World Journal of Engineering and Technology
Vol.05 No.01(2017), Article ID:74462,20 pages
10.4236/wjet.2017.51013

Applicability Evaluation of a Laser Light-Mater Interaction Based Computational Tool on Status Identification of Applied Micro-Structured Coatings

Mauricio Zadra Pacheco1,2,3, Daniel Vriesman2, Hauke Brüning1, Kai Brune1, Welchy Leite Cavalcanti1, Bernd Mayer1,3

1Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing and Advanced Materials (IFAM), Bremen, Germany

2State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, Brazil

3University of Bremen (UniBremen), Bremen, Germany

Copyright © 2017 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Received: December 19, 2016; Accepted: February 25, 2017; Published: February 28, 2017

ABSTRACT

The current work aims at evaluating a proposed method based on a computational tool developed using Object-Oriented Programming to identify the status of micro-structured surfaces. In this case, these are micro-structured coatings with riblet microstructure developed by Fraunhofer Institute?IFAM, by building a graphical reproduction of the analyzed surface and calculating an expected laser reflection intensity acquired by a laser sensor device, the proposed method is assessed by using the simplest case: a flat surface, and an optimal case: an intact riblet surface. The results corroborate the calculations to be applied to further steps from more complex cases of degradation and to diverse riblets geometries. Based on Huygens-Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction theories, the calculations developed and demonstrated in this paper improved the nondestructive tests to support the status identification of the micro structured coatings, e.g. riblet structures based on shark skin used in shipping and aerospace industries. This work is assured required quality of the riblet coating identifying the number of structures and expected geometry using implemented calculations to foresee the laser reflection intensity acquired by a laser sensor device with 3 detectors, for instance, a riblet structure could be graphically reproduced, analyzed and completely identified based on the application of the theoretical optics applied on this work.

Keywords:

Structured Coatings, Laser Sensor, Quality Assurance, Object-Oriented Programming

1. Introduction

Status identification of structured surfaces used in aviation industry, e.g. shark skin, called tiny ribs (riblets), is an option to support the quality assurance and keep desired performance of these coatings. Riblets are used as an alternative to decrease drag and consequently save fuel and reduce Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions [1] . These riblets are part of strategical and technological possibilities to fulfill the decision taken by European Union that CO2 emissions from the aviation and shipping industry must be reduced by 10% and 20% respectively, in a period of medium to long term [2] , for instance, due to climate change caused by GHG emissions [3] .

Quality assurance using Non-destructive tests (NDT) is a powerful tool in terms of reliability, costs and easiness. NDT improvements are related to safety of aviation components and structures. The NDT technique refers to testing methods, specially used to analyze structural parts or objects without harming or affect future usefulness. The main goals of NDT are to identify hidden defects or damages. Furthermore, NDT material properties can be evaluated and the structure geometry can be measured [4] . According to the American Society for Testing and Materials [5] , the concept of NDT is based on the “development and application of technical methods that examine materials and components, in order to detect, measure and evaluate discontinuities, defects and other imperfections. Integrity, properties and composition assessment and measure geometrical characteristics are evaluated by NDT as well”. In special attention to riblet structure coatings, geometrical characteristics and integrity are important parameters to keep the desired functionality. Among the methods of possible tests to be applied to this specific analysis of coatings based on riblet structures, non- destructive testing tends to be powerful for this application.

There is a large range of NDTs available and especially for those applied in aviation industry; it is relevant to consider, for instance, health monitoring tests using Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors are used in order to be applied to durability tests of a composite wing structure. FBG sensors could be detecting toughly visible impact damages due the distortion of the spectrum by the strain change [6] .

Characterization of micro structured surfaces has to be achieved in nanoscale level. Research on characterization of surfaces is being made using full field polarized light-scattering, and experimental findings have reached a good agreement with theoretical predictions considering different surface roughness [7] .

