Food and Nutrition Sciences
Vol.07 No.09(2016), Article ID:68907,13 pages
10.4236/fns.2016.79072

Generalized Procrustes Analysis and External Preference Map Used to Consumer Drivers of Diet Gluten Free Product

A. A. Mauricio, A. B. Palazzo*, V. M. Caselato, H. M. A. Bolini

Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil

Copyright © 2016 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Received 26 April 2016; accepted 22 July 2016; published 25 July 2016

ABSTRACT

In order to study correlations between sensory properties and acceptance, regular and gluten-free carrot cakes (sweetened with sucrose and sucralose) were evaluated. Appearance, aroma, flavor, texture and overall liking were analyzed by 120 carrot cake consumers using a 9-cm hedonic scale. Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) was carried out with 11 assessors among 16 attributes. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey test (p < 0.05), Internal Preference Map and Cluster analysis. Also texture parameters were analyzed by Partial Least Square (PLS) to be able to show the instrumental parameters influence. Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) was used before an External Preference Mapping to reduce the scale effects and to obtain a consensus configuration. According to PLS correlation, the attributes hardness, fracturability, adhesiveness, chewiness and gumminess interfered on characteristics considered undesirable for texture acceptance and smooth- ness, elasticity, cohesiveness and water activity interfered as desirable features. It was noted that all cakes were well accepted, except cake sweetened with sucralose and mix done using cornmeal, rice flour, potato starch and corn starch (2:3:3:2). As for the instrumental aspects, cohesiveness and elasticity influenced positively the cake’s acceptance. Instead, smoothness and adhesion parameters weren’t so significant.

Keywords:

Gluten-Free, Correlation, Partial Least Square, Procrustes

1. Introduction

The Celiac Disease (CD) is characterized by a permanent gluten intolerance, consisting in the gluten protein exclusion from diet during entire life. Thus it’s important to keep on diet without gluten in order to preserve the intestinal microvilli, increasing macro and micro-nutrients absorption and improving the digestive system [1] - [3] .

Celiac patients state that sensory appropriate foods offered are limited and still note that gluten-free feed available is more expensive [4] .

Wheat is the second grain most consumed in world [5] , and also applied on processing, transforming and preparing of industrialized foods [6] .

It’s hard to find gluten replacement in some products; however it’s possible to preserve most of the sensorial attributes, providing other possibilities of food for people living with celiac disease [7] . Among the baked goods, cake is a historical and globally consumed food. The Brazilian consumption of cake rate is 14 g/day per person [8] .

The analysis of acceptance may reflect the degree of acceptance of a particular product by general consumers [9] .

The GPA usually provides a consensus picture of the data from each individual panellist in two or three dimensional space to obtain a consensus result [10] .

Descriptive analysis still stands as the most comprehensive, flexible and useful sensory method, providing detailed information on all of products’ sensory properties [11] .

For external preference mapping, the sensory perceptual space is set by sensory descriptive or instrumental data. Consumer preference was after used to supplement the analysis [12] [13] .

In face of the context stated, this research ending point is to analyze instrumental, sensory profile and acceptance in diet and sucrose carrot cake samples, in order to give another food choice for people living with celiac disease.

2. Material and Methods

Seven different carrot cakes were prepared―a traditional one (prepared with wheat flour and sweetened only with sucrose) and others gluten free samples, which differ regarding their sweetener sucralose (SPLENDA Micronized Powder, Johnson and Johnson) and mix of gluten-free flours (Agroindustrial Potato Starch Lina®, Rice Flour Naturato®, ADRAM Corn Starch® and YOKI Cassava Flour®). As shown in Table 1, the sucrose of diet cakes was replaced by polydextrose (Litesse®, Danisco) and maltitol (Cargill, Minneapolis, MN) as bulking agents. The different proportions used in mix flours are described in Table 2.

Table 1. Recipes used in traditional, gluten-free and diet carrot cakes.

PDR: Standard; SG-1: gluten free (mix-1); SGD-1: gluten free (mix-1); SG+1: Gluten free (mix+1); SGD+1: Gluten free (mix+1); SGSF: Gluten free (mix w/o corn flour); SGFD: Gluten free (mix w/o corn flour).

Table 2. Recipes used in mix flours of carrot cakes.

2.1. Sample Preparation

All carrot cakes were produced firstly mixing all dry ingredients twice, except baking powder. Then, carrot, oil and eggs were mixed in the blender Kitchen-Aid model K5SS (Kitchen-Aid, St. Joseph, MI). The dry ingredients were added to the mixture, using a mixer, until a homogeneous mass was formed. Finally, the baking powder was added and gingerly mixed. The final mass was divided into three disposable aluminum cake 350 g capacity dispenser.

