(a)) does not at all reflect the directly measured gravity course (Figure 5(b)). This is taken to indicate a biological intermediate rather than a (trivial) artifact which is further supported by the corrected GIAC-spectra and the MDWS signal as follows.

Figure 6 depicts 5 corrected GIAC-spectra (ΔR = log R_x/R₀ = ΔA) as selected and calculated from spectra in Figure 4 during hypergravity. R₀ describes the (constant) reference spectrum after 68 s, R_x the various spectra at hypergravity at times x after liftoff. Clearly, during linear and rotary acceleration, smaller peaks shows up at 410 and 470 nm, and a larger and broader one at 575 nm. Comparison with the known absorption spectrum of Phycomyces sporangiophores (not shown here) does not allow to identify these peaks. However, during the 9^th DLR parabolic flight campaign some 11 years ago we measured the first GIAC-spectrum of wild- type Phycomyces blakesleeanus SPPHs by a novel SBS [7] . After extensive averaging and a subsequent fit by a higher polynom of 6^th order we obtained the smoothed difference spectrum (1.8 g - 0 g) shown as dotted line in Figure 6 (“action spectrum”). This action spectrum obtained by a moderate hypergravity of 1.8 g within a minutes time scale appears to be largely exceled by hypergravity up to 11 g in the present case within seconds.

The five microgravity-spectra (Figure 7(a), Figure 7(b), extracted from Figure 4), possibly modified by gravity as generated by the centrifuge (5, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg) are presented during the centrifugal ramps defined by the first paper of this series [1] . Calculating the logarithm of the five quotient spectra representing GIAC = ΔR = log R_x/R₀ = ΔA = log R_x/R₀ at times t_x and t₀ corresponding to the five rotational ramps with maxima at 165 (137), 221 (193), 277 (249), 333 (305) and 380 (361) s (time position of maximum at t₁, of reference spectra at t₀ in brackets) do not reveal any visible difference rather than straight lines Figure 7(a). These are shown on a largely magnified scale (×35,000), Figure 7(b). Using a Fourier smoothing function with an inner kernel corresponding to the ramp width (50 s) also does not reveal any reflection (absorption) change. Here only one difference spectrum referring to the 100 mg ramp is shown by the white line where the MDWS-measurement reveals a clear cut signal. Concluding, in contrast to the MDWS-measurement in Paper 1 of this series [1] , the SBS does not allow detecting the expected miniscule GIAC signals on a spectral basis. This reminds us of the fact that the well-studied plant photoreceptor Phytochrome also has never been measured in vivo other than by dual wavelength spectroscopy. Only after considerable accumulation the first spectral measurement of Phytochrome could be performed in vitro [6] . The (uncorrected)

reflection spectra of the SPPHs (Figure 4) essentially represent the spectral emission of the exciting light diodes “white + blue”.

The MDWS-signal during the acceleration phase (Figure 8) is also in

consistency with non-artificial, i.e. biologically founded spectral changes seen in Figure 4. In consistency with Figure 5(a), the signal decreases to zero 40 s after liftoff (the offsets are trivial, vide supra).

Close inspection of Figure 4 reveals a smaller peak at 700 nm coming up at the end of the hypergravity phase. This is more clearly emphasized in Figure 9(a) showing the section of Figure 4 between 650 and 800 nm. The final reentry of the rocket leads to extraordinary deceleration values up 37.8 g, completely destroying Phycomyces sporangiophores excluding their spectral measurement (possibly permanent species?). Interestingly, such an absorption peak at 700 nm has been observed some 18 years ago in a GIAC-spectrum in a dense “hedge” of SPPHs [3] , Figure 9(b). A highly interesting fact needs to be stressed: whereas under earthbound conditions (−1 g), this peak develops within about the first 30 min, under hypergravity conditions it comes up already after some 10 seconds. Its biochemical identification also remains unknown, so far.

A series of earth-bound test spectra of dummies made from thin copper wire (diameter 50 µm,) representing the Phycomyces sporangiophore (Figure 1) is shown in Figure 10(a). The constant illuminating light source is a white LED. The dummies are positioned at different distances to the spectrometer entrance (Figure 2) mimicking a presumed and “uncontrollable” mechanical movement (i.e. varying distances) of the samples in the hypergravity phase, giving rise to the GIAC-spectra seen in Figure 4. The relative light intensities range from 350 down to 25 arbitrary units. Figure 10(b) Clearly, the calculated reflection/absorption changes essentially show straight lines and do not cause distinctive “spectra”, suggesting that the observed GIACs in Figure 6 are real and not trivial “mechanical artefacts”, as could be claimed.

4. Conclusion

This present paper shows for the first time that hypergravity induces both

transient as well as possibly permanent reflection/absorption changes in Phycomyces sporangiophores, which reflect molecular species which―so far―remain unidentified. These spectral identities generated by hypergravity within the seconds time range appear similar to those detected earlier within the minutes time range under standard 1 g-conditions (Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 8, Figure 9). Synopsis of both papers referring to Texus 50, [1] and the present one clearly demonstrate the superior sensitivity of dual wavelength compared to single beam spectroscopy: GIACs observed under microgravity conditions by dual wavelength spectroscopy cannot be seen by common single beam spectroscopy.

Acknowledgements

The work was supported by grant 50WB1025 from the DLR/BMWI (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, and Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft). I thank my college Paul Galland for fruitful discussions and greatly acknowledge the excellent implementation and miniaturization of our various spectrophotometers (MDWS and USB-2000+) as formerly used for parabolic flights and now in sounding rocket campaigns by the whole team of Astrium (Bremen, Dep. TO4-BEOS, Astrium, 28199 Bremen, GmbH), particularly Thomas Hülsing. The engineers of the former Kayser-Threde GmbH (München, since 1^st Sept. 2014 they are fused with OHB Systems under the name OHB System AG, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany) are thanked for their excellent work controlling the flight of the rocket and delivering (Figure 5(b)).

Cite this paper

Schmidt, W. (2018) Hyper Gravity-Induced Transients in Phycomyces as Measured by Single Beam Spectrophotometer on the Sounding Rocket TEXUS 50. Journal of Modern Physics, 9, 273-286. https://doi.org/10.4236/jmp.2018.92019

References

Abbreviations

DLR: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt

ESRANGE: European Space and Sounding Rocket Range (near Kiruna, Sweden)

FFT²: Fast Fourier Transform

GIAC: Gravity-Induced Absorption Change

MDWS: Micro-Dual Wavelength Spectrophotometer

RSS: Rapid Scan Spectrophotometer

SBS: Single Beam Spectrophotometer

SNR³: Signal to Noise Ratio

SPPH: Phycomyces sporangiophore

TEXUS 50: 50^th sounding rocket campaign, name of the rocket

NOTES

¹The “threshold” is the smallest stimulus where a response is observed. It depends on the sensitivity of the measuring set-up.

²There are many different FFT algorithms involving a wide range of mathematics, from simple complex-number arithmetic to group theory and number theory. Here it is used for smoothing.

³Signal-to-noise ratio (abbreviated SNR) is a measure used in science and engineering that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background noise.