Development of NDT includes concepts of non-contact devices, such as the one proposed by Imlau et al. [8] , and it can be an alternative to evaluate the conditions of structured surfaces. Researchers from Osnabrück University presented a sensor development based on the intensity distribution principle of the scattered light generated by a laser beam incidences normal to the riblet layer [9] . In this work, the calculations based on Huygens-Fresnel diffraction theory applied on riblet surfaces, was implemented in a code based on Mathematica software, showing the expected applicability of the proposed method.

The laser light behavior prediction is a relevant step for the implementation of this proposed technique. The calculations based on Huygens-Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction theories are the initial step to fulfill the computational tool implementation and to provide a knowledge database to be compared to experimental measurements.

The application of non-destructive testing must be taken into account in order to achieve the main objective, identifying the structural geometry of the coating based on riblet structure with the functionality of drag reduction. The purpose of this work in the beginning is graphically reproducing the original riblet structure geometry, which will be the basis for all calculations and data analysis and ensure the quality of the coating characteristics.

This work aims at introducing a method to validate the computational tool outputs in order to build a reliable computational tool to support analysis and make decisions in aviation industry production and maintenance. The “Introduction” section presents the state of the art related to non-destructive tests, micro structured surfaces and applications and optics theories applied to develop the proposed method. Section “Experimental part” expounds about the original geometry used to define the riblet surface and the main parameters to set the algorithm calculations, the development techniques and theoretical foundation will be detailed as well. Section “Results and Discussions” discuss the main results obtained in cases explored and defined previously, and “Conclusions” explain the contributions of the work to improve a robust computational tool able to identify micro-structured surface status.

2. Experimental Part

The implementation of the proposed technique, performing the calculations using Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is based in a code developed in Java language and the support of a consistent Database Management System (DbMS). In order to be applied in production and maintenance lines on aviation industries, it is necessary to provide specific tools and techniques based on computer science field with the intention of support making decision on quality assurance of the structured coatings.

First step to reach the target is to build a graphical representation of the surface. The original geometry of the riblet structured surface defined in this work is based on the structure developed by Fraunhofer Institute-IFAM, as cited by Stenzel et al. [2] . The model consists in sharp-peaked riblets whose characteristics are presented in Figure 1, with the following characteristics: triangular shape, distance between bottom center riblets (dR), height (h) of the riblet and angle of the riblet tip (α).

The riblets will be generated one by one, following cartesian coordinates in space and will be defined according to Equation (1) and shown in Figure 1:

(1)

where

Figure 1. Sketch of the intact riblet modeling.

Xr = riblet width;

h = height of the riblet;

α = angle of the riblet tip.

The original geometry starts in a plane section, with the half measure of the distance between riblet tips, as:

(2)

where dR is the distance between riblet bottom centers. In order to contextualize this work, degradation is defined as the “act or process of damaging or ruining something” [10] . Coating degradation is a combination of both chemical and physical processes [11] . In airplanes coatings there is deterioration in the coating performance due to weather and use. Anti-corrosion procedures are not useful to restore the original surface. So the coating needs to be completely stripped and reapplied, thus this process is expensive [12] .

Aiming to reproduce the status of the surfaces on airplanes with riblet coating applied, rebuilding the riblet geometry in degraded state is necessary. In this study, a pattern of degradation is considered to be able to validate the output data and a total degradation of the structured coating is the investigated degradation pattern used as test approach to the calculations. A total degradation, considering totally smooth surface of the sample, is the easiest case to validate the calculations and support the further research steps.

In this work, an experimental fast sampling sensor setup using Non-contacting laser probing is being developed, based on the Huygens-Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction theories combined with ray tracing calculation methods. This part of the work is the software development to perform analysis and treatment of output data provided by a laser sensor (Figure 2) defined by Imlau et al. [8] . The computational tool is used to interpret the obtained diffraction patterns and as a way to simulate the structured surface status from a given pattern. Thus, the software is developed to generate consistent information for analysis and decision-making regarding the surface structure and its maintenance.

A previous study developed by Imlau [8] underlying the performed calculations seeks to validate the results obtained in the current work, where the findings can be theoretically grounded by other calculation approaches, for instance using Mathematica software.

Figure 2. Schematic structure of the laser sensor device for the investigation of a riblet structure. The intensity distributions of the reflections on the riblet sample are detected with the central and lateral detectors based on [8] .

