Open Journal of Organic Polymer Materials
Vol.06 No.04(2016), Article ID:72326,15 pages
10.4236/ojopm.2016.64012

Preparation and Swelling Behavior of L-Lactide Interpenetrating Networks

Zainab J. Sweah, Hadi S. Al-Lami, Athir M. Haddad*

Department of Chemistry, College of science, University of Basrah Garmat Ali, Basrah, Iraq

Copyright © 2016 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Received: September 21, 2016; Accepted: October 28, 2016; Published: October 31, 2016

ABSTRACT

Novel triblock copolymers of poly (L-lactide)-poly (ethylene glycol)-sebacate-poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (L-lactide) were synthesized by Ring-Opening Polymerization of different ratios of L-lactide with other three pre-prepared poly (ethylene glycol)- sebacate-poly (ethylene glycol) polymers, coded A, B and C which had different poly (ethyleneglycol) chain lengths. The copolymers were characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, which indicated that the reaction of ROP took place and led to producing nine triblock copolymers having new different lactide chain lengths (n = 10, 25 and 50), AL10, AL25, AL50,BL10, BL25, BL50, CL10, CL25, and CL50. Nine polymer networks were also prepared from copolymers with sodium alginate S1 - S9 and finally mixed with a solution of hydroxyl ethyl cellulose to form SH1 - SH9.

Keywords:

Lactide Copolymers, Ring-Opening Polymerization, Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPN’s), Swelling Ratio

1. Introduction

In polymer chemistry, Ring-Opening Polymerization (ROP) is a form of chain-growth polymerization. At the terminal end of a polymer chain, it acts as a reactive center where further cyclic monomers can react by opening its ring system and form a long polymer chain. The propagation center can be radical, anionic or cationic. Some cyclic monomers such as lactide and glycolide can be polymerized to high molecular weight polymers by using metal catalysts. ROP continues to be the most versatile method of major groups of biopolymers, particularly when they are required in quantity. Commonly, the monomers in ROP are rings irrespective of ring size, but the reason why polymerization takes place can vary. Rings composed of 3 - 8 atoms may polymerize due to the loss of enthalpy associated with the loss of ring strain as oxiranes, lactones, lactams, and lactide [1] [2] [3] [4] . ROP is important to produce some industrial polymers like polyethylene oxide and polysiloxanes. The activation of initiating and propagating alcohols by strong nonionic bases can be utilized to enable the polymerization of strained cyclic ester monomers, such as lactide. The (1,8-diazabicyclio[5.4.0] undec- 7-ene) DBU, (7-methyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene) MTBD and TBD (general structure of a phosphazene base) are highly active catalysts for this ROP process, providing Degree of Polymerization DP 500 PLAs within a few minutes at room temperature and 1 mol % catalysts loadings [5] [6] [7] . Haitao Qian, et al. [8] used DBU, a known, effective, and convenient organ catalyst, for the ring opening polymerization of cyclic esters, to synthesize random copolymers of lactide and glycolide. In contrast, the application of DBU to catalyze the ROP resulted in polymers with predictable molecular weights and narrow PDIs (<1.09).

End-group fidelity of the polymerization can be determined by both 1H NMR and Gel-Permeation Chromatography (GPC) technique [9] . Polymerizations mediated by DBU also showed a linear increase of molecular weight with monomer conversion. DBU is a strictly hindered amidine that has demonstrated usefulness in a variety of different reactions.

2. Experiment

2.1. Materials

Chemicals used in this study were supplied from different sources, polyethylene glycol (average M. wt. 2000, 4000 and 10000) were supplied from BDH Co., sebacoyl chloride and glutaraldehyde were supplied from Fluka Co.,1,2-dichloro ethane (EDC) was supplied from Lab Co., triethylamine was supplied from RDH Co., L-lactide was supplied from BDH Co., Diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene (DBU), diethyl ether and hydroxy ethyl cellulose were supplied from Sigma-Aldrich Co., sodium alginate was supplied from HIMEDIA Co., all materials were used without any purification.

