ABSTRACT

Measurement of respiratory muscle strength is performed through static measurements of maximal respiratory pressures and is an important tool for determining the existence and prognosis of neuromuscular and pulmonary disorders, such as weakness or fatigue of this musculature. Objectives: To evaluate and compare respiratory muscle strength among healthy adult and elderly women. Methods: A total of 163 healthy women were recruited through convenience sampling at the family centers of the city of Manaus (AM, Brazil), divided into two groups: adult women (age 20 - 59 years) and elderly women (over 60 years of age). The evaluation was performed by Manovacuometry, in order to measure the maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP). For statistical analysis we used the Student’s T test, considering significant p value ≤ 0.05. Results: The final sample consisted of 116 adult women and 47 elderly women. The mean age in the group of women between 20 - 59 years was 44.5 ± 12 and the elderly group was 65 ± 6.6. MIP values in adult women were significantly higher when compared to the elderly (−108 ± 5.3 cmH₂O × −79.5 ± 4 cmH₂O, p = 0.0014, respectively). The same behavior was observed in the evaluation of MEP (87.1 ± 2.9 cmH₂O in adults and 69.8 ± 3.5 cmH₂O in the elderly; p = 0.0008). Conclusion: The results indicate that inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength is lower in older women, suggesting that the aging process tends to interfere with those muscles, resulting in altered respiratory system function.

Keywords:

Muscular Strength, Evaluation, Respiratory Muscles, Aging

1. Introduction

The search for biological parameters related to the natural aging process has provided improved living conditions and knowledge about health for the elderly population, since the increase in life expectancy reverberates in the exponential increase of this population and constitutes a challenge for social assistance and public health [1] [2] [3]. In addition, the physiological condition of aging carries with it the almost invariable reduction of demands and global metabolic resources, with negative impact on the musculoskeletal and respiratory systems, among others [4].

Thus, continuous monitoring of pulmonary function may be useful in determining the consequences, extension and progression of various pathological conditions, mainly neuromuscular disorders. Measurement of maximum respiratory pressures and vital capacity are among the main methods for this evaluation [5]. In previously healthy individuals, this measurement quantifies and classifies muscle strength according to the parameters of normality, since it contributes to the understanding of the behavior of the respiratory system, besides allowing comparing the data obtained from the healthy population with the data of individuals who have some type of involvement in muscular strength, analyzing the differences found [6].

The maximum respiratory pressures are defined as the maximum static pressure that is generated by the mouth after a maximal inspiratory or expiratory incursion, respectively, MIP and MEP [7] [8]. The determining factors for this evaluation are the gender, age, height, weight, muscular work capacity or physical fitness, lung volume at which the measurements were made, and the corresponding value of the elastic recoil pressure of the respiratory system, smoking, educational level and motivation of the individual [9]. In healthy elderly, on the other hand, the main functional alterations of the respiratory apparatus include the reduction of chest wall complacency, respiratory muscle strength, vital capacity and arterial oxygen pressure [10]. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate respiratory muscle strength in healthy adult and elderly women, considering the progression of age.

2. Methods

This is a cross-sectional study, approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Amazonas (CEP/UFAM), whose initial sample consisted of 169 healthy volunteers, participants of the Family Living Centers and the academic community of the Federal University of Amazonas ? UFAM. The volunteers were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: Being female, presenting BMI between 18 and 29.5 kg/m² and having no history of smoking or chronic disease. Individuals with a history of recent respiratory or cardiovascular disease were excluded, as well as those with any neuromuscular disease that prevented the tests from being performed. Thus, the final sample consisted of 163 healthy women aged 20 - 88 years divided into two groups: adult women (age 20 - 59 years) and elderly women (aged over 60 years). For didactic purposes, we considered healthy volunteers without clinical follow-up at the time of data collection, and only the regular participants of the health promotion programs of the coexistence centers were invited.

Personal and previous history data were collected through directed form, and anthropometric measurements performed by balance/analogicstadiometer. Respiratory muscle strength was measured by Measurement of Maximum Inspiratory Pressure (MIP) and Maximum Expiratory Pressure (MEP) with an analogicmanovacuometer (trademark Wika©) following the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society [11]. Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s T-Test considering significant p ≤ 0.05, through software “R” version 3.2.

3. Results

The final sample consisted of 116 adult women and 47 elderly women. Table 1 shows the anthropometric data of the studied sample described with mean and standard deviation. We can observe that the mean age of adult women was 44.5 ± 12 years, and between elderly was 65 ± 6.6 years. The mean BMI of adult and elderly women was 26.5 ± 5.1 kg/m² and 27.2 ± 4.7 kg/m², respectively.

Table 2 shows the behavior of MIP and MEP when analyzed in relation to age, where the values evaluated are lower in elderly women, with a value of p < 0.05.

When staging the values of maximum respiratory pressures in each age group, it is noted that the inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength in women shows a tendency to decrease progressively in each decade as the age passes (Graph 1 and Graph 2).

4. Discussion

The main results of this study show the difference in MIP and MEP values

Graph 1. MIP × age group.

Graph 2. MEP × age group.

between the groups of adult and elderly women, in addition to the progressive decrease of these variables according to an age group. These reductions in the values of respiratory pressures may be related to the physiological changes of the aging process, such as changes in the composition of the lung tissue and the thoracic cavity, which decrease the mass and the efficiency of the respiratory muscles [12].

Corroborating our findings, Carpenter et al. [13]. conducted a study about MIP in the age group of 47 - 68 years and observed that for each year an increase in age led to a decrease of 0.93 cmH₂O in women. On the other hand, the behavior of these pressures maintains a certain stability until the 55 - 60 years of age and, from then decline markedly in modules. This fact does not prevent the elderly from maintaining their ventilation, but is dependent on an important respiratory protection mechanism: cough [4].

Another study on the subject [14] demonstrated reductions in MIP and MEP between 0.8 and 2.7 cmH₂O per year in the elderly from 65 years, in both sexes, with further decline in men. Furthermore, Tolep et al. [15] found evidence that muscle changes associated with aging affect respiratory muscle function, with a significant reduction of 25% in diaphragm strength in the elderly compared to young adults [16].

In most studies, however, sex and age are the two most consensually explaining variations in MIP and MEP, being lower in women, and lower in advancing age [9]. It is important to emphasize that good daily habits and regular physical exercise contribute to healthy aging, leading to an improvement in cardiorespiratory capacity, increased strength and resistance to fatigue and psychological well-being [10].

As limitations of the present study, we can point out the small N in the group of elderly women and the absence of digital equipment to verify the measures.

5. Conclusion

The results indicate that inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength is lower in older women, suggesting that the aging process tends to interfere with the respiratory muscles. As a consequence, a predisposition of the elderly to decrease the respiratory capacity and increase the chances of fatigue is observed.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Cite this paper

Maciel, M.C.S.P.G., da Silva, C.D.A., Sanchez, F.F., Marques, J.R.D., Cortez, P.C., do Amaral, C.M.S.S.B., de Souza, N.M. and Gonçalves, R.L. (2018) Respiratory Muscle Strength Evaluation in Healthy Adult and Elderly Women. Health, 10, 1031-1036. https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2018.108077

References