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![]() Intelligent Information Management, 2010, 2, 46-52 doi:10.4236/iim.2010.21006 Published Online January 2010 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/iim) Copyright © 2010 SciRes IIM Adaptive Parallel Computation for Blind Source Separation with Systolic Architecture H. JEONG1, Y. KIM2, H. J. JANG3 1Department of EEE, POSTECH, Pohang, South Korea 2Digital media & Communication R&D Center, Samsung Electronics, Suwon, South Korea 3Department of Information Technology POSTECH, Pohang, South Korea Email: {hjeong, ddda, hjj0501}@postech.ac.kr Abstract The purpose of Blind Source Separation (BSS) is to obtain separated sources from convolutive mixture in- puts. Among the various available BSS methods, Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is one of the rep- resentative methods. Its key idea is to repetitively update and calculate the measures. However, dealing with the measures obtained from multi-array sensors causes obstacles for real-time use. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to convert the software implementation of BSS algorithm into the hardware archi- tecture. Through the use of hardware architecture, the BSS algorithm can efficiently work within a relatively short time. In this study, we investigate a practical method using a parallel algorithm and architecture for hardware use in a blind source separation. We design a feedback network for real-time speech signal proc- essing. The network is composed of forward and updates algorithms. The architecture of the network is sys- tolic and therefore it is suitable for parallel processing. We only have to add and connect modules for scaling. This paper covers the process from the systolic design of BSS to the hardware implementation using Xilinx FPGAs. The simulation results of our proposed implementation are also represented in the experimental sec- tion. In that section, our architecture returns satisfying results with robust qualities. Keywords: BSS, convolutive mixtures, VLSI, field programmable gate array (FPGA) 1. Introduction In the signal processing area, BSS is considered to be one of the fundamental problems. BSS assumes a Multi- Input-Multi-Output (MIMO) model. It is primarily based upon the principle that we can recover independent sources from mixture inputs. Among various forms of BSS, the simplest form is when mixtures are assumed to be linear instantaneous mixtures of sources [1]. In the 1980’s, Jutten and Herault [2] formalized the problem and there have been many models proposed to solve this problem [3–6]. From the many available models, this paper suggests the use of K. Torkkola’s feedback network [7–9] algo- rithm because it has the ability to deal with convolutive mixtures. For the learning algorithm, we propose T. No- mura’s extended Herault-Jutten method [10] algorithm. By using these algorithms, the linear systolic architecture of an efficient BSS method can be designed and imple- mented in this paper. This architecture is composed of forward and updates processors. In the chip, we con- nected each processing element in a systolic manner. Therefore, we can easily scale up the architecture by adding more identical chips. Fabricated FPGA enables us to reduce the development period and verify the algo- rithms using hardware at a low cost, even though we can- not optimize the hardware implementation with FPGA when compared to Application-Specific-Integrated-Circuit (ASIC). Accordingly, we use a Very-High-speed-inte- grated-circuit-Hardware-Description-Language (VHDL) and fabricated FPGA in order to design the BSS chip. Our paper mainly consists of three parts: Section 2 de- rives an algorithm for a feedback network, and Section 3 shows detailed architecture of the feedback network. Se- ![]() H. JEONG ET AL. 47 ctions 4 and 5 show the simulation results and conclusion. 2. Backgrounds This section provides an introduction to convolutive mixing model. Then, it focuses on K. Torkkola’s feed- back network algorithm and T. Nomura’s extended He- rault-Jutten method, which is implemented in software by Choi and Cichocki’s method [6,11]. 2.1. Convolved Mixture Model In a convolved mixture model in which a real speech signal is assumed, the acoustic environment imposes a different impulse response between each source and ar- ray sensor. Given N statistically independent speech sources s(t)=[s1(t), s2(t), . . . , sN(t)]T and M signals measured at the array sensors x(t)=[x1(t), x2(t), . . . , xM(t)]T , the mixing model is represented as , 0 (t) =()(), for i=1,2,...,m,. n iijpj pj xhtstp (1) Here, {hij,p} is the room impulse response between the jth source and the ith microphone and xi(t) denotes the signal present at the ith microphone at time instant t. If we simplify the model to two mixture inputs of two in- dependent sources (M = 2, N = 2) in the Z domain, the model can be shown as 11 122 22112 ()()() (), ()() ()(). X zSzHzSz X zHzSzSz (2) 2.2. Feedback Network Algorithm [7,12] suggests a feedback network algorithm as follows ,, 0 (t) =(t)()(), for i, j=1,2,...,n, L n ii ijpj pji yx wtytp (3) where wij,p is the weight between yi(t ) and yj(t − p). (4) is the abbreviated form of the output vector y(t). 