ABSTRACT

The harmonic and interharmonic analysis recommendations are contained in the latest IEC standards on power quality. Measurement and analysis experiences have shown that great difficulties arise in the interharmonic detection and measurement with acceptable levels of accuracy. In order to improve the resolution of spectrum analysis, the traditional method (e.g. discrete Fourier transform) is to take more sampling cycles, e.g. 10 sampling cycles corresponding to the spectrum interval of 5 Hz while the fundamental frequency is 50 Hz. However, this method is not suitable to the interharmonic measurement, because the frequencies of interharmonic components are non-integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, which makes the measurement additionally difficult. In this paper, the tunable resolution multiple signal classification (TRMUSIC) algorithm is presented, which the spectrum can be tuned to exhibit high resolution in targeted regions. Some simulation examples show that the resolution for two adjacent frequency components is usually sufficient to measure interharmonics in power systems with acceptable computation time. The proposed method is also suited to analyze interharmonics when there exists an undesirable asynchronous deviation and additive white noise.

Keywords:

Interharmonics Analysis, Tunable Resolution Multiple Signal Classification (TRMUSIC) Algorithm, Subspace Decomposition, Spectral Analysis

1. Introduction

Interharmonics can be thought of as the inter-modulation of the fundamental and harmonic components of the power system with any other frequency components and can be observed in an increasing number of loads. These loads include static frequency converters, cycloconverters, sub-synchronous converter cascades, induction motors, arc furnaces and so on [1] .

A method, which is aimed to standardize the harmonic and interharmonic measurement, has been proposed by the IEC [2] . This method utilizes discrete Fourier transform (DFT) performed over a rectangular time window of exactly 10 cycles for 50 Hz power systems. The window width fixes the frequency resolution at 5 Hz, so the interharmonic components that are between the bins spaced of 5 Hz would spill over primarily into adjacent interharmonic bins with a minimum of spill into harmonic bins. Therefore, the harmonic and interharmonic groups are introduced. The interharmonic group is defined as the RMS (Root- mean-square) value of all the interharmonic components between adjacent harmonic groups (see Figure 1).

However, the accurate estimation method of the interharmonic components has not been established yet. Many researchers have been studying new methods. For analyzing a range of the interharmonic components, researchers often use DFT and its improved algorithms to calculate amplitudes, frequencies and phases of the interharmonic components [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . The major pitfalls in the common DFT applications are the spectral leakage and picket fence effects.

The multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm exploits the noise subspace to estimate the unknown parameters of the random process, which was proposed by R. O., Schmidt [8] . This algorithm can also estimate the frequencies of complex sinusoids corrupted with additive white noise. T. Lobos et al. [9] [10] have already proposed the frequencies determination method of the harmonic components using the MUSIC algorithm. But it is difficult to estimate the frequencies of the interharmonic components.

In this paper, the tunable resolution MUSIC (TRMUSIC) algorithm is presented to estimate the parameters of interharmonics, which the spectrum can be tuned to exhibit high resolution in targeted regions. The organization of this paper is as follows. The interharmonic measurement method based on the TRMUSIC algorithm is proposed in Section 2. Then, simulation results to demonstrate the

validity, precision feasibility and robustness of the algorithm are presented in Section 3. At last, the conclusions are given in Section 4.

2. Trmusic Algorithm

2.1. Music Algorithm

The MUSIC algorithm is an eigenvalue subspace decomposition method for estimation of the frequencies of complex sinusoids observed in additive white noise. Consider a noisy signal vector comprised of complex sinusoids modeled as

(1)

with

(2)

where, and represent the amplitude, frequency and phase of i-th complex sinusoid, respectively. is the number of samples in one data rectangular window, is the fixed time interval, and is a zero mean Gaussian white noise vector with variance.

Suppose that is the sampled set. Since it is known that , the can be expressed as

(3)

with

(4)

(5)

(6)

where.

The auto-correlation matrix of the noisy signal can be written as

(7)

where denotes the expectation, denotes the Domitian transpose and is the diagonal matrix. In addition, and are the auto-correlation matrices of the signal and noise processes respectively, as follows

(8)

(9)

where and are the eigenvalues and convector of the matrix, respectively. So, the auto-correlation matrix of the noisy signal may be expressed as

(10)

where are the eigenvalues of the matrix. All the eigenvalues are the real numbers and satisfy

(11)

Furthermore, the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the matrix can be written as

(12)

where the columns of and are the left and right singular vectors, respectively. is a diagonal matrix whose diagonal entries are the positive eigenvalues of, and.

Then, the MUSIC spectrum is defined as [11]

(13)

with

(14)

(15)

where is the complex sinusoidal vector, is the frequency resolution of the MUSIC spectral estimation, and is the matrix of convector of the noise subspace.

