Received 18 January 2016; accepted 13 March 2016; published 16 March 2016

ABSTRACT

In this case-study, we examine the effects of linear control on continuous dynamical systems that exhibit chaotic behavior using the symbolic computer algebra system Mathematica. Stabilizing (or controlling) higher-dimensional chaotic dynamical systems is generally a difficult problem, Musielak and Musielak, [1] . We numerically illustrate that sometimes elementary approaches can yield the desired numerical results with two different continuous higher order dynamical systems that exhibit chaotic behavior, the Lorenz equations and the Rössler attractor.

Keywords:

Chaotic Dynamical System, Lorenz Equations, Rössler Attractor, Chaos, Hyperchaos, Control, Stability, Routh-Hurwitz Theorem, Characteristic Polynomial

1. Introduction

We begin with an autonomous continuous dynamical system, where and.

We use the notation that is a rest point, or equilibrium point of, if.

Under some parameter values or initial conditions, the system exhibits chaos or hyperchaos. Refer to Yu et al., [2] , for a discussion regarding the differences between chaos and hyperchaos.

Control theory attempts to find a controller to apply to the dynamical system that stabilizes the system and eliminates the chaos or hyperchaos. In the context of the autonomous dynamical system, the investigator searches for a function so that does not exhibit chaos or hyperchaos for the given parameter values and initial conditions that the original system, exhibits using those parameter values and initial conditions.

The focus of this paper is to illustrate an automated technique to find a linear control () of a continuous dynamical system that exhibits chaos or hyperchaos. In subsequent studies, we will focus both on the controller design, conditions when a chaotic system is stabilized, and the physical interpretation of the controller for specific dynamical systems.

2. Background

Li and Li, [3] , provide examples of several approaches to controlling the chaotic three dimensional Chen-Lee system in their paper and illustrate how different multiple control techniques stabilize the system in their case study. To briefly summarize their results, Li and Li, [3] , provide several approaches to control and provide synchronization of the chaotic Chen-Lee System,

(1)

at the origin,. In their case study they use three feedback controls that are summarized as follows.

(1) Linear Feedback Control. Linear, and terms are included in the x, y, and z equations of system (1). The k_i's are feedback coefficients.

(2) Speed Feedback Control. A single control of the form

is incorporated into the x-equation of system (1). and are the speed feedback coefficients (see [4] ).

(3) Doubly-Periodic Function Feedback Control. The control in the X-equation is and in the Z-equation is. The functions and are the doubly-periodic functions where and are speed feedback coefficients and is the modulus of the Jacobi elliptic function. Refer to Li and Li, [3] , for details.

The form of the design used to attempt to control a given system can be motivated by many factors. In general, controlling nonlinear high-dimensional chaotic dynamical systems can be a formidable problem, Musielak and Musielak, [1] . Viera and Lichtenberg, [5] , illustrate several examples of controlling chaos using a nonlinear feedback with delay. On the other hand, Tan et al., [4] , develop a controller using a backstopping design.

In this paper, we demonstrate a sequence of algorithms that may be used to find a linear control for a high- dimensional non-linear dynamical system that exhibits chaos or hyperchaos under certain conditions. We show

that a basic linear control of the form, where, can often be used to stabilize high-dimen-

sional non-linear chaotic dynamical systems provided that the underlying parameter values are known a priori.

We use a computer algebra system like Mathematica or Maple to implement the procedure to find the simplest linear control, when possible. In this paper, we use Mathematica. The technique is described next.

(1) Begin with an autonomous continuous dynamical system, ,.

(2) Assume that the appropriate parameter values and initial conditions are known and the system exhibits chaos or hyperchaos at an equilibrium point.

(3) Based on the known parameter values investigate a proportional controllerl of the form,.

(4) If it is possible to find a proportional controller using the given constraints, the problem is solved.

(a) Linearize the controlled system at.

(b) Compute the Jacobian, , of the controlled system. To determine the maximum value of the real part of the eigenvalues of, try the following approaches that are well-suited to computer arithmetic.