0 1 0 1 ()()() (), (){ ()()()}. L P p L P P ytxtWt ytp I WtxtWtyt p (4) 11212 22121 ()()() (), ()()() (). YzX zWzYz YzX zWzYz (5) Figure 1 and (5) represent (4) in the Z-domain. If the feedback network performs perfect separation (Y (z) = S(z)), then we can easily derive the weight from (2) and (5): Figure 1. Feedback network for the separation of convolut- ively mixing sources 12 12 21 21 () (), () (). Wz Hz WzH z (6) The existence of this solution requires H12(z ) and H21(z) to have stable inverses. If these are not fulfilled, the network is unable to achieve separation. In [2], the Jutten-Herault algorithm suggested a learn- ing algorithm of weight W for instantaneous mixtures. [10] extended the Jutten-Herault algorithm and proposed the blind separation model, based upon the assumption that observable signals are convolutively mixed. The learning algorithm updates W using the following form. ()( 1)(())( ()), T PP t WtWtfytgyt p (7) In (7), ηt is the learning rate, and f(.) and g(.) are odd symmetric functions. The update rule is based on the gradient descent method. It is easy to see that the corre- lation between f(yi(t)) and g(yj(t − p)) is removed when the learning algorithm achieves convergence. In this pa- per, we use the signum function as f(.) and the 1st order linear function as g(.) for easy hardware implementation. 2.3. The Modified Algorithm By assuming that the speech signals are quasi-stationary, we can use the rth frame input xr(t) and the (r−1)th frame weight wr−1(t) in order to obtain the rth frame output yr(t). The rth frame weight wr(t) is also obtained from yr(t). With this logic, we can modify the forward and update process Equations (4) and (7) as follows ()()( 1)() 0 1 (1) ()(1)()() 0 1 ()()() () () {()()} L rr rr p P L rr rtr P P yt xtWtytp I Wt xtWytp (8) ()( 1)()() ()(1)( ())(()) rr rr PP t WtWtfytgytp T (9) Copyright © 2010 SciRes IIM ![]() H. JEONG ET AL. Copyright © 2010 SciRes IIM 48 Figure 2. Timing diagram of modified algorithm Figure 2 represents a schematic diagram of the modi- fied algorithm. 3. Systolic Architecture for Feedback Network In this section, we will establish systolic architecture for the forward and update process. Each sub part contains overall architecture and internal architecture. The com- putational complexity is also analyzed in this section. 3.1. Systolic Architecture for Forward Processor First, we will introduce the overall architecture of the forward process. This architecture is spatially efficient because it can accommodate more time delays with a given limited space. The below is the cost of the forward processor fi,p(t) at time index t. ,0 ,,1, ,0, () 0, ()()(( )( )) for p=1,2,...,L. i i pi pij pjijji pi ft f tf twytpwwytp (10) We can combine (4) and (10) as follows. 1 112,021,0112,021, 1 221,012,0221,012, ()(1) {()()()}, ()(1) {()()()}. xL xL ytwwxtwtft ytw wxtwtft (11) Figure 3 is the systolic array architecture of the for- ward processor. This architecture calculates the PE cost with L + 1 processing elements. When p = 1, 2, ..., L, the pth PE uses inputs y1(t−p), y2(t−p), and fi,p−1(t) from (p− 1)th PE, and weights w12,p and w21,p in order to updates PE cost fi,p(t) by (10). At the end of the array p = L+1, y1(t) and y2(t) are calculated by using (11). This array is very scalable and can be easily implemented. This array al- lows us to considerably reduce computational complexity. Each PE consists of 2 adders, 2 registers, and 2 multipli- ers. The internal structure of the PE is represented in Figure 4. Figure 3. Linear systolic array for forward processor Figure 4. The internal structure of the processing element ![]() H. JEONG ET AL. 49 Figure 5. Linear systolic array for the update processor Figure 6. The internal structure of update element The forward process of the feedback network algo- rithm consists of two linear arrays of (L + 1) PEs. 4L buffers are required for output y(t) and the cost of PE needs 2L buffers. Since each output y(t) is By bits long, a memory with O(LBy) bits is needed. In this manner, each PE must store the partial cost of Bp bit and thus addi- tional O(LBp) bits are needed. Therefore, we need the total O(LBy + LBp) bits. 3.2. Systolic Architecture for the Update Processor This part shows the architecture used for weighted