The theory behind the work consists of OOP encapsulation techniques and abstraction concepts in order to incorporate the laser and surface characteristics within the code in appropriately designed objects, classes and subclasses. The OOP abstraction is the key for the code design and the reflection of the laser beam is the key to evaluate the integrity of the riblet surface.

In this stage the relevant attributes of optical phenomena, surface characteristics and their interactions have been designed and not needed features have been discarded. The resulting computational tool provides a user friendly graphical environment. The visualization interface allows developers and final users to set up different platforms for analyses accordingly to their requirements. Scattering intensity distributions obtained experimentally and through the computational tool are presented. They are obtained for intact surfaces and for different surface degradation levels and patterns, varying parameters as incidence angle and beam wavelength.

Most part of the laser characteristics are related to the Huygens-Fresnel behavior, that means, the wave will behave mainly as a spherical wave. The laser beam is monochromatic light, it has a coherent pattern and it is in accordance of the experiments of Thomas Young (Slit experiment) [13] . The calculations of the intensity are related to the properties of the laser system:

Wave length: 632.8 nm;

2048 pixels (1 pixel ≈ 14 µm);

Angular Frequency: 297.1015 rad/s;

Distance between sample and the central detector: 40 cm.

These parameters were applied in two equations to be validated. The first equation (Equation (1)) is given by the electric field equation and the second equation (Equation (2)) is given by the calculations using Fresnel diffraction theory.

(Sinusoidal wave) (3)

(4)

Related to Equation (1), intensity calculated in a point p on detector is obtained by the square of the electric field calculated, as demonstrated on Equation (5):

(5)

Assumption is made that is a variation between −2π and 2π, and φ is a relation between a reference point on detector and the amount of calculations to the surface, and is assumed that E0 is equals 1.

Using Equation (2), starting from Fresnel integration, a diffraction pattern is calculated which should be acquired by the detectors. Applying Fresnel integration on the equation, in combination with transcendental functions with complete tables of values, this function can be calculated beyond Euler spiral [14] , which is a geometric representation of Fresnel integration in a complex plan.

Nowadays, these integrations can be fast solved using computational tools. Reis et al. [15] used this approach to characterize a diffraction grid with n non- symmetric slits and arbitrary widths, and the results can be a base to further steps of this research, which will introduce more detailed structured surfaces, considering variations on intensity patterns acquired by detectors, aiming charac- terization of the analyzed samples.

Equation (2) assumes that n is the number of reflections to a central detector without interference, and U2 is related to calculations taking into account the last position of reflection on surface for each continuous reflection and U2-1 is related to calculations taking into account the first position of reflection on surface for each continuous reflection, as shown in Figure 3 and described on Equation (4).

To apply the proposed techniques we are setting the software with the main parameters to virtually build a sample with the characteristics used to perform riblets at Fraunhofer Institute-IFAM. The software is able to change these parameters as needed to simulate different types of riblets.

Figure 3. Schematic representation of the reflection in a riblet structure, considering parameters to be input in the integration of Fresnel Equation.

The main parameters are: height of the riblet (h); distance between riblets (d), which is related to the distance between bottom centers of the riblets; angle at the tip of the riblet (α), length (x) and the width(y) of the sample.

The structure of the laser beam is filled in the next step. The user should input the parameters to set the laser incidence and the laser reflection will be graphically reproduced. The main parameters are the initial position of the laser (lx0), related to the position on the x axis of the original geometry; the number of the laser beams (lxn); and the distance (ld) between the laser beams; all these parameters are saved to generate a 2D visualization of the sample with the laser beam incidence and the reflection of the beams. In this step all beam incidences and reflections are calculated, which allows building a 2D visualization of the structure (Figure 4 and Figure 5).

Figure 4. Schematic representation of the interaction of light with the intact riblet surface. Three possible cases are presented. (a): vertical incidence on the surface. The beam is reflected back to the central detector. (b), (c): Interaction with a riblet flank. By reflection, the beam is projected in the direction of 45˚ to the base of the surface and then follows to the lateral detectors.