2.2. Instruments

FTIR-Jasco 4200 supplied by JASCO Company was used for recording I.R spectra of the new polymers as KBr disc from (400 - 4000) cm−1. The 1H NMR was recorded using Bruker 400 MHz spectrometer. Type INSPECT S50 supplied by FEI Company. Polymers molecular weights and molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn) were determined using a Waters 1515 gel permeation chromatography (GPC); DMF was used as the eluent at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and calibrated with polymethyl methacrylate standard

2.3. Preparation of Polymers

2.3.1. Preparation of Poly (Ethylene Glycol)-Sebacate-Poly (Ethylene Glycol) (A)

Poly (ethylene glycol), PEG, (M. Wt. 2000) (40 g, 0.02 moles), (2.79 ml, 0.02 moles) of triethyl amine (TEA) were dissolved in 50 ml of 1,2-dichloroethane (EDC). Sebacoyl chloride (SC) (2.14 ml, 0.01 mole) was dissolved in 10 ml of EDC and then added drop wise into the mixed solution. The reaction was kept under argon for 24 hours at room temperature with continuous stirring on a magnetic stirrer. The reaction was worked up by a slow addition of the product to 500 ml cold diethyl ether to precipitate the polymer, filtered on a Buchner funnel and washed with diethyl ether, and dried in vacuum oven at 25˚C for 24 hours [10] .

1H-NMR and FTIR was measured and the yield of the product was 78%. The same procedure was carried out to prepare the polymers B and C, the yield of polymer B was 90% and polymer C was 87%. The reaction is represented in Scheme 1 and Table 1 shows the materials used.

2.3.2. Preparation of Poly (L-Lactide)-Poly (Ethylene Glycol)-Sebacate-Poly (Ethylene Glycol)-Poly (L-Lactide) Triblock Copolymers (LA10)

The triblock copolymers were synthesized by ROP of (L-lactide) with prepared polymer (A) in the presence of DBU as catalyst [11] . Briefly, the polymer (A) (4.168 g, 0.001 mole) was added to (L-lactide) (PLLA) (1.44 g, 0.01 mole) was dissolved in 75 ml of EDC in three neck flask equipped with argon gas. DBU (55 µL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 24 hours at 25˚C under Argon atmosphere. The reaction was worked up by the slow addition of the reactants to 500 ml diethyl ether to precipitate the polymer, which was then filtered on a Buchner funnel, washed with diethyl ether, and then dried in vacuum oven at 25˚C for 24 hours.

Scheme 1. Chemical equations of preparation of poly (ethylene glycol)-sebacate-poly (ethylene glycol) (2000, 4000, and 10000).

Table 1. Composition of materials for preparation of polymers B, and C.

The same procedure was carried out to prepare the polymers AL25, AL50, BL10, BL25, BL50, CL10, CL25, and CL50.The chemical equations can be represented by the Scheme 2 and Table 2 shows the quantities of reactants used in the preparation of the polymers, AL25, AL50, BL10, BL25, BL50, CL10, CL25, and CL50.

2.3.3. Preparation of Network S1

0.4 g of AL10, 0.4 g of sodium alginate (Na-alg.) were dissolved in 5 ml distilled water (solution A), 0.1 g of calcium chloride was dissolved in 5 ml distilled water (solution B). Solution A was added drop wise to solution B to form polymeric beads. These beads were collected and washed with water two times and dried to obtain S1. The same procedure was carried out to prepare networks S2 - S9 [12] .

Scheme 2. Chemical equations of preparation of triblock copolymers AL10, AL25, and AL50 from polymer A with L-Lactide (PEG = 2000).

Table 2. The composition of prepared block polymers AL10, AL25, AL50, BL10, BL25, BL50, CL10, CL25, and CL50.

2.3.4. Preparation of Fibers IPN’s SH1 - SH9

0.4 g of hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), 377 µl glutraldehyde and 0.25 ml of concentration of sulfuric acid were heated with continuous stirring at 60˚C - 65˚C for one hour. Then the crosslinked product solution was cooled. The cold solution of crosslinked HEC was mixed with 0.4 g of S1 in an ice bath with continuous stirring for half an hour. The product was then dried in vacuum oven at 25˚C, ground and pressed as discs. The same procedure was carried out to prepare of fiber IPN’s SH2 - SH9.

3. Results and Discussion

The FTIR spectra of (A, B, and C) polymers with the characteristic absorption bands were intense due to the associated hydroxyl groups (3434,3498, and 3447 cm−1) and bands at (2883, 2885, and 2887 cm−1) for (CH2) of PEG repeated units. Representative I.R. spectrum is shown in Figure 1. The intensity of the hydroxyl group band was decreased with increasing PEG molecular weight, the same observation was made by Jalal and Al-Lami [13] . The appearance of the stretching band of (C=O) at 1725 cm−1 as a result of esterfication reaction of PEG with SC show less intensity due to the loss ratio of SC comparing to the molecular weight of PEG.