up- dates. This architecture also consists of processing ele- ments with a similar operation. In the update processor, we call the processing element Update Element (UE). If the number of outputs is two (n = 2), (7) can be written as 12,12,12 21,21,2 1 ()(1)( ())(), ()(1)(()) (). PP t PP t wtwtfytytp wtwt fytytp (12) Figure 5 shows the systolic array for the update proc- essor. In the figure, 2L + 1 UEs are connected in series when the number of PE is L. We also define the forward process clock and the update process clock as CLKf and CLKu = 2*CLKf respectively. The even UEs are only active at even times. Similarly, the odd UEs are only active at odd times. The UE equation can be represented as 12 21 ()(1)([1/ 2()]))[1/ 2()]), ()(1)([1/ 2()]))[1/ 2()]). PP t PP t tt ytpLytpL tt ytpLytpL (13) Here, [x] denotes the maximum integer which is not over x. If the number of PE is L, the architecture of the update consists of 2L + 1 UEs shown in Figure 5. We denote the forward process clock as CLKf , and the update clock is CLKu = 2*CLKf . At even times, only even UEs are acti- ve and the odd UEs are inactive. At odd times, the UE play the roles in a reversed way. The UE equation has the form 12 21 ()(1)([1/ 2()]))[1/ 2()]), ()(1)([1/ 2()]))[1/ 2()]). PP t PP t tt ytpLytpL tt ytpLytpL (14) where [x] is the maximum integer which is not over x. Figure 6 is the internal structure for the UE. The Pth UE receives two inputs y1(t) and y2(t), and returns the up- Figure 6 shows the internal structure of the UE of the feedback network. The pth UE receives tw dated UE cost up(t) as a final result. In the figure, f() is the signum function, f(y1(t)) = sign(y1(t)). o inputs y(t) an num function, f(y1(t)) = sign(y1(t )). The update of the 1 d y2(t), then one input becomes f(y1(t)). Finally, it up- dates the UE cost up(t). In this architecture, f() is the sig- Copyright © 2010 SciRes IIM ![]() H. JEONG ET AL. 50 feedback network algorithm uses a linear array of (2L + 1) UEs. The output y(t) and the cost of UE need 4L + 2 and 2L + 1 buffers respectively. If UE stores the partial cost of Bu bits, the total O(LBy + LBw) bits are sufficient. 3.3. Overall Architecture Figure 7 and Table 1 represent the whole feedback net- that there are two mixture puts from two independent sources. The goal of the esigned the system for implementa- (Xilinx Virtex-II XC2V8000). The evice utilization can be seen in Table 3. We fully tested work architecture. We assume in architecture is to reduce the correlation between the in- puts as much as possible. In 3.3, we represent the overall feedback network algorithm. The system consists of Ini- tialization, Forward process, Update process, and Wei- ghts update. The initialization step is for setting the state suitable for the beginning of the system. At this step, all of the weights and costs of processing elements are set to zero. Through the forward process step and the update process step, all of the weights are calculated and re- loaded recursively for the separation. 4. Experiments Using VHDL, we d tion with an FPGA d the chip with and without noise. In this section, we tested our method based upon a VHDL simulation. We also tes- ted the chip by extensively using ModelSim simulation Figure 7. Overall block diagram of feedback network ar- chitecture F igure 9. Two mixtures of speech signals F work igure 10. Two recovered signals using the feedback net- Table 1. Algorithm overall of recurrent network architec- ture (1) Initialization for t=0 All the weights are initialized as zeros : Wp=0 The cost of processing elements are initialized as zeros : f1,p=0, f2,p=0 (2) Forward process for T= For p=1,2,…,L: 1, 2.,,,,N-1 f1,p= f1,p-1+(w12,py2(t-p)+ w12,0 w21,py1(t-p)) f2,p= f2,p-1+(w21,py1(t-p)+ w21,0 w12,py2(t-p)) y1(t)=(1- w12,0 w21,0)-1 {x1(t)+ w12,0 x2(t)+f1,L } y2(t)=(1- w-1 + w21,0 x1(t)+f2,L } For p=L: 21,0 w12,0) {x2(t) (3) Update process for T=N, N+1,…, 3N-1 2 u(t)= u) y2([1/2(t+p-L)]) If t=even, then for p=even : up(t)= up(t-1)-ηtφ(y1([1/2(t-p-L)])) y([1/2(t+p-L)]) else t=odd, then for p=odd : (t-1)-η φ(y1([1/2 (t-p-L)]) p pt (4) Wights updat ee f t=3N 12,021,0 0 …,L : w21,p=up(t) or For p=-L,…,-2,-1 : w12,p=u-p(t) or p=0 : w= w=u(t) F For p=1,2, Table 2. The experimNRI with noisy mix- tu ental results of S res SNRI1(dB) SNRI2(dB) Clean 2.7061 4.9678 10dB 2.6225 4.9605 5dB 2.4396 4.7541 0dB 2.3694 4.6506 -5dB 1.9594 3.9757 SNR (signal to ratio) = 10log10(s/n) -10dB 0.1486 3.2470 Figure 8. Two original speech signals Copyright © 2010 SciRes IIM ![]() H. JEONG ET AL. 51 T sutput implementa- tion (L=40) Forward Processor Update Processor Overall able 3. Relts from two-inputs two-ou Number of Slices 32,692 20,629 44,027 Number of Slice FF 46,184 5,801 52,391 Number of 3 inputs LUTs 49,883 