2.2. The Proposed Tunable Resolution Method

The frequency resolution of the DFT spectral estimation is low when the sampling time (it is also the width of rectangular window) is short because, where is the sampling frequency. The frequency resolution can be improved by increasing the number of frequency points, but it may increase the calculation time. The MUSIC algorithm is known as a high-resolu- tion frequency estimation method, however, its frequency resolution is invariable, which doesn’t allow the best frequency resolution in a dynamic signal.

Here, a method of obtaining spectral interpolation data on the use of tunable factor is presented. According to the required frequency resolution of interharmonics analysis, the tunable factor is decided. Furthermore, the frequency resolution can be adapt adjusted by changing the tunable factor. Thus, in Equation (14) can be expressed as

(16)

with

(17)

where is the frequency bin sets with the tunable factor, is the updated frequency resolution, and must be an integer, as shown in Figure 2. Therefore, such data will replace the initial data for the frequencies estimation.

2.3. Denouncing Algorithm Based on Cross-Spectral Estimation

The most important step is to estimate the signal subspace dimension for spectral analysis. However, the noise yields an inconsistent estimation that tends to estimate the number of peaks in the range profile. To overcome this problem a denouncing algorithm based on cross-spectral estimation has proposed.

Assume two signal sequences

then

(18)

(19)

with. Thus, the cross-correlation matrix of the noisy signal and is

(20)

From Equation (20), the matrix is composed of, which is the cross-correlation matrix of the clean harmonic signal sequences, , which is the cross-correlation matrix of the noise sequences, and two other cross-correla- tion terms and. For two noise sequences assumed to be independent, we can get [12] . Typically it is assumed that the clean harmonic signal and noise sequences are uncorrelated. This has the effect of removing the cross-correlation terms and from the matrix. Therefore, the matrix simplifies to

(21)

where. Equation (21) showsthat the cross-correlation matrix of the noisy signal and is correlative to the noise. Thus, the SVD of the matrix can be writtenas [13] .

(22)

where the columns of and are the left and right singular vectors respectively, and, ,.

In a real application, the cross-correlation matrix is not known, and it should be estimated with sampled data as follows

(23)

The matrix also takes the form

(24)

where each element is a positive real number such that

.

So, the Equation (23) can be used to estimate the signal subspace dimension accurately. For example, because zero coefficients are concentrated in the higher-lags, a noise robust algorithm by using only the lower-lags of the matrix can be designed to estimate the signal subspace dimension. Therefore, Equation (13) can be rewritten as

(25)

where is the updated matrix of convector of the noise subspace.

2.4. Estimation Method of the Amplitude and Phase of the Harmonic and Interharmonic Components

The frequencies of the harmonic and interharmonic components can be estimated from the peak location of the MUSIC spectrum, i.e., the frequencies can be derived from the horizontal coordinate of the peak point of. After the estimation of the frequencies, the signal subspace dimension of the input signal can also be estimated. In a real application, is not known. Because the amplitude of the noise is very smaller than that of the signal components, let replaces. Then, the estimation of can be represented by

(26)

where., i.e.,

(27)

Equation (27) can be used to solve least squares for the coefficients using only the available data samples [14] . Therefore, the amplitude and phase of the components can be obtained from , as follows

(28)

(29)

where returns the real part of the argument, and returns the imaginary part of the argument.

3. Simulation Results

Three cases are performed in Matlab to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

3.1. Case 1

In practice, the fundamental frequency often deviates from its nominal value. In the first simulation, the fundamental frequency is set to 49 Hz, and the signal is

(30)

the sampling frequency is 6400 Hz, the number of samples is 1280 (10 cycles), the noise variance is 0.1, the tunable factor is set to 5. It can be seen from Equation (30) that includes the interharmonic components of 44 Hz and 57 Hz. Figure 3 displays the spectrums of MUSIC algorithm based on auto- spectral estimation, TRMUSIC algorithm based on cross-spectral estimation, and DFT algorithm when the width of rectangular window is 0.2 s (10 cycles), respectively.

In the second simulation, the fundamental frequencies is set to 50.2 Hz, and the signal is

(31)

the sampling frequency is 6400 Hz, the number of samples is 1280, the noise variance is 0.1, the tunable factor is set to 50. It can be seen from Equation (31) that includes the interharmonic components of 44.5 Hz and 57.3 Hz. Figure 4 displays the spectrums of the MUSIC algorithm based on auto- spectral estimation, TRMUSIC algorithm based on cross-spectral estimation, and DFT algorithm when the width of rectangular window is 0.2 s, respectively.

In Figure 3 and Figure 4, the results demonstrate that the TRMUSIC algorithm is not affected by asynchronous sampling, while the MUSIC algorithm performs badly in that the peaks of the MUSIC spectrum are not sharp, and the DFT algorithm produces large spectral leakage and it even cannot detect most of the true frequencies of components in the signal. For example, the second simulation requires that the best frequency resolution is 0.1 Hz, however, the frequency resolution of the MUSIC and DFT algorithm is 5 Hz, respectively. When

the tunable factor is set to 50, the frequency resolution of the TRMUSIC algorithm is 0.1 Hz. It is seen from Figure 4 that the TRMUSIC spectrum has sharp peaks. Figure 4 shows the accurate frequencies estimation of the fundamental and interharmonic components (44.5 Hz, 50.2 Hz, 57.3 Hz).The corresponding estimation results are listed in Table 1.

