ABSTRACT

This work derives a unified description of a solution-particle using movement rate of component vibrations (strings). Projected Pharmacokinetic and Phar- macodynamic data from a patient on Efavirenz are used. Differential equations are used to formulate a system that governs a solution-particle field. A reconnaissance (frame) wave that envelops a solution-particle is derived. Its conductivity and diffusivity fluxes are found. The movement of the reconnaissance wave is found to be faster than diffusion and pilot waves. A solution-particle is accompanied by the three waves, diffusion, pilot and the frame and is active only at the boundary of space and time.

Keywords:

Deterministic Theory, Unification, Space and Time Boundary, Time

1. Introduction

The unified description of a particle has interested physicists and mathematicians for over a century. This has given rise to different theories in quantum mechanics [1] . Einstein understood the need for a deterministic framework of a quantum mechanics theory and attempted unification of the field [1] [2] [3] . Bohm realised the shortcomings of basing the behaviour of a particle to be wholly explained by the wave, which is underpinned by probability and gave a possible interpretation [4] . In this work, we give a new deterministic approach to the problem. There is a suggestion of the main entities that comprise the “particle” by considering a solution-particle in time [6] [7] [8] . There is consideration of solution-particle formation in time in blood-plasma. This projection is done in an individual who had been on a drug efavirenz [6] [7] [8] .

Time is an existence continuous virtual fabric that transmits energy/matter and apparent flux-entities in this dimension form three unstable systems and one outcrop stable system parallel to space. Time follows a one to one relation- ship with the space and time boundary that is the map between time and space and time boundary is morphism. A system is unique in time and consequently at the boundary of space and time (space-time) this is primarily because of the uniqueness of time. Furthermore, we obtain an “apparent enveloping” unstable field (frame wave) that interacts with the boundary of space and time. Time can be described as the complimentary-concentration of virtual matter. A solution- particle is only active on the space and time boundary. A solution-particle is a product in space and time and resides at the boundary of space and time. Space is real while time is virtual.

Diffusion (gradient driven) and other wave processes are unstable virtual particles that propagate matter-in-time. While concentration is an anti-solvation movement propagation measure of matter and apparent flux-entities in this dimension form a stable system. The time system consists of diffusion (inter), derived solution-particle (in), pilot wave (extra) and reconnaissance (frame) movement systems associated with a solution particle on the boundary of space and time. The solution particle consists of an intra-movement system. A solution-particle is apparently governed by a 3 + 1 parts independent system, a stable single concentration-component $\left(x\left(t\right)\right)$ (which has a derived movement state in time) and the accompanying three unstable time-component parts that are the one that aides diffusion and the other wave forms. The time-component establishes/maintains equilibrium of the concentration-component with the immediate environment of a solution-particle at space-time.

We describe the three part-system as comprising of diffusion an abscissa unstable four dimensional radial movement driven by gradient, pilot wave an ordinate unstable four dimensional radial movement driven by tension and solution-particle an applicate stable three dimensional radial movement, in addition to the frame wave form. Diffusion and the other waves are tracked in the time plane. These are particles of matter-in-time. The pilot wave movement is vertical in time and acts on the non-dissipative part of time. Furthermore, diffusion is horizontal with respect to dissipative part of time. The solution-particle is defined in time.

In this work, we attempt to establish the continuity of a solution-particle in time, and introducing the frame wave that governs the solution particle and the other two waves (Diffusion and Pilot). There is an investigation and a proposal of the form of the waves associated with an active solution-particle in time and their cooperative relationship including the stability of the inter-system of waves and the solution-particle.

2. Methods

Projected PK/PD data of a patient on 60 mg of efavirenz is used [6] [7] . Ordinary differential equations and nonlinear regression models are used. The software used, were R and Mathematica.

