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![]() J. Biomedical Science and Engineering, 2008, 1, 152-156 Published Online November 2008 in SciRes. http://www.srpublishing.org/journal/jbise JBiSE Extrinsic electromagnetic fields, low frequency (phonon) vibrations, and control of cell function: a non-linear resonance system Glen A. Gordon Electromagnetic Research and Education Foundation, PO BOX 124, Port Gamble, WA 98364. Correspondence should be addressed to Glen A. Gordon (drgor- don@emref.com), Tel.: (360) 297-6858. Received August 21, 2008; revised September 10, 2008; accepted September 10, 2008 ABSTRACT Chou and Chen’s report in the 1970s suggested conformational protein adaptation (CPA) might be influenced by low frequency phonons acting as “a possible information system”. This report proposes the universal force of electromagnetism initiates the phonon system they cited as it per- turbs paramagnetic/diamagnetic dampers within the protein matrix to produce a quantized low frequency phonon signal series. (http://www.phy.ilstu.edu/~ren/phononsims/page3 .html) The signal series is iteratively processed by the protein beta subunit, the system, to posi- tion the alpha subunit, the outcome, a classic non-linear resonance system resulting in con- formational protein adaptation (CPA). CPA “priming” enables a secondary ATP/redox driven power system to complete cell activity. The evolutionary appearance of these two systems reflects their hierarchy: 1) a low energy phonon driven information control circuit governed by principles of physics that, along with proteins, may have preceded planet earth, and 2), an ATP/redox power completion circuit directed by principles of chemistry that evolved in living systems 1 billion or more years after earth formed. Keywords: Electromagnetic fields-forcer; Paramagnetic/diamagnetic oscillators-damper; Phonon resonance-signal series; Protein itera- tion-system; Conformational adapta- tion-outcome 1. INTRODUCTION Following the “big bang” and earlier formation of para- magnetic hydrogen, star collapse largely completed the atomic chart with three forms of electromagnetic respon- sive elements, i.e. paramagnetic, diamagnetic, and ferro- magnetic; later, atmospheric damping of electromagnetic discharges from lightning and solar sources evolved The Schumann Resonance(SR). As life evolved on earth the SR was the primary forcer that caused bond length oscilla- tions in paramagnetic/diamagnetic constructs (PDCs) that proteins strategically assembled to initiate and route the resultant quantized signal series. In forcing this signal se- ries that was native to the protein matrix, the SR controlled conformational protein adaptation (CPA) in DNA, protein enzymes, and membrane proteins. Hawking noted in A Brief History of Time, “the universal force of electromag- netism controls all biological response”, applicable here just as in Pauling’s more classical derivation (Nobel lec- ture, 1954). Diurnal fluctuations shared by living systems and The SR constitute epochal evidence that native pho- non vibrations are shared among proteins to control cell function throughout the hierarchy of living systems. For those who would assign diurnal function to light and dark a review [48] of this atmospheric influence is suggested. This phonon system, symbiotically shared as proteins as- sembled, and later called a meridian, was functioning nearly 2 billion years before the first nerve network evolved in Cnidarians. (http://trc.ucdavis.ed u/biosci10v /bis10v/week10/07nerv ev olution.) “Lacking a connection to the central nervous system” may not be a valid criticism of the meridian con- cept. Information Control Circuit: The low frequency phonon control circuit is a classic non-linear resonance system that involves iterative proc- essing of this quantized acoustic series by beta sub-units in enzymes, DNA, and membrane proteins, i.e. the system, to conformationally adapt the alpha sub-unit, the outcome. With appropriate “energy coupling” facilitated, ATP/redox power completion dynamics shuttle ions and substrate along metabolic pathways, but only after CPA enables that. When investigated as a focus of life science or clinical research, these completion dynamics should be recognized as a separate rote activity for if activated without informed conformational protein adaptation the result would be cha- otic or failed cell function. While subthreshold in themselves, appropriately damped quantized phonon energy conducts heat and sound through proteins as native low frequency (phonon) vibra- tions to achieve resonance with harmonics from other SciRes Copyright © 2008 ![]() G. A. Gordon / J. Biomedical Science and Engineering 1 (2008) 152-156 153 SciRes Copyright © 2008 JBiSE strategically