Figure 5. 2D Plot-120 µm laser spot reflection-intact structure-generated by computational tool.

The riblet degradation can be simulated in the next step. At this stage of development, we can set the degradation as a regular degradation with a perfect flat cut on the tip of the riblet.

The percentage of degradation is varied from 0% to 100%, related to the percentage for the exact point on the structure of the riblet where the degradation will start, that is, 100% is the maximum point to degradation. On Figure 6 showed a riblet structure surface with 50% of flat degradation, a completely degraded riblet structure (100% of degradation) and an intact riblet structure.

In the current work, a totally flat surface is analyzed in strict calculations on the central detector, and the main parameters are given as:

Central Detector width = 28,672 µm;

Distance from sample to central detector = variable according to evaluations, from 3 cm to 50 cm;

Laser Wavelength = variable according to evaluations, from 400 nm to 750 nm;

Sample width = 1005 µm;

Laser spot = 1000 µm.

To previous analysis, taking an intact sample, in this case, could have 10 riblets on the surface, considering distance between riblets bottom center (dR) as 96 µm.

However, considering a total degradation of the sample, with only 1 reflection on the surface (n = 1) directly to the central detector, the reflection width on the detector can be calculated as 1000 µm.

The final calculations performed in this work result in a spatial step in order of 7 µm, which means the calculations are performed for equidistant positions on detector. The detector used as base to calculations presents a resolution of 2048 pixels, with 28,672 nm width, corresponding to each pixel approximately 14 µm width. Thus, the calculations performed in this work, are defined to get a double precision of the real detector defined in previous works.

3. Results and Discussions

An initial result applying the calculations presented in this work shows a good agreement with the theoretical approach, at first, taking a completely degraded sample, considering the surface completely flat. To evaluate performed calculations some expected characteristics of the laser light reflection, as symmetry and

Figure 6. Sketch of the intact riblet structure in comparison to degraded riblet structures (50% degraded and 100% degraded).

periodicity of the wave were taken into account. In Figure 9 normalized calculations using Equation (1) (Figure 7) and Equation (2) (Figure 8) are shown.

Comparing Figure 7 and Figure 8, the similarity of results performed by both different calculations can be identified. Evaluating the symmetry of both, the findings shown in Figure 9 present a great accuracy comparing the intensity

Figure 7. Intensity plot calculated-electric field equation.

Figure 8. Intensity plot calculated-Fresnel integration.

Figure 9. Symmetry evaluation.

calculated in relation to detector center, in these evaluation is calculated the difference between the both sides in relation to center of central detector, and if tends to zero, that means there’s no difference, then is reached a good symmetry. Figure 9 shows the comparison between the symmetry calculations in relation to calculated intensity, finding expected symmetry level, with variations due the precision used. Even with high calculated intensity, specially observed around detector center, calculated symmetry tends to zero, as expected.

An analysis of the plots presented in Figure 7 and Figure 8, concerning the periodicity of the calculations, is presented on Figure 10, where expected calculations are shown in a logarithmic scale.

The next result of the calculations considering a totally degraded flat riblet surface, performed based on Equation (1) (Figure 11) and Equation (2) (Figure 12) show a result which could be expected result according to literature. Following Born [14] , meaning varying the distance from the sample surface to the analyzing detector, the change from Fresnel pattern to Fraunhofer pattern can be identified and the proposed calculations are validated, observing the change of the shape if the distance increases, corroborating theoretical foundation.

Analyzing presented results, this work intends, in this first step, the validation of calculations and thus being the foundation for identifying more complex structured coatings, starting with the easiest case, currently shown and evaluated.

Evaluation of intact riblet structures, observing only the results performed on the central detector can provide information about the number of the riblets and the distance between riblet bottom centers (dR). Both data can be easily identified on the Fresnel pattern, as compared in Figure 13 and Figure 14, where it is possible to identify 9 riblet structures (Figure 13) and 19 riblet structures (Figure 14). The distance between the lower intensities on the hollows (minima), are related to the distance between the riblets, making possible the evaluation if the

Figure 10. Periodicity evaluation.