2.1. Description of the Apparent System in Time

A model is proposed that does extend relations between apparent entities in the apparent system. There is consideration of three important independent phases that sorrounds a solution-particle in time. The three orthogonal part-system, ${\Delta }_0$ -derived intra-movement system in a solution particle (Secondary System), ${\Lambda }_1$ -inter-movement system of a solution particle driven by gradient in solution particles [7] , and ${\Lambda }_{1^{\prime }}$ -extra-movement system of a solution particle driven by tension in solution particles [6] . The three orthogonal part systems are such that,

${\Lambda }_1\left(t\right)+{\Delta }_0\left(t\right)+{\Lambda }_{1^{\prime }}\left(t\right)=0,$ (1)

with

${\Lambda }_1\left(t\right)={\Delta }_0\left(t\right)={\Lambda }_{1^{\prime }}\left(t\right)=0,\mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>\; <mi>\; </mi>}\forall t,$ (2)

where

${\Lambda }_1\left(t\right)=A_1\left(t\right)+S_1\left(t\right)+{\overline{P}}_1\left(t\right)+{\overline{C}}_1\left(t\right),$ (3)

${\Delta }_0\left(t\right)={\overline{C}}_0\left(t\right)+A_0\left(t\right)+S_0\left(t\right),\mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>\; <mi>\; </mi>\; <mi>\; </mi>}{\overline{P}}_0\left(t\right):=0,$ (4)

and

${\Lambda }_{1^{\prime }}\left(t\right)=A_{1^{\prime }}\left(t\right)+S_{1^{\prime }}\left(t\right)+{\overline{P}}_{1^{\prime }}\left(t\right)+{\overline{C}}_{1^{\prime }}\left(t\right)\mathrm{.}$ (5)

The functions $C_i\mathrm{,}{S}_i\mathrm{,}{P}_i$ and $A_i$ are projected to have the form

$C_i\left(t\right)={\alpha }_{c_i}t{\text{e}}^{-{\beta }_{c_i}t},$ (6)

$S_i\left(t\right)=\frac{{\alpha }_{s_i}t}{{\beta }_{s_i}+t},$ (7)

$P_i\left(t\right)={\alpha }_{p_i}\left(1-{\text{e}}^{-{\beta }_{p_i}t}\right),$ (8)

and

$A_i\left(t\right)=C_i\left(t\right)+{\overline{S}}_i\left(t\right)+P_i\left(t\right),$ (9)

where $i=1,0,1^{\prime }$ and $A_i\mathrm{,}{S}_i\mathrm{,}{P}_i$ and $C_i$ are Advective, Saturation, Passive and Convective components respectively associated with the i^th movement system. Furthermore ${\alpha }_{c_i}\mathrm{,}{\beta }_{c_i}\mathrm{,}{\alpha }_{s_i}\mathrm{,}{\beta }_{s_i}\mathrm{,}{\alpha }_{p_i}$ and ${\beta }_{p_i}$ are constants. We consider the deri- ved secondary saturation movement [7] , which estimates the total anti-solvation $\left(A_0+S_0\right)$ (equivalent to the pro-solvation movement $C_0\left(t\right)$ ),

$F\left(t\right)={\nu }_r\left({\text{e}}^{-{\nu }_{b}t}-{\text{e}}^{-{\nu }_{a}t}\right)\approx C_0\left(t\right)\mathrm{,\; <mi>\; </mi>\; <mi>\; </mi>}t\in \left[\mathrm{0,24}\right]$ (10)

where, t is time and ${\nu }_a\mathrm{,}{\nu }_b$ and ${\nu }_r$ are constants. The time (t) variable does not necessarily stop at 24 hours. This is only considered because it is the dosing interval of the drug efavirenz. With $F\left(t\right)\approx A_0\left(t\right)+S_0\left(t\right)=C_0\left(t\right).$ The state variable $F\left(t\right)$ is the derived total anti-solvation movement in time of concentration in time. It is obtained by considering concentration in time $\left(x\left(t\right)\right)$ as tracked by the secondary saturation measure [7] .

2.2. The Apparent Enveloping Form System in Time (W_¥)

We make use of the total anti-solvation component $A_0+S_0\left(=C_0\right)$ of the frame system associated with solution-particle. In addition, we formulate a model in time for the relationship between diffussion and pilot wave with the total anti- solvation derived movement of the solution-particle (Figure 1).