3.2. Case 2

In this section, simulations are presented to demonstrate the anti-noise performance of TRMUSIC algorithm based on cross-spectral estimation comparing to that of the MUSIC algorithm based on auto-spectral estimation. When the signal represented by Equation (31) is contaminated with additive noise (SNR = 10 dB), the results of four simulations are shown in Figure 5. It can be seen that the TRMUSIC algorithm based on cross-spectral estimation is only slightly affected by additive noise because the pseudo-peaks can locate steadily in the corresponding frequency bins. Although the TRMUSIC spectrums are variable in the magnitudes, the estimation results are quite accurate. Therefore, the TRMUSIC algorithm based on cross-spectral estimation has satisfying results in analyzing noise- smeared signals.

In contrast, the MUSIC algorithm based on auto-spectral estimation has large errors of the signal subspace dimension estimation; in consequence, the amplitude and phase estimation of the harmonic and interharmonic components may produce big deviation.

3.3. Case 3

This simulation analyzes the harmonics in the AC/DC/AC converter system.

The AC/DC/AC converter system is a typical source of interharmonics [7] [15] . The inter-harmonic frequencies of the input current derive from the modulation of the converter harmonic components of operated by the rectifier harmonics (see Figure 6). The simulation model of the AC/DC/AC converter system is established in Matlab/Simulation. The parameters of the model are as follows. The parameters of the ac supply are, ,. The inductance of the dc side is. The parameters of load are, .The parameters of transformer are,

Y-Y connection. The fundamental frequencies of system side and output side are 50 Hz and 60 Hz, respectively.

Figure 7 shows the interharmonics analysis results of current wave of phase B of the supply system side (5 cycles of samples). The components in the signal are measured by the TRMUSIC algorithm, which the tunable factor is set to 10. The frequencies of characteristic harmonics in system side are is the fundamental frequency of system side). It can be seen from Figure 7 that the system side of 50 - 60 Hz AC/DC/AC converter system includes not only the characteristic harmonics of 50 Hz, 250 Hz, and 350 Hz, but also the interharmonics of 10 Hz, 110 Hz, 310 Hz, and 410 Hz, although the amplitudes of some interharmonics are small.

Then, the results of the TRMUSIC algorithm are compared with that of the MUSIC and DFT algorithm. For this simulation, we can see that the frequency analysis precision of the TRMUSIC algorithm is higher than that of the MUSIC and DFT algorithm, because the frequency resolution of the MUSIC and DFT algorithm is 10 Hz while that of TRMUSIC algorithm is 1 Hz, respectively. In Figure 7, when the frequencies don’t locate closest to the value of the integer frequency, the estimations with the TRMUSIC algorithm are quite accurate by predetermining the proper tunable factor. Unfortunately, this may result in false frequency components with the MUSIC and DFT algorithm, and it requires a longer data record. From the simulation, it is shown that the TRMUSIC algorithm indeed has a clearly higher frequency analysis precision than the MUSIC and DFT algorithm.

3.4. Comparison with MUSIC and DFT Algorithm

If fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm is used to compute its DFT, one such limitation is the power-of-two rule, requiring the number of input samples to be an integer power of two (i.e., 128, 256, 512). Therefore, choosing to lower sampling frequencies for better resolution is no longer a viable option. A clever engineer would simply increase the number of samples being taken. However, this solution quickly gets out of hand. In spite of this, the TRMUSIC algorithm may never be faster than the DFT algorithm.

Compared to the traditional MUSIC algorithm, the TRMUSIC algorithm is much more flexible. Given the required frequency resolution of interharmonic analysis, you can choose the proper tunable factor. Having expended the effort on increasing the accuracy, the TRMUSIC algorithm can be carried out effectively.

4. Conclusions

This paper proposes an effective method to estimate the parameters of interharmonics in power systems. With the increase of points in time domain, the frequency resolution is improved because the frequency resolution of MUSIC algorithm is while that of TRMUSIC algorithm is. Moreover, the frequency resolution of TRMUSIC algorithm can be adapt adjusted by changing the tunable factor.

This research is very fundamental as an application to interharmonic analysis. Many tests were made in this work and the TRMUSIC algorithm is the most suitable to be used when estimating interharmonic spectrum. It gives us a handy solution for some drawbacks that can be found in methods like the DFT or traditional MUSIC algorithm.

The TRMUSIC algorithm really meets the need of offline applications. Furthermore, if this algorithm can be implemented in parallel computation, it should meet the need of online applications and be more practical.

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51477124).

Cite this paper

Zhang, M., Zhang, X., Yao, H. and He, S.F. (2017) A Tunable Resolution MUSIC Algorithm for Interharmonics Analysis. Journal of Power and Energy Engineering, 5, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.4236/jpee.2017.59001

References