Representative I.R. spectrum of triblock copolymers of PLA-PEG-SC-PEG-PLA (AL10) is shown in Figure 2. The characteristic absorption bands were intense bands due to the associated hydroxyl groups (3417, 3436, and 3450 cm−1). In the block copolymers spectrum, the sharp and intense bands at (1741,1750, and 1738 cm−1), bands at (1280 cm−1) for (C-O) groups, and bands at (2882, 2883 cm−1) for (CH2) of PEG repeated units these bands confirm the presence of the carboxylic ester (C=O) and ether (C-O-C)

Figure 1. FTIR spectrum of poly (ethylene glycol)-sebacate-poly (ethylene glycol) (with PEG 2000), polymer (A).

Figure 2. FTIR spectrum of triblock copolymer AL10.

groups indicating that the formation of the PLA-PEG-SC-PEG-PLA block copolymers has taken place. By increasing the PLA chain length, the band associated with hydroxyl group would be less intense, increasing the band’s intensity of carboxylic ester (C=O) and (C-O) groups was due to the increasing of molecular weight of the block copolymer with increasing the ratio of PLA in the copolymer, which caused less stretching for the hydroxyl group with increasing stretching of carboxyl one, and that confirmed that the reaction take place [14] .

1H NMR technique was used to confirm the structure of the new prepared triblock copolymers (AL10, AL25, AL50, BL10, BL25, BL50, CL10, CL25, and CL50). 1H NMR of (A, B, and C) polymers and triblock copolymers of PLA-PEG-SC-PEG-PLA were recorded on a Bruker 400 MHz spectrometer, using CDCl3 (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.8% atom D). Figure 3 shows the NMR spectrum of poly (ethylene glycol)-sebacate-poly (ethylene glycol) having (PEG 2000), polymer A; the methylene protons in (CH2) group of PEG were around 3.65 ppm (a and b), the peaks at 2.2 ppm represented the end methylene protons (CH2) of sebcoyl chloride bonded to PEG segments, and at 2 ppm represented the methylene (CH2) protons non bonded. The same position peaks were appeared for polymer B and C.

Figure 4 exhibits the NMR spectrum of triblock poly (L-lactide)50-poly (ethylene glycol)-sebacate-poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (L-lactide)50 (CL50), indicate the presence of methine (CH) and Methyl (CH3) protons in PLA was observed around 4.3 ppm (c) for (CH) of end group and around 5.2 to the (CH) bonded inside the polymer chain, and 1.3 - 1.5 ppm (d, b), for the (CH3) end group and inside group respectively. The methylene protons in (CH2) group of PEG were around 3.65 ppm (e and f), the peaks at 2

Figure 3. NMR spectrum of poly (ethylene glycol)-sebacate-poly (ethylene glycol) having (PEG 2000), polymer A.

Figure 4. NMR spectrum of triblock poly (L-lactide)50-poly (ethylene glycol)-sebacate-poly (ethylene glycol)-poly (L-lactide)50 (CL50).

ppm (g) represented the end methylene protons (CH2) in the sebcoyl chloride bonded to PEG segments, the peak at 2.2 ppm (h) represented methylene protons (CH2) of sebcoyl chloride non bonded, the figure is very similar to the previously reported spectrum [15] [16] , and confirm the synthesis of the PLA-PEG-SC-PEG-PLA block copolymers with three different units (10,25, and 50 units) on the end of the bis-poly (ethy- lene glycol) sebacate.

The molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn) were calculated for all prepared triblock copolymers and Table 3 shows the GPC results. It appears that the PDI is ranging between 1.02 - 1.10 indicating that the copolymers molecular weight distribution is nearly monodispers or from narrow distribution type. All these results are confirmed the expected structure and composition of the prepared copolymers and promoted this matter with great accuracy the results of GPC as shown significant closely with theoretical calculations of molecular weight and result the awesome polydispersity index (PDI) is close to one.

The examination of the morphology and fiber geometry of the IPN’s was performed by using SEM. Figure 5 shows the SEM images of uncoated xerogel IPN’s which demonstrated the fibers of the prepared IPN’s. The size of the fibers was found to be in the range of (48 - 97) nm and the images of SEM measurements showed the clarity in the fibrous characterization of the IPN’s with increasing the PLA chain length. Prior to be used as tissue engineering scaffolds, alginate-based materials need to be crosslinked to preserve their structure in an aqueous environment. Ionic crosslinking with divalent ions (e.g. Ca2+) avoids potentially toxic materials used in chemical crosslinking reactions.