Figure 11. Distance variation based on wave equation.

performed calculation is in according to the input parameter related to the distance between riblet bottom centers (dR). Identification of the number of hollows was performed in a first step identifying the number of peaks inside of the laser spot area with the software Origin 9.1, using the gadget Quick Peak; the

Figure 12. Distance variation based on Fresnel integration.

Figure 13. Detail-central detector-intact riblet sample-9 riblets-Fresnel pattern.

gaps between the peaks identified are considered hollows.

As observed in Figure 15, it is possible to identify the Fraunhofer pattern, and the area between the central maxima and the first maxima, it is possible to observe the number of riblets on the structure. The number of hollows, between central maxima and 1st maxima, on both sides, represents the number of riblets, in the evaluated case, 9 riblets and as showed on Figure 15, the 9 riblets can be related to 09 hollows.

Figure 14. Detail-central detector-intact riblet sample-19 riblets-Fresnel pattern.

Figure 15. Detail-central detector-intact riblet sample-9 riblets-Fraunhofer pattern.

Inside of the light visible spectrum, between 400 nm and 750 nm wavelength is possible to observe, considering Fresnel pattern with the distance from the riblet surface until the central detector equals to 3 cm, no variation on the distance between the peaks. Allowing analysis concerning the distance between riblets bottom centers based on the calculations, as showed on Figure 16.

The number of the hollows observed between the central maxima and the 1st maxima on both sides on the experimental measurement is the same as observed on the calculated intensity plot and is equal to 20, reproducing the statement

Figure 16. Detail-central detector-intact riblet sample-20 riblets-wavelength comparison.

that the number of hollows (minima) can be used to identify the number of riblets on the structure. There’s a difference observed between both plots specially in relation to positioning of the central maxima, due the possibility, using the computational tool, to precisely define the position of the laser spot, and experimentally don’t be easy the adjustment of the laser and the sample.

A point to be observed is in relation to the resolution of the detectors, in this experimental evaluation, the detector resolution is 2048 pixels in a detector area width equals to 28,672 µm, in comparison to calculated intensity by the computational tool, in order of a spatial step defined to 7 µm, is equivalent to double precision.

The measurements show that the wavelength and divergence depend on the distance from the first order to the main maximum of the order 0, and the structure of the surface is comparable to an optical grating. If the laser beam falls perpendicular to the surface, the reflected beams interfere with the base surface of the sample, applying the Bragg condition, d can be calculated as: dn = n. λ = g・sin(νn). In this case, the lattice constant corresponds to the spacing of the periodic arrangement of the riblet structures (g = 100 μm). Calculating the divergences and the respective wavelength, the theoretical distance from the 0 to the 1st major maxima can be determined and compared with the calculated ones by computational tool. The values for this result from the evaluation of the graph of the 0˚ reflex, is shown in Figure 17 and presented results shows agreement between the theoretical calculations and performed calculations made via proposed computational tool. On the range of the wavelength of the visible spectrum is possible identify a good assessment, not so accented if the wavelength tends to be out of the visible spectrum, although it still presents values within the margin

Figure 17. Measured distance comparison of different wavelength lasers calculated and theoretical values.

of error consistent with the application.

In agreement with the experimental measurements performed by the laser sensor device, Figure 18 shows the comparison regarding calculated intensity by the computational tool and the experimental measurements, where is possible to observe the supra cited parameters to be evaluated.

To perform this evaluation, the proposed model is:

In assessment with real measurements performed via laser sensor device, developed at Fraunhofer Institute-IFAM, applying normalization from 0 to 1, and adjusting the maxima intensity point, performed calculations shows in relation to previous described evaluations that calculated intensity via developed computational tool could reproduce the intensity experimentally acquired by the laser sensor device. Parameters of evaluation, as symmetry and number of calculated maxima, in this case performed via software Origin, using the gadget quick peaks, shows equal number of maxima as showed on Figure 18.