The cakes were baked (180˚C - 200˚C/26 - 30 min) in electrical oven (Brastemp).

2.2. Sensory Analysis

The sensorial analysis study was previously approved by the Ethic & Research Committee (n˚628/CEP-HUJM/ 09).

Twenty-gram samples of carrot cake were presented in disposable plastic plates coded with a three-digit number. All samples were evaluated at room temperature. Sensory analyses were carried out in individual air- conditioned (22˚C) booths with white light in the Sensory Analysis Laboratory of the School of Food Engineering/UNICAMP/Brazil.

2.3. Affective Test

One hundred and twenty volunteers were asked to take part and all rules were exposed to them. The judges were potential consumers of carrot cake and no experience was needed. They were recruited among UNICAMP undergraduates, graduates and employees, who showed interest in becoming subjects of the sensory test.

Appearance, aroma, flavor, texture and overall liking of the carrot cake samples were analyzed using a nine- centimeter unnustructured scale, anchored by their extreme ends labeled “ extreme disgust” (left) and “extreme delicious” (right). For this test, fifteen-gram sample (2 cm × 2 cm × 2 cm) were presented. A complete balanced block was used [14] and the samples were presented sequentially in a monadic way.

2.4. Quantitative Descriptive Analysis

Judges with previous experience in descriptive analyses were preselected among Department students and Staff. Judges discussed all generated attributes and ordered a final list with 16 attributes, definitions and references using Kelly’s Repertory Grid Methodology [15] (Table 3). Then panelists were further trained about attributes using the references within six 50 min sessions. Twelve panelists were selected according to their discriminating capability (p > 0.30) and repeatability (p < 0.05); consensus between judges was also considered [16] . A GPA was used to remove scaling effects (some experts might use a wider scale) or position effects (some experts might tend to use more the lower or the higher part of the rating scales), to obtain a consensus configuration that will be used in an external preference mapping.

The 12 selected panelists were further trained for four more repetitions, using a 9-cm unstructured line scale anchored with “none” or “weak”. Seven samples in each session were monadically presented using a balanced block design [14] .

Crackers and taste-free water were provided for palate cleansing.

2.5. Instrumental Analysis

The texture evaluation used TAXT2 texture analyzer equipped with an aluminum cylindrical probe. Conditions used in texture test are shown in Table 4 and the instrumental parameters evaluated in three repetitions were hardness, smoothness, adhesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, cohesiveness, fracturability and elasticity.

The water activity (Wa) was measured three times using AquaLab® equipment.

Table 3. Texture parameters in instrumental test of carrot cakes.

Table 4. Descriptors used for sensory profiling of carrot cake.

2.6. Statistical Analysis

The results of the acceptance tests were evaluated by unvaried statistical analysis (ANOVA), Tukey test averages (p ≥ 0.05) and Internal Preference Map multivariate statistical analysis [17] .

Recorded data was analyzed by generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA), using XLStat [18] . GPA was used to provide information on the inter-relationships between samples and assessors [10] [19] [20] .

Correlation among sensory and instrumental results was analyzed by Partial Least Square (PLS) [21] and a cluster analysis using XLStat [18] .

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Consumer Test

The consumers profile were carried out and the following information was obtained: 72.5% were female, 76% between 18 and 25 years, 15% between 26 and 30 years and only 9% above 30 years old.

According to the means of acceptance test of carrot cake samples (Table 5), the only sample statistically different was SGD+1, with low acceptance (p < 0.05) at regards of attributes of appearance, aroma and overall liking.

These results could be explained by sucralose associated with a high concentration of corn flour, decreasing the consumer acceptance. Even as BATTOCHIO et al. (2006) noticed when comparing linseed cakes with sucrose substitutes, some positive cake attributes were disguised using sucralose.

Regarding flavor, the sample with highest mean was SGSF, which didn’t significantly differ from its diet version (SGFD), traditional sample (PDR) and samples SG+1 and SGD-1. The same results can be found in texture attribute, in which samples PDR, SG-1, SGD-1, SGSF and SGFD were statistically similar. Thus, the alternatives for gluten-free, diet or not, carrot cake should be developed without corn flour or in less quantity.

3.2. Quantitative Descriptive Analysis

As shown in Table 6, the corn flour brought high changes to traditional cakes: strong yellow color, dry aspect, corn aroma and flavor. Sae-Eaw et al. [22] had a successful results by the American consumers that participated in their test, developing a product with rice flour, aimed a gluten free cake.

As reported by Battochio et al. [23] , curiously the judges didn’t list any negative attribute about artificial sweetener in QDA test, such as bitterness, sweet aftertaste or residual bitterness.