36,490 87,394 Max. frequency 63.529MHzzHz 86,760M 63.529MH Figure 11. The convergence of SNRI (‘o’: SNRI1, ‘+’: SNRI2) tools. It is designed to interface with the PLX9656 PCI chip. For the parametric setup, we fixed L = 100 and ηt = 10−7. As a performance measure, we used a signal to noise ratio improvement by Choi and Cichocki [11], as 2 10 2 {(()())} 10log {(()()) } ii i ii Exk sk SNRI Eyksk (15) Figure 8 shows two different sampled speech signals, the mixture records of s(t) and the recovered y(t) and are shown in Figure 9 and 10 respec- vely. In this test, the experiment results are SNR Figure 11 is the graph showing the convergence learning for the feedback network. In the f tem seems to converge at r 100. ushardware and soft- are implementation differ significantly it will be diffi- le, to migrate software implementa- ons directly to hardware implementations. The hard- ignals,” in ICNN, 1997. “Blind separation of source, part based on neuromimetic archi- tecture,” Signal Processing, Vol. 24, pp. 1–10, 1991. ng, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 204–215, 2003. Malay Gupta, Hiroshi Sawada, and Shoji tio-Temporal FastICA Algorithms for the Blind Separation of Convolutive Mixtures,” IEEE Trans- ”, MLSP which were used for this simulation. The received signals x(t) are signals ti I = 1 2.7061, SNRI2 = 4.9678. We have also tested the performance of our method in noisy environments. In Table 2, the system shows a ro- bust performance even in high SNR (above 0dB only actions Audio, Speech and Language Processing, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 204–215, 2007. ). of EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing, pp. 1260–1277, 2007. [6] M. Ounas, S. Chitroub, R. Touhami, M. C. E. Yagoub, “Digital circuit design of ICA based implementation of FPGA for real time Blind Signal Separation igure, our sys- 5. Conclusions In this paper, the systolic algorithm and architecture of a feedback network have been derived and tested with VHDL code simulation. This scheme is fast and reliable since the architectures are highly regular. In addition, the processing can be done in real time. The full scale sys- tem can be easily obtained by the number of PEs, and UEs. Our system has two inputs but we will extend it for N inputs. Because the algorithms ed for w cult, if not impossib ti ware needs different algorithms for the same application in terms of performance and quality. We have presented a fast and efficient VLSI architecture and implementation of BSS. The architecture has the form of a linear systolic array using simple PEs that are connected with only neighboring PEs and thus can be easily scalable with more identical chips. 6. Acknowledgement This work has been supported by Brain Korea 21 project and Ministry of Knowledge Economy under Human Re- sources Development Program for Convergence Robot Specialists. 7. References [1] T. Lee, A. Bell, and R. Orglmeister, “Blind source separa- tion of real world s [2] C. Jutten and J. Herault, I: An adaptive algorithm [3] F. Asano, S. Ikeda, M. Ogawa, and H. Asoh, and N. Ki- tawaki, “Combined Approach of Array Processing and Independent Component Analysis for Blind Separation of Acoustic Signals,” IEEE Transactions Speech and Audio Processi [4] S. C. Douglas, Makino, “Spa [5] R. Aichner, H. Buchner, F. Yan and W. Kellermann, “A real-time blind source separation scheme and its applica- tion to reverberant and noisy acoustic environments,” 2008. IEEE Workshop on, October 2008. [7] K. Torkkola, “Blind separation of convolved sources based on information maximization,” Proceedings IEEE Workshop Neural Networks for Signal Processing, pp. 423–432, 1996. [8] K. Torkkola, “Blind separation of delayed source based on information maximization,” Proceedings ICASSP, At- lanta, GA, pp. 7–10, May 1996. Copyright © 2010 SciRes IIM ![]() H. JEONG ET AL. Copyright © 2010 SciRes IIM 52 et?” IEEE Workshop on Independent Jutten Network y problem,” in Proeeding In- [9] K. Torkkola, “Blind Source Separation for Audio Sig- nal-Are we there y Component Analysis and Blind Signal Separation, Aus- sois, France, January 1999. [10] T. Nomura, M. Eguchi, H. Niwamoto, H. Kokubo and M. Miyamoto, “An Extension of The Herault- to Signals Including Delays for Blind Separation,” IEEE Neurals Networks for Signal Processing, VI, pp. 443–452, 1996. [11] S. Choi and A. Cichocki, “Adaptive blind separation of speech signals:Cocktail part ternational Conference Speech Processing (ICSP’97), pp. 617–622, August 1997. [12] N. Charkani and Y. Deville, “Self-adaptive separation of convolutively mixed signals with a recursive structure - part I: Stability analysis and optimization of asymptotic behaviour.” Signal Processing, Vol.73, No. 3, pp. 255– 266, 1999. |