From the figure, it is easy to observe the presence of spherical structures due to crosslinking of sodium alginate by divalent calcium ion. Also, the SEM images reveal that it is possible for the nanofibers to cover the surfaces of particles and the gaps between them [17] . The miscibility of ethylene oxide in the pegelated lactide and alginate may explain the smoothness of the surface exhibited in the SEM micrograph. It is known that a single polymer cannot satisfy all the requirements of an ideal biomaterial,

Table 3. Molecular weights and polydispersity index obtained from GPC measurements.

Figure 5.SEM images of fiber SH1, SH3, SH5 and SH7 at different amplifications.

such as poly (ethylene glycol) [18] . Therefore, it may need other combinations of polymers, like PEO and Na-alg., to increase the density of fibers on the mesh produced, which is the case here. The SEM micrographs of prepared fiber IPN’s revealed that dense materials were obtained.

The relative swelling was determined gravimetrically after immersing uncoated discs in water, Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF), and Simulated Gastro Fluid (SGF). The degree of swelling was calculated according to the following equation:

where, Ws and Wd represent the weight of swollen and dry samples, respectively.

The study of swelling of uncoated fiber IPN’s affected by a number of varities, including changes in the pH of immersing solution, different molecular weight of PEG in the triblock copolymers in the IPN’s, and changing of PLA chain length. As expected, the swelling ratio of the triblock copolymers increases with an increasing porportion of the hydrophilic block [19] [20] .

Results in Figure 6 shows the effect of pH (8.2,7.2, and 1.2) onto the swelling ratio of the IPN’s (SH1), Studies of swelling ratio shows that the pH has a significant effect because it was found that the swelling ratio increased with increasing pH. This can be related to their ability to form ionizable groups (COO−) in Sodium alginate which leads to increase the bonding characteristics of the fiber IPN’s with water.

The swelling ratio increased with increasing poly (ethylene glycol) molecular weight due to increase the hydrophilic polymer chain length of PEG. The swelling ratio for fiber IPN’s containing PEG 2000 (SH1), 4000 (SH4) and 10000 (SH7) are found to be equal to 60%, 79% and 90% respectively, and the same effect is found for all other fiber IPN’s. Figure 7 and Figure 8 are shown examples for this effect.

Figure 6. Effect of pH on swelling ratio of SH1 in (SGF, SIF, and H2O).

Figure 7. Effect of molecular weight of PEG on swelling ratio of SH1, SH4, and SH7 in SGF.

In one series of block copolymer with the same molecular weight of PEG (AL10, AL25 and AL50), the swelling ratio of fiber IPN’s (SH1, SH2, and SH3) decreased with increasing of PLA chain length, because of the increasing of LA ratio will increase the hydrophobicity of the copolymers.

The swelling ratio decreased with increasing lactide chain length because the lactide groups represent the hydrophobic groups in the new triblock copolymer chains leading to decreasing of water uptake from the fiber IPN’s. Figure 9 and Figure 10 are exhibited examples of this effect.

Figure 8. Effect of molecular weight of PEG on swelling ratio of SH1, SH4, and SH7 in SIF.

Figure 9. Effect of lactide chain length on swelling ratio of SH7, SH8 and SH9 in SIF.

Figure 10. Effect of lactide chain length on swelling ratio of SH4, SH5 and SH6 in H2O.

Figure 11. SEM image of swelling fiber SH9 in water.

The surface of the fiber IPN’s prepared was observed in the sinking area, due to the swelling characteristics of poly (ethylene glycol), the size of pores was found to be in the range of (3.406 - 15.346) µm, and Figure 11 shows the SEM image of SH9 IPN’s in water.

4. Conclusion

The spectroscopic characterization revealed that true triblock copolymers were prepared with narrow molecular weight distribution. The swelling results imply the possibility of using these polymeric IPN’s in the field of polymer drug delivery especially for Insulin delivery.

Cite this paper

Sweah, Z.J., Al- Lami, H.S. and Haddad, A.M. (2016) Preparation and Swelling Behavior of L- Lactide Interpenetrating Networks. Open Journal of Organic Polymer Materials, 6, 119-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojopm.2016.64012

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