The dry appearance attribute was significantly noted in samples using high cornmeal concentration (mix+1). For fracturability and sandness the samples using cornmeal statistically differ from the others (p < 0.05).

At the same time, cakes with corn flour were less elastic, as it also noted by Rocha et al. [24] on different proportions of gluten-free cakes.

According to the residuals by object from GPA (Figure 1), the SGD-1 and SG+1 have the smallest residual, implying that was probably a consensus between experts about the samples.

Table 5. Means of acceptance test of carrot cakes (n = 120).

*Means with a same superscript letter are not significantly different (p > 0.05). PDR: Standard; SG-1: gluten free (mix-1); SGD-1: gluten free (mix-1); SG+1: Gluten free (mix+1); SGD+1: Gluten free (mix+1); SGSF: Gluten free (mix w/o corn flour); SGFD: Gluten free (mix w/o corn flour).

Figure 1. Residuals by object (GPA analysis).

Table 6. Attribute means* for each sample (n = 11).

*Means with a same superscript letter are not significantly different (p > 0.05). Samples [PDR: Standard; SG-1: gluten free (mix-1); SGD-1: gluten free (mix-1); SG+1: Gluten free (mix+1); SGD+1: Gluten free (mix+1); SGSF: Gluten free (mix w/o corn flour); SGFD: Gluten free (mix w/o corn flour)]; and Attributes [Color1 (Crumb yellow color); Color2 (Crust yellow color); App1 (Dry appearance); App2 (Porosity); Aro1 (Sweet aroma); Aro1 (Carrot aroma); Aro2 (Corn flour aroma); Fla1 (Sweetness); Fla2 (Corn flour flavor); Fla3 (Carrot flavor); Tex1 (Moisture); Tex2 (Fracturability); Tex3 (Sandiness); Tex4 (Adhesiviness); Tex5 (Smoothness); Tex6 (Elasticity)].

In regards to the residuals by configuration (Figure 2) the Expert 1 had the highest value, which means that he gave rates that do not match the consensus.

Figure 3 provides scaling factors of the GPA transformations. A lower factor than 1 suggests the corresponding expert was using a wider scale than the others. A higher factor than 1 implies the corresponding expert was not using the rating scale as widely as the other experts. So, the expert 5 probably used the sensory scale in a wrong way when compared to the others.

Figure 2. Residuals by configuration (GPA analysis).

Figure 3. Scaling factors for each configuration (GPA analysis).

The eigenvalues showed how much of the variability corresponds to each axis (Table 7). It was possible to note that 79% of the variability was represented on the third axes. When the variability was split between the experts, the results were almost similar for all experts.

In regards to Figure 4 all points were close to the first axis because 45% of the variability was concentrated on the first axis.

The samples PDR, SG-1, SGD-1 and SG+1 were sharply separated on the map, while the other products SGD+1, SGFD and SGSF weren’t so conjoint. These results means that the samples PDR, SG-1, SGD-1 and SG+1 were better differentiated by experts and there was a consensus about these products.

According to the eigenvalues, 44.71% of variability was explained by dimension 1, and 18.89% by dimension 2. So, the aroma attributes closer to dimension 1 were mainly determinants on the variation of seven carrot cake samples.

So, the expert 1 was rejected from the group and the QDA sensory data was used to correlation.

The two PCA components of Figure 5 can explain 68.65% of variability between samples. Attributes of moisture, yellow color crumb, yellow color crust, cornmeal aroma, cornmeal flavor, sandness, fracturability and sweetness (positively) and elasticity, carrot aroma, carrot flavor, dry appearance (negatively) contributed to the variability associated with the principal component I. Porosity, Fruity and Aroma Smoothness (positively) and Adhesiviness (negatively) were the main contributors to the variability associated with the main component II.

3.3. Instrumental Analysis and Correlation

The instrumental means obtained were presented in Table 8.

According to Figure 6, the PLS regression associated instrumental parameters with overall liking results. The samples in this map were distributed and positioned to its pairs (gluten-free sucrose and its diet version), giving the understanding that the pairs have similar texture characteristics. It is also seen regarding overall liking, since the samples most preferred by the consumers were the samples PDR, SG-1 and SGD-1, which present cohesiveness, smoothness and elasticity; the texture characteristics closest to the overall liking.

Table 7. Eigenvalues―the axis variability.

Figure 4. GPA analysis (a) by configuration and (b) by objects.