The Saturation and Passive transport state variables of diffusion and pilot wave are used in modelling the frame. This is because of the one to one relation they share with the frame. We construct the inter-system associated with the frame,

$\frac{\text{d}{C}_0\left(t\right)}{\text{d}t}=\sigma \left(t\right)-\sigma \left(t\right)C_0-{\tau }_{01}\left(t\right)C_0+{\tau }_{10}\left(t\right){\overline{P}}_1-{\tau }_{01^{\prime }}\left(t\right)C_0+{\tau }_{1^{\prime }0}\left(t\right){\overline{P}}_{1^{\prime }},$ (11)

$\frac{\text{d}{S}_1}{\text{d}t}={\tau }_{01}\left(t\right)C_0,$ (12)

$\frac{\text{d}{\overline{P}}_1}{\text{d}t}=-{\tau }_{10}\left(t\right){\overline{P}}_1,$ (13)

$\frac{\text{d}{S}_{1^{\prime }}}{\text{d}t}={\tau }_{01^{\prime }}\left(t\right)C_0,$ (14)

$\frac{\text{d}{\overline{P}}_{1^{\prime }}}{\text{d}t}=-{\tau }_{1^{\prime }0}\left(t\right){\overline{P}}_{1^{\prime }}.$ (15)

Solving the field system (11)-(15) in terms of advective components,

$\sigma \left(t\right)=\frac{\frac{\text{d}{C}_0}{\text{d}t}+{\tau }_{01}\left(t\right)C_0-{\tau }_{10}\left(t\right){\overline{P}}_1+{\tau }_{01^{\prime }}\left(t\right)C_0-{\tau }_{1^{\prime }0}\left(t\right){\overline{P}}_{1^{\prime }}}{1-C_0},$ (16)

where,

${\tau }_{01}\left(t\right)=\frac{\frac{\text{d}{S}_1}{\text{d}t}}{C_0}\mathrm{,}$ (17)

${\tau }_{10}\left(t\right)=\frac{\frac{\text{d}{\overline{P}}_1}{\text{d}t}}{-{\overline{P}}_1}\mathrm{,}$ (18)

${\tau }_{01^{\prime }}\left(t\right)=\frac{\frac{\text{d}{S}_{1^{\prime }}}{\text{d}t}}{C_0},$ (19)

${\tau }_{1^{\prime }0}\left(t\right)=\frac{\frac{\text{d}{\overline{P}}_{1^{\prime }}}{\text{d}t}}{-{\overline{P}}_{1^{\prime }}}.$ (20)

A new system which form part of the frame wave $\left({\Omega }_{\infty }\right)$ is given and is such that,

$\sigma ={\sigma }_{\infty }\left(t\right)=A_{\infty }\left(t\right)=C_{\infty }\left(t\right)+P_{\infty }\left(t\right)+{\overline{S}}_{\infty }\left(t\right),$ (21)

thus,

${\Omega }_{\infty }\left(t\right)=A_{\infty }\left(t\right)+S_{\infty }\left(t\right)+{\overline{C}}_{\infty }\left(t\right)+{\overline{P}}_{\infty }\left(t\right)=0.$ (22)

We present the conceptual framework of a solution-particle-in-time (Figure 2). This shows the three accompanying waves and the solution-particle.

2.3. Local Analysis of the Inter-Particle Field System with the Frame near Steady-State Points ( $C_0^{\ast },S_1^{\ast },{\overline{P}}_1^{\ast },S_{1^{\prime }}^{\ast },{\overline{P}}_{1^{\prime }}^{\ast }$ )

Setting

$\frac{\text{d}{C}_0\left(t\right)}{\text{d}t}=\frac{\text{d}{S}_1}{\text{d}t}=\frac{\text{d}{\overline{P}}_1}{\text{d}t}=\frac{\text{d}{S}_{1^{\prime }}}{\text{d}t}=\frac{\text{d}{\overline{P}}_{1^{\prime }}}{\text{d}t}=0,$ (23)

we obtain the equilibrium points,

$C_0^{*}=1,S_1^{*}={\overline{P}}_1^{*}=S_{1^{\prime }}^{*}={\overline{P}}_{1^{\prime }}^{*}=0.$

The Jacobian matrix for the field inter-system is given by,

$J\left(C_0^{*},S_1^{*},{\overline{P}}_1^{*},S_{1^{\prime }}^{*},{\overline{P}}_{1^{\prime }}^{*}\right)={\left[\begin{array}{ccccc}-\left(\sigma +{\tau }_{01}+{\tau }_{01^{\prime }}\right)& 0& {\tau }_{10}& 0& {\tau }_{1^{\prime }0}\\ {\tau }_{01}& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& -{\tau }_{10}& 0& 0\\ {\tau }_{01^{\prime }}& 0& 0& 0& 0\\ 0& 0& 0& 0& -{\tau }_{1^{\prime }0}\end{array}\right]}_{\left(C_0^{*},S_1^{*},{\overline{P}}_1^{*},S_{1^{\prime }}^{*},{\overline{P}}_{1^{\prime }}^{*}\right)}.$ (24)