(i) Obtain bounds on the real part of using the Routh-Hurwitz theorem so that the maximum value of the real part of all eigenvalues of are negative, if possible.

or

(ii) Compute the eigenvalues of and then determine conditions on so that the maximum value of

the real part of all eigenvalue is negative, if possible. Remark: Our simulations indicate that this yields better results than the Routh-Hurwitz theorem when the maximum value of the real part of the eigenvalues is close to 0.

(A) Given, compute the eigenvalues of by computing the zeros of the characteristic polynomial of,.

(B) Find the real part of all zeros of.

(C) Find conditions on so that the maximum value of the real part of all zeros of is negative, if possible.

(5) Underlying Strategy: The “best” control is the simplest one. Thus, we start by searching for the simplest linear control possible.

For our case-studies we choose to numerically illustrate the techniques on versions of the Lorenz equations and Rössler attractors because they are well studied and because of their broad use in applications. Of course, a similar analysis can be carried out with many other high-dimensional dynamical systems that exhibit chaotic behavior, which we hope to do in future studies where we will focus on the underlying physical interpretation of the control.

3. The Lorenz Equations

The Lorenz system is a three-dimensional continuous nonlinear dynamical system,

(2)

that has numerous applications in areas such as simple models of lasers, thermosyphons, and some chemical reactions.

Parameter (sometimes replaced by P) is known as the Prandtl number, and is usually fixed to be 10 in many studies. b is the Biot number, fixed to be 8/3. R is the Raleigh number, which is typically taken to be greater than 28. With these parameter values, the Lorenz system, (2), exhibits chaos for a wide range of initial conditions.

For example, Figure 1 illustrates chaos in the Lorenz system using, , and the initial conditions, , and. For these parameter values the Lorenz system has three equilibrium points

The Jacobian of system (2) evaluated at each equilibrium point has the following eigenvalues

which shows that all three equilibrium points are unstable.

Using the described algorithm to try to find a control for an unstable equilibrium point, we choose an equilibrium point and search for the simplest control possible to stabilize it. To illustrate the concept, we choose

. With this notation, , , and

3.1. X-Control

We attempt to find the simplest control possible so search for an initial control of the form,

(3)

Evaluated at, the Jacobian of (3) is

which has characteristic equation, where, , and. By the Routh-Hurwitz theorem, to guarantee that all the solutions of the characteristic equation have negative real part, we must have, , and. This occurs when. The system stabilizes faster as k increases. Figure 2 illustrates the stabilization using.

With, , , and system (3) has equilibrium points

The Jacobian of system (3) evaluated at each equilibrium point has the following eigenvalues

Observe that the Jacobian confirms that is stable. Note that and are unstable.

This algorithm is well-suited to computer arithmetic and can be carried out at other equilibria. For example, rather than, choose and a control of the form in the X-equation results in as illustrated in Figure 3.

3.2. Y-Control

Generally, smaller k-values are considered “more efficient” than larger k-values. Thus, choosing but a control of the form in the Y-equation results in, which is more “efficient” than the linear control in the X-equation used where we saw that was required. Incorporating the linear control into the Y-equation, we find that stabilizes the system as illustrated in Figure 4.

However, the method illustrated is trial-by-error, which makes it particularly well-suited for computer arithmetic. For example, choosing and finding k-values for a control of the form

in the Z-equation is impossible. In this case, the characteristic polynomial of the Jacobian evaluated at is, which has zeros, , and: for every value of k, the Jacobian evaluated at has a positive eigenvalue so will be unstable.

4. The Rössler Attractor

The three-dimensional version of the Rössler attractor is

(4)

where a, b, and c are positive constants.

System (4) has been extensively studied and, consequently, its equilibria and the behavior of system (4) are well understood. Figure 5 illustrates chaos in the Rössler attractor using the parameter values and. Wang and Wu, [6] , have applied a more complex controller than the one presented here to a four- dimensional hyperchaotic Rössler system.