assembled paramagnetic/diamagnetic con- structs (PDCs) within the protein thus enhancing signal intensity several magnitudes [35]. DNA, and other pro- teins, given their sophisticated capacity to selectively ex- tract harmonics, use these signals in combination with other “noise”, i.e. stochastic resonance, to enhance protein function [6, 18, 44]. This selective matching indicates a sophisticated routing capacity in proteins [33, 34] which is proposed here to be a co-activity of PDCs. An area of in- vestigative interest in this regard may be the mag- neto-hydrodynamic effects described by Alfven (Nobel lecture, 1970) and a recent report on Hall effects [50] in phonons This initiating/routing phonon information system promises market disruptive technologies that could dra- matically enhance homeostasis as a system undergoes ischemia-reperfusion injury or other insult [12]. Extant literature [24, 31, 38] suggests significant potential for designed electromagnetic pulsed therapies (DEPTH), the technology to replace classes of drugs and numerous sur- geries within the decade. 2. HISTORY The Flexner Report in 1910 declared the universal force of electromagnetism “irregular science” and it was purged from medical curricula in the United States forty-five years after Maxwell defined it; a similar effort in Europe was unsuccessful. 1900 and “The New Era of Science” saw electromagnetism eventually characterized as “con- trolling all chemical reactions, including life itself” [25]. Considering this universal force and its influence on chemical reactions, it is inexplicable that clinical, biologi- cal, and basic science interest in electromagnetism, PDCs, and their relation to cell function languished until MRI stimulated interest in the late 20th century. 3. NORMAL MODE (ELEMENTARY) PHO- NON VIBRATIONS Kuo-Chen Chou developed an iconic archive on the im- portance of low frequency phonon vibrational activity in proteins following his original insight [17]. He considered low frequency vibrations (phonons) in proteins including DNA implicit to their biological function [13, 14, 15, 16]. In citing the “overwhelming production of phonons by native low frequency vibrations”, and, “the importance of low frequency vibrations in biologic function from the viewpoint of both thermodynamic and molecular dynam- ics”, he alluded to the conformational adaptation of pro- teins and control of cell function in response to these na- tive low frequency vibrations as, “an intriguing concept”. W. Ross Adey accumulated an archive [1, 2, 3] on non-linear EMF cellular effects and intrinsic communica- tion systems between cells that he considered, “a general biologic property”. Adey’s early soliton concept [36] was later abandoned by his co-author [37]. All constituent elements and amino acids function as PDC dampers within a protein lattice where, if the EM field is appropriate, an elementary or “native” mode pho- non vibration results that is compatible with individual protein design and length. Given this as the means for generating phonons, Kriegl et als [33] report additionally suggests a routing effect exists in biological systems, which prompts the question, “Does electromagnetism in- fluence PDCs to generate phonons and direct their routing as well?” Sophisticated phonon initiation and routing di- rects conformational protein adaptation to prime redox reactions [52], calcium channel activity, and bioenergetics [17]; up-regulating DNA [12, 49] and enhancing enzyme activity [55] as iterative outcomes are proposed as logical conclusions in other reports, Curie’s magnetic moment (M) of a paramagnetic spe- cies, which represents the sum of EMF directed dipole alignment (B), and Brownian vibrational activity (T), is the energy transduced into the protein lattice with sophis- ticated forward and reverse options [34, 27] to remote sites [6,18, 29,44]. When an EM field is damped to create a native (elementary) vibrational activity it assures homeo- static CPA as the system experiences challenge. Johnson et al. [30] noted “unambiguous” evidence for PDC presence in Fe/enzyme models, and Ubbink et al. [52] reported that PDC forces directed conformational protein changes that resulted in apposition of distant protein redox sites and ensuing reaction, redox chemistry controlled by principles of physics. “Stochastic resonance” is the ability of proteins to guide appropriate harmonics extracted from “noise”, to sum with sub-threshold phonon harmonics, another highly evolved adaptive response to enhance sub-threshold native or ele- mentary signal series. It is unimaginable to consider that proteins would evolve a means to generate phonons with- out a means to route them. If time is an essential component in non-linear events [25], it should be noted that others report such distant site activations are tightly tied to protein conformational changes [51, 52], and sequential ligand relaxation times [51]. Additionally, others [33, 42] corroborate Anfinsen’s 1972 Nobel Prize findings that protein function is highly dependent on pH to speed or slow the process. For decades “classicist” argument has refuted non-linearity in cell sig- naling, however the iteration of quantized phonon signal series is a non-linear process http://www.p hy.ilstu.edu /~ren/phononsims/ page3.html). In combination with the other inter-dependent variables it would appear a classic linear solution is an antiquated proposal. 