The characteristic equation of the field system is given by,

${\lambda }^2\left(\lambda +{\tau }_{10}\right)\left(\lambda +{\tau }_{1^{\prime }0}\right)\left(\lambda +\sigma +{\tau }_{01}+{\tau }_{01^{\prime }}\right)=0,$ (25)

thus the eigenvalues are ${\lambda }_1={\lambda }_2=0$ , ${\lambda }_3=-{\tau }_{10},\mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>}{\lambda }_4=-{\tau }_{1^{\prime }0},\mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>}{\lambda }_5=-\left(\sigma +{\tau }_{01}+{\tau }_{01^{\prime }}\right).$

3. Results

3.1. Numerical Movement Rates of the Inter-System to the Frame

We take into consideration the state variables involved in modelling the Frame. In addition, to the estimation of parameters of $A_0+S_0\left(=C_0\right),$ there are also parameter estimates for state variables $S_1$ and ${\overline{P}}_1$ (components of diffusion) and $S_{1^{\prime }}$ and ${\overline{P}}_{1^{\prime }}$ (components of pilot wave) (Table 1).

There is consideration of the frame’s inter-system with the other systems and its constituent sub-particles. The sub-particles $\left(\tau \right)$ movement system represented by Equations (17)-(20) holding the field's inter-system are obtained and the estimated fitted equations are given by,

${\tau }_{01}\left(t\right)=\frac{{\theta }_1^{\left(01\right)}}{t^{{\theta }_2^{\left(01\right)}}}+{\theta }_1^{\left(01\right)}{\text{e}}^{-{\theta }_3^{\left(01\right)}t},$ (26)

${\tau }_{10}\left(t\right)=\frac{{\theta }_1^{\left(10\right)}}{t^{{\theta }_2^{\left(10\right)}}}+{\theta }_1^{\left(10\right)}{\text{e}}^{-{\theta }_3^{\left(10\right)}t},$ (27)

${\tau }_{01^{\prime }}\left(t\right)=\frac{{\theta }_1^{\left(01^{\prime }\right)}}{t^{{\theta }_2^{\left(01^{\prime }\right)}}}+{\theta }_1^{\left(01^{\prime }\right)}{\text{e}}^{-{\theta }_3^{\left(01^{\prime }\right)}t},$ (28)

${\tau }_{1^{\prime }0}\left(t\right)=\frac{{\theta }_1^{\left(1^{\prime }0\right)}}{t^{{\theta }_2^{\left(1^{\prime }0\right)}}}+{\theta }_1^{\left(1^{\prime }0\right)}{\text{e}}^{-{\theta }_3^{\left(1^{\prime }0\right)}t}.$ (29)

The estimated parameters of Equations (26)-(29) are given (Table 2).

3.2. Frame Conductivity and Diffusivity Flux

Using solutions to Equations (17)-(20) and substituting into Equation (16) through the use of state variables with estimated parameters (Table 3), we ob- tain the advective component $\sigma \left(t\right)$ . The following relation is fitted,

$\underset{\text{frame}\text{base-advection}\text{conductivity}\text{flux}}{\underbrace{{\sigma }_{\infty }\left(t\right)}}=\stackrel{\text{frame}\text{convection}\text{conductivity}\text{flux}}{\overbrace{{\alpha }_{c_{\infty }}t{\text{e}}^{-{\beta }_{c_{\infty }}t}}}+\underset{\text{frame}\text{passive}\text{conductivity}\text{flux}}{\underbrace{{\alpha }_{p_{\infty }}\left({\gamma }_{p_{\infty }}{\text{e}}^{-{\beta }_{p_{\infty }}t}-1\right)}}$ $+\stackrel{\text{frame}\text{saturation}\text{conductivity}\text{flux}}{\overbrace{\frac{{\alpha }_{s_{\infty }}t}{{\beta }_{s_{\infty }}+t}.}}$ (30)

The negative of conductivity flux give rise to diffusivity flux of the frame and is given by