For these parameter values, system (4) has the following equilibrium points

Following the same approach as in the previous example, we start by searching for a controller of the form and we choose to stabilize so that. Evaluated at, the Jacobian of system (4) is

To guarantee that the eigenvalues of have negative real part, we apply the Routh-Hurwitz theorem. In this case we must have that, , and. These equations are satisfied when . Observe that if we look at a plot of the maximum part of the real part of the roots of the characteristic polynomial, , of, we obtain the same interval as shown in Figure 6. Figure 7 illustrates stabilization using the k-value.

For this example, choosing to stabilize using a control of the form in the Y-equation, where is the Y-component of is also successful. Using the same analysis, we find that for, 2, and 3 if. Figure 8 illustrates stabilization using the k-value.

It is not possible to stabilize the system using a control of the form in the Z-equation. The plot of the maximum value of the real part of the roots of the characteristic polynomial, , of, in Figure 9 shows that the maximum value of the real part of any zero of is always positive.

5. High-Himensional Rössler Attractors

Using the same notation as Musielak and Musielak, [1] , the four dimensional Röseller system

(5)

where a, b, c, and d are positive constants can exhibit more complex behavior than system (4). System (5) is interesting because depending upon the parameter values and initial conditions chosen, the system can exhibit hyperchaos, which is illustrated in Figure 10 using the parameter values, , , and. On the other hand, adjusting the initial conditions can lead to dramatically different behavior as shown in Figure 11.

For these parameter values, system (5) has the following equilibrium points

The Jacobian of system (5) evaluated at each equilibrium point has the following eigenvalues

so both and are unstable. We illustrate stabilizing . Keep in mind that we try to find the simplest linear control that stabilizes the system. For this system, it is not possible to stabilize by incorporating a control of the form into the X-equation because the Jacobian for the system, , , and evaluated at has characteristic polynomial and the plot of the maximum value of the real part of any root of shown in Figure 12 shows us that there is always a root with positive real part so will be unstable. Similarly, it is not possible to stabilize by incorporating a control of the form into the Y-equation, a control of the form into the Z-equation, or using a control of the form into the W-equation.

Next, we attempt using multiple controls. First, we try to find a control of the form in the X-equation and a control of the form in the Y-equation but find that there are no and values that will stabilize the system with this control.

Next, we try to find a control of the form in the X-equation and a control of the form in the Z-equation, , , , and. Evaluated at the Jacobian of this system is

The characteristic polynomial of is, where

We plot the region where the maximum value of the real part of any zero of is negative in Figure 13 using the following algorithm.

(1) Given and find the zeros of.

(2) Compute the real part of each zero and find the maximum real part of all zeros.

(3) Plot the region where the maximum value of the real part of any zero of is less than or equal to zero.

We find that we can control the system and stabilize using and. For these parameter values, the equilibrium points of the system are

The Jacobian of this system evaluated at each equilibrium point has the following eigenvalues

which shows us that is stable and is unstable. Using the same initial conditions as those used in Figure 11, we see that using and stabilize the system at in Figure 14. However, the stability of the equilibrium point is not global as shown in Figure 15.

6. Conclusion

In this paper, we have illustrated an elementary algorithm to find a linear control that can stabilize a high- dimensional continuous dynamical system that exhibits chaotic behavior. We demonstrate how the technique is implemented and that it is well-suited for computer arithmetic using the Lorenz equations and Rössler attractor

as examples because they are very different models, but well studied and familiar to a wide audience. The simulations illustrated here show that the technique works on a wide range of dynamical systems, which we hope to further illustrate in later studies. Our simulations also indicate that it does not matter whether one uses the Routh-Hurwitz theorem or the characteristic polynomial to determined conditions on when all the eigenvalues of a matrix have negative real part. In future studies, we will focus on the physical interpretations of the controls that are introduced here as well as discuss conditions under which the control algorithm works or does not.

Computational Notes

The Mathematica, [7] , notebooks that the authors used to carry out the calculations as well as generate the figures here are available from the authors by sending a request to Jim Braselton at jbraselton@georgiasouthern.edu.

Cite this paper

JamesBraselton,YanWu, (2016) Applying Linear Controls to Chaotic Continuous Dynamical Systems. Open Journal of Applied Sciences,06,141-152. doi: 10.4236/ojapps.2016.63015

References