Type of modality

Japanese

Chinesea

Propositional modality

Epistemic modality

daroo (conjectural form of the copula)kamoshirenai, nichigainai, (grammatical patterns)

hazuda, wakeda, noda, (auxiliaries)b omou (verb)

osoraku, tabun (adverbs)

yo, ne (sentence final particles)

xiangxin (verb)

yexu (adverb)

ba (particle)

Evidential modality

yooda, rashii, sooda (auxiliaries)

sihu, haoxiang (adverbs)

Event modality

Deontic modality

bekida, (auxiliaries)

nakerebanaranai, temo ii (grammatical patterns)

neng, keyi, yinggai (modal verbc)

bixu (adverb)

Dynamic modality

u, yoo (inflectional suffixes)

tai (auxiliary)

(ra) reru (auxiliary)

dekiru (verb, suffix)

koto ga dekiru (grammatical pattern)

yao, xiang (modal verb)

yuanyi (verb)

keyi, hui

References

(Teramura, 1984; Saji, 1999: pp. 80-81; Masuoka, 2002: pp. 13-14; Kurotaki, 2005; Tamaji, 2005; Shirakawa, 2006)

(Zhu, 1996; Li, 2004; Hsieh, 2009)