$\underset{\text{frame}\text{base-advection}\text{diffusivity}\text{flux}}{\underbrace{-{\sigma }_{\infty }\left(t\right)}}=\stackrel{\text{frame}\text{convection}\text{diffusivity}\text{flux}}{\overbrace{-{\alpha }_{c_{\infty }}t{\text{e}}^{-{\beta }_{c_{\infty }}t}}}+\underset{\text{frame}\text{passive}\text{diffusivity}\text{flux}}{\underbrace{{\alpha }_{p_{\infty }}\left(1-{\gamma }_{p_{\infty }}{\text{e}}^{-{\beta }_{p_{\infty }}t}\right)}}$ $+\stackrel{\text{frame}\text{saturation}\text{diffusivity}\text{flux}}{\overbrace{\frac{-{\alpha }_{s_{\infty }}t}{{\beta }_{s_{\infty }}+t}\mathrm{.}}}$ (31)

It is important to note that in this case for Saturation,

$\left|S_{\infty }\left(t\right)\right|\ge \left|S_1\left(t\right)\right|\ge \left|S_{1^{\prime }}\left(t\right)\right|\mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>\; <mi>\; </mi>\; <mi>\; </mi>\; <mi>\; </mi>}\forall t\mathrm{,}$ (32)

however one can also use Passive movement. The frame wave moves faster than diffusion and the pilot respectively. Considering the stability of the frame’s inter- system with the following eigenvalues, ${\lambda }_1={\lambda }_2=0,\mathrm{<mi>\; </mi>}{\lambda }_3,{\lambda }_4\ge 0$ and ${\lambda }_5\le 0$ a.e. $\forall t\mathrm{.}$ The eigenvalues show that the system is unstable.

4. Discussion

Considering a new projection of space-time into the time domain enabled the derivation of waves that accompany a solution particle in time. There is existence of the frame wave that holds the solution particle together. A wave is a four dimensional particle of time consequently space-time and is unstable. However, a solution-particle is stable. The four dimensional systems are unstable while the three dimensional systems are stable [10] . This work shows that the three dimensional solution-particle cannot be considered as a single entity but consists of three important waves through its derived potential state. We construct a potentially unified description of a particle in time. It is shown that the frame’s hold on the inter-particle system is unstable.

Time has been redefined in this work to better understand what is possibly occurring. Concisely, time is a unique implicated continuous virtual fabric that frames systems such as matter/energy. At an observation, there is interaction with time (thus waves) and thus nullification of the wave aspects of the particle. The interpretation of quantum mechanics is rooted in the concept of time [9] , further to that of the Schrödinger equation. Time is a local parameter with respect to the solution particle however it is non-local with respect to the waves. Waves at their core are abstractions of unstable aspects of time. The concept of space-time gives an interpretation of space as a variable that could be aligned with time. Time is a particle of the virtual fabric and also has occupation potential. The solution-particle-in-time is unique in time thus space-time.

This work agrees with the idea of de-Broglie-Bohm’s interpretation of the existence of a quantum potential [4] [11] [12] . In our case, it is the frame and is a wave (de Broglie’s Pilot wave). The pilot wave in this work is the one that propels the particle vertically in time. This work has proposed what constitute a wave mathematically. There have been several interpretations of quantum mechanics and several theories which include Copanhagen, Bohm and the Multiple Universe [13] . The movement systems in a solution-particle are vibrations.

This work highlights that the Schrödinger’s equation is not sufficient to fully explain what is happening to a particle. There is also diffusion potential of a particle. We returned to formulation of the two equations the diffusion and wave equation and concepts in differential equations to comprehend the possible particles that accompany the solution particle.

When one observes a solution particle it is the only particle defined and all the other particles are unstable in time (waves). This includes the three-wave diffusion, pilot and the frame and they are four dimensional movement components. The issue of differences of kinetic solubility in a solution-particle (related to diffusion and tension, giving rise to solubility spectrum (dilution levels) of a solution-particle in media) has given rise to a particle-in-time to be erroneously attributed to a function governed by probability. These are possibly the Bohm trajectories [11] [12] . This work shows that a particle-in-time is merely a constituent of an elaborate continuous system at the boundary of space and time. A particle-in-time is carried by (unstable) waves. These waves move at different movement rates. The frame wave moves faster than the diffusion and the pilot wave. This work highlights that a particle-in-time is a sophisticated equilibrium maintaining and seeking entity with a potentially evolving neighbourhood accompanied by waves that carry information about its ability to share and acquire properties and also its progression in time.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank the following; C. Nhachi, C. Masimirembwa, and G. Kadzirange, AIBST and The College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe.

Cite this paper

Nemaura, T. (2017) The Unified Description of a Solution-Particle. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 5, 991-1000. https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2017.55086

References