4. ELECTRO-POLLUTION; NON-ELEMENTARY VIBRATIONS Based upon Curie’s Law, (M=k B/T), if the imposed EM field (B) saturates PDC dipole alignment sufficiently, which need not be complete, their “damper” ability is compromised. In such an event it would seem possible to introduce extrinsic, “non-elementary modes” to cause structural or functional failure of “the system” if incom- patible with the protein lattice’s ability to absorb them. Outcomes possible when a harmonic forcer drives a sys- ![]() 154 G. A. Gordon / J. Biomedical Science and Engineering 1 (2008) 12-156 SciRes Copyright © 2008 JBiSE tem are: 1. the system changes design, e.g. a swing angle, 2. energy output must equal energy input, 3. the system fails. As noted in Fundamentals In Physics, [26], “care must be taken not to subject a system to a strong external driving force . . . or the resulting oscillations may rupture it”. Item 2 suggests that when heat energy in exceeds en- ergy out the protein may be denatured resulting in a func- tional failure. The non-elementary vibrations associated with an EM force capable of saturating dipole activity and nullifying damping by PDCs are proposed as such oscilla- tions. DNA due to its size, design, and quantity of elec- tromagnetic responsive constructs may be quintessentially vulnerable to non-elementary resonant energy. Elementary vs non-elementary dynamics must be con- sidered when “lumping” therapeutic and “elec- tro-pollution” field effects since one is designed to be na- tive to the protein and the others non-elementary energy that must follow outcomes two or three. Switching large field strengths create field gradients that strongly argue against a “more is better” approach in DEPTH applica- tions, e.g. rTMS and treatment of depression. The upside of non-elementary resonant vibration sug- gests its use to destroy infectious pathogens. HIV and other pathogens undergo vulnerable dynamic adaptations, e.g. g41 fusion protein, that promise compromised func- tion or structure with appropriate vibrational exposure Successful eradication of Plasmodium falciparum in Ghana after a single DEPTH treatment has been reported [22]; that report cites a different vibrational mechanism than is suggested here. Trial and error will be necessary to find non-elementary vibrational modes necessary to degrade the function or structure of vulnerable proteins. Anecdotal observations over 25 yrs on treating infectious conditions with DEPTH, e.g. fistuli, otitis, lymphangitis, suggests the originating EM field can be within therapeutic limits with outcomes that indicate a startlingly rapid functional or structural compromise of agent virulence, if not viability. Satisfied with the rapid dehiscence of pain and inflammation, one overlooked the obvious implication in permanently im- proved outcomes that required no additional treatment. Toxic metals and chemical toxins may substitute very different energy into PDC bonds, which then oscillate at very different output modes than the original construct to create a “non-elementary” response to an otherwise nor- mal EM force, perhaps the long-term lethal threat in such bond substitutions. 5. ELECTROGENOMICS The use of designed EM pulses to up-regulate DNA re- ceived substantial support when the Columbia University group headed by Blank and Goodman reported that site-specific electromagnetic responsive elements (EMREs) regulate DNA synthesis [11, 40]. In spite of their observa- tion these authors propose other than paramag- netic/diamagnetic dynamics, signal series, and conforma- tional adaptation of DNA to activate gene loci. It could be proposed that electron transit across weak hydrogen bonds between base amino acid pairs doesn’t occur “de novo”, which suggests such enthalpy is an iterative, conforma- tional adaptive activity. This same group reported that up-regulation was increased when transduced via multiple, similar EMRE constructs vs. just one or two [40], which strongly suggests an EMF/PDC/phonon iteration effect as the first order mechanism. [6, 18, 44] 6. CALCIUM AND Ca++ CHANNEL ACTIVITY Eichwald and Walleczek [21] reported the biologi- cal-functional status of treated tissue can result in EMF stimulation, inhibition, or no effect, which they attributed to “activation of specific EMF sensitive enzyme systems that modulate calcium entry.” Calcium is an alkaline earth metal, diamagnetic, and considered “very reactive” [56]; it and water are both diamagnetic and highly mobile in EM fields, which along cell membranes with their myriad PDCs can only be imagined. Without noting its diamag- netic nature, calcium flux in response to EM fields was reported [39], and Dihel et al. [29] demonstrated such ob- servations were related to Ca channel activity. Davies and Norris [19] demonstrated that Ca++ dependent motility in marine diatoms, was substantially enhanced by EMFs. Using pheochromocytoma cells, Ikehara et al.[28] demon- strated EMFs inhibit increases in cytosolic [Ca++] by lim- iting release from intracellular stores, which was rapid (15 min) and lasted for two hours in the face of unchanged ATP levels over that period. Gibbs et al demonstrated cys- teine rich secretory protein domains regulate ion channel activity, “and provide compelling evidence for a role in [Ca++] regulation…” Cysteine is proposed a classic PDC. Vendel et al [54] reported, “Ca++ channel beta sub-units regulate trafficking and gating of voltage dependent Ca++ channel alpha subunits”, indicating beta subunits are the protein intelligence that computationally processes acous- tic signal series. Using signal series to position voltage gated alpha subunits into appropriate position to achieve homeostasis is the precisely computed outcome of this “low voltage” information control circuit; given this direc- tion, the parallel ATP driven energy system fulfills its “power circuit” role by appropriately moving substrate and solute to complete the homeostatic effort. CPA (folding) has been demonstrated as a direct PDC effect [52], and Rosen’s [47] reference to Ca++ channel deformation from “anisotropic diamagnetic” phospolipids in the cell membrane might be expanded to incorporate many other PDCs [7], not to mention transitional metals. Vendel [53] further notes, “these domains that regulate cell surface expression and movement of Ca++ voltage gated alpha sub-units involve five domains related to, “a large family of membrane-associated guanylate kinase proteins”, conformational adaptation suggested to be a (phonon) sig- nal series driven outcome. Mustafi et al. [43] report essen- tially similar findings in terms of multiple domains as part of “paramagnetic interactions with diamagnetic lantha- nides, which substitute for Ca++”. PDCs are major contributors to conformational protein ![]() G. A. Gordon / J. Biomedical Science and Engineering 1 (2008) 152-156 155 SciRes Copyright © 2008 JBiSE control of Ca++ channel activity, very probably Ca++ routing through the channel, and cytosolic [Ca++] release [28]. Lastly, Baureus Koch et al. [8] studied weak EMF effects on the cell membrane and found, “suitable combi- nations of time varying magnetic fields directly interact with Ca++ channel proteins in the cell membrane”. 7. CONCLUSION Adey noted [3], “Today we stand at a new, far more sig- nificant frontier, and while it may be more difficult to un- derstand, it is at the atomic level rather than the molecular that physical rather than chemical processes shape the flow of signals essential to living matter . . . one of the great revolutions in the history of biology”. Adey was an MD who spent much of his career seeking the connection between cell function and the universal force of electro- magnetism. This author proposes that PDC response to electromagnetic forcers, which has been overlooked for a century, keys the sophisticated information network pro- teins rely upon for conformational adaptive response [1, 2, 9, 41, 45, 46, 52]. Almost as an afterthought, redox reac- tions and ATP complete cell response. It is apropos that we modify EB Wilson’s 1950s quote, [4], “the key to every biologic problem must finally be sought in the cell” to that of a 2008 version, “must finally be sought in the physics of phonons, native low frequency vibrations that drive conformational protein adaptation ”, the cell will follow. Phonon physics and conformational protein adaptation are central to the paradigm beyond mo- lecular physiology. Recent articles [6, 18] report DNA’s use of noise to up-regulate gene synthesis and the sophis- ticated capacity of proteins to extract specific harmonics from overtones to enhance sub-threshold acoustic infor- mation. Electromagnetism both initiates and routes these vital phonon signals to control biological response; a so- phisticated information system would have it no other way. 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