Type of modality | Japanese | Chinesea | |
Propositional modality | Epistemic modality | daroo (conjectural form of the copula)kamoshirenai, nichigainai, (grammatical patterns) hazuda, wakeda, noda, (auxiliaries)b omou (verb) osoraku, tabun (adverbs) yo, ne (sentence final particles) | xiangxin (verb) yexu (adverb) ba (particle) |
Evidential modality | yooda, rashii, sooda (auxiliaries) | sihu, haoxiang (adverbs) | |
Event modality | Deontic modality | bekida, (auxiliaries) nakerebanaranai, temo ii (grammatical patterns) | neng, keyi, yinggai (modal verbc) bixu (adverb) |
Dynamic modality | u, yoo (inflectional suffixes) tai (auxiliary) (ra) reru (auxiliary) dekiru (verb, suffix) koto ga dekiru (grammatical pattern) | yao, xiang (modal verb) yuanyi (verb) keyi, hui | |
References | (Teramura, 1984; Saji, 1999: pp. 80-81; Masuoka, 2002: pp. 13-14; Kurotaki, 2005; Tamaji, 2005; Shirakawa, 2006) | (Zhu, 1996; Li, 2004; Hsieh, 2009) |