Taking in account observed differences among the normalized position, is assumed that in the experimental results is not possible determine the exactly position where the laser spot will start. Presented evaluation can stablish a relation between the experimental measurements, the calculated measurements and the number of the riblets on the measured surface, allowing the computational tool

Figure 18. Comparison between experimental measured intensity performed via laser sensor device and calculated intensity performed via computational tool with detailed graphic in evaluated region between the central maxima and 1st maxima.

for further deep surface evaluations.

Final evaluation consists in analysis of the calculated intensity performed on lateral detectors. Performing the same methodology applied to evaluate the calculations performed on central detector, symmetry and periodicity are presented on the calculated results. Figure 19(a) shows the entire calculated intensity range on right detector. The values calculated are spaced from 7 µm and the variation of ωt is defined with 40 temporal steps between −2π and +2π. It is possible to observe periodicity of the calculations, confirmed by Figure 19(b), that shows the same calculations in log scale.

A complementation of the initial work presented at this paper, is the evaluation related to the distance between the maxima observed on lateral detector calculations. Applying the Bragg condition to confirm the performed calculations is possible to identify the expected results showed on Figure 20. As applied to evaluate the central detector intensities, on lateral detector is observed a spreading of the intensity related to the applied angle to the calculations. The distance calculated, it is assumed that is on Fresnel pattern, there’s a regular variation between each set of maxima, as showed on detailed plot on Figure 20,

Figure 19. Intensity plot calculation of lateral detector (right side), Absolut calculations (a) and periodicity evaluation of calculations in log scale (b).

analizing the highest set of maxima, with the direct incidence of the reflected laser light, return the expected variation of the peaks.

4. Conclusions

The computational tool intends to perform the calculations to predict a laser

Figure 20. Intensity plot calculation of lateral detector (right side), expected variation of the peaks.

reflection intensity acquired by a laser sensor device, in this particular evaluation, applied only on the central detector. The evaluation of proposed calculations demonstrates the possibility to use this study as base for further complex intact and degraded structures. Same calculations applied on an intact riblet structure show potential way to identify the number of riblets on the surface and, if taking a small distance between the sample and detector, keeping the Fresnel pattern, also the distance between riblets can be identified. All data calculated via the developed computational tool can be further compared with real measurements.

The structure can be graphically reproduced as an intact riblet structure and vary to diverse levels of degradation. Specifically in this work, maximum degradation of the riblet structure was applied, considering flat degradation on 100% of degradation. This completely smooth surface was implemented and calculated by the proposed technique on the computational tool.

Presented results show that this work can be an alternative for the identification of the status of a structured surface. First evaluations of the proposed calculations, applied on the easiest cases of validation, considering a totally degraded riblet structure, as a flat surface, corroborate the applicability of the proposed technique and start a field study to improve the developed algorithm to be applied in further structured coating analysis.

Analyzing features which cannot be accessed by manual evaluations, periodic micro structured coatings, e.g. riblet structures, the intensities calculated via computational tool show the possibility to compare with experimental measurements performed by the laser sensor device developed in Fraunhofer Institut-IFAM, and identify the main properties of the micro structured surface previously defined. A relation between the calculated intensities specifically to lateral detectors are initial kick off to evaluation of the degradation on riblet structures; evaluation of the distance among the maxima peaks spread on the detector could be a way to identification of further parameters related to type of degradation and level of degradation on riblet micro structure surfaces. The assessment with this proposed methodology to identify riblet structured coatings ensures the application and comparison with the results acquired by the prototype of the laser sensor device developed and described as a potential tool to be used in quality assurance of structured surfaces, specially applied on aerospace industry.

Acknowledgements

Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES), for supporting the student Mauricio Zadra Pacheco, under the frame of the Brazilian Program Science without Borders. State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), for funding the student Mauricio Zadra Pacheco. The authors acknowledge contributions by M. Noeske in discussions.

Cite this paper

Pacheco, M.Z., Vriesman, D., Brüning, H., Brune, K., Cavalcanti, W.L. and Mayer, B. (2017) Applicability Evaluation of a Laser Light-Mater Interaction Based Computational Tool on Status Identification of Applied Micro- Structured Coatings. World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 5, 154-173. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2017.51013

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