Figure 5. Principal Component Analysis QDA (n = 11) and hedonictest (n = 120); Samples [PDR: Standard; SG-1: gluten free (mix-1); SGD-1: gluten free (mix-1); SG+1: Gluten free (mix+1); SGD+1: Gluten free (mix+1); SGSF: Gluten free (mix w/o cornmeal); SGFD: Gluten free (mix w/o cornmeal)] and attributes [Color1 (Crumb yellow color); Color2 (Crust yellow color); App1 (Dry appearance); App2 (Porosity); Aro1 (Sweet aroma); Aro1 (Carrot aroma); Aro2 (Cornmeal aroma); Fla1 (Sweetness); Fla2 (Cornmeal flavor); Fla3 (Carrot flavor); Tex1 (Moisture); Tex2 (Fracturability); Tex3 (Sandiness); Tex4 (Adhesiviness); Tex5 (Smoothness); Tex6 (Elasticity)].

Table 8. Results from texture and water activity parameters of carrot cake.

*Means with a same superscript letter are not significantly different (p > 0.05). Samples [PDR: Standard; SG-1: gluten free (mix-1); SGD-1: gluten free (mix-1); SG+1: Gluten free (mix+1); SGD+1: Gluten free (mix+1); SGSF: Gluten free (mix w/o corn flour); SGFD: Gluten free (mix w/o corn flour)]; and Attributes [Aw (water activity)].

Despite PLS results, Ylimaki et al. [25] affirm that hardness and gumminess were the most important parameters of gluten-free crumb cake quality.

Some studies have been considered sucralose as the sweetener that best substitutes sucrose [26] - [28] . Morais et al. [29] study reported that the sensory profile of dairy desserts with sucralose was similar than that one with sucrose; differed statistically (p ≤ 0.05) only in relation to the attribute of brown color.

Preichardt et al. [30] got firmer and less elastic cakes using rice and corn mix flours, with middle fracturability. According to Tedrus et al. [31] , wheat flour is the only one able to produce a viscoelastic mass with better gas holding during brew and first steps of baking, getting a softer food.

According to a study that had used wheat flour replacements in cookies, the results showed that instrumental attributes did not alter between traditional and quinoa flour samples. But, hardness increased when quinoa flour was used in high concentrations [32] .

The substitution of sucrose by sucralose was shown to be successful, except for the sample SGD+1, which contains a large quantity of corn flour. The properties of cohesiveness and elasticity were the two texture parameters analysed as better accepted, while the other parameters weren’t so considered by the consumers.

Similar results were successfully obtained in a recent study with diet milk chocolates sweetened with sucralose [33] , using five different bulking agents (polydextrose, inulin, fructo-oligosaccharides, lactitol and maltitol).

In milk chocolates, sucralose was the best substitute of sucrose for diet purposes and for calories reduction [34] . As well the sucralose was evaluated by other sensory methods, as multiple time-intensity [35] .

According to Lopez [17] , bread quality is associated with gas hold by brew.

Rocha et al. [24] found that high corn flour content into corn cakes associated with less wheat flour concentration produced a soft mass and more fracturability product.

The Contour plot (Figure 7) reported that the vector is the best model for clusters 1 and 3 to 6. The circular is the significant model for cluster 2 and inside of it there is an ideal point (−0.772; 0.704), corresponding to the highest preference by judges.

As shown in the Contour plot, samples SGFD and SGSF were located in a region that included acceptance values above the overall value for 80% to 100% of consumers. The traditional sample is located in a region with 60% to 80% of preference consumers.

Gaze et al. [36] also used an external preference mapping associated with Quantitative Descriptive Analysis attributes to determine consumer acceptability of caramelized milk.

Figure 6. PLS regression (instrumental and overall liking parameters).

Figure 7. Preference mapping illustrating 6 clusters: 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 [vector] and 2 [circular (+); where the plus indicates a maximum point in terms of preference]; Samples [PDR: Standard; SG-1: gluten free (mix-1); SGD-1: gluten free (mix-1); SG+1: Gluten free (mix+1); SGD+1: Gluten free (mix+1); SGSF: Gluten free (mix w/o cornmeal); SGFD: Gluten free (mix w/o cornmeal)] and the 5 regions of the global average value of acceptance.

4. Conclusions

The correlation takes interest for the evaluation of the sensory properties for quality control and applications in product development. External map provides a correlation with consumer hedonic scores regressed in a perceptual map, which should be understood as the acceptance drivers of a gluten-free baked food.

Wheat flour replacement in carrot cake showed some sensory property changes; however these characteristics could be improved with some quality control settings. Thus, it’s possible to conclude that wheat flour and sucrose replacement is applicable as long as it maintains consumers’ expectations.

Cite this paper

A. A. Mauricio,A. B. Palazzo,V. M. Caselato,H. M. A. Bolini, (2016) Generalized Procrustes Analysis and External Preference Map Used to Consumer Drivers of Diet Gluten Free Product. Food and Nutrition Sciences,07,711-723. doi: 10.4236/fns.2016.79072

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NOTES

*Corresponding author.

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