ABSTRACT

The availability of ideal conditions like anechoic chamber to characterize some sound parameters, like sound intensity and sound power necessities the determination of free field and cut off frequency measurements. In this article, full experiment was executed at Wayne State University (Detroit-Michigan), to determine the cut off frequency in all directions; the obtained results showed that the free field can be determined for a specified space. So other tests can take place in this space avoiding regions where reflections and consequently noise can be found. Upon these results tests related to noise abatement in vehicles can be done in such environment.

Keywords:

Acoustics, Cut-Off Frequency, Sound Fields, Noise

1. Introduction

Sound can be defined as any pressure variation which can be detected by human ear. It is an important part of our life. It provides enjoy such as listening to a singing bird. It enables us to communicate with other people [1] . On the other hand, sound may be unwanted, in the case it is called noise, either because of its effect on humans or malfunction of physical equipment, or its interference with the perception or detection of other sounds so abatement of this phenomena becomes necessary [2] [3] .

Sound propagates at different speeds depending upon media, for example the speed of sound in air is about 340 m/s, whereas in water it reaches around 1500 m/s [4] .

The sound field is a region where there is sound. It is classified according to the manner and the environment in which the sound waves travel.

1) Free field describes sound propagation in idealized free space where there is no reflections [5] . This condition holds in an anechoic room where all the sound striking the walls is absorbed. Free field is characterized by a 6 dB drop in sound pressure level and intensity level each time the distance from the source is doubled [6] .

2) Near field of a source is the region close to a source [7] . In this region, the sound field does not decrease by 6 dB each time the distance from the source is increased [8] . The near field is limited to a distance from the source equal to about a wavelength of sound or equal to three times the largest dimension of the sound source (whichever is the larger) [9] .

3) Far field of a source begins where the near field ends and extends to infinity [10] .

So it is important to find an experimental method to find the different fields of sound in non-ideal conditions depending upon cut off frequency, when this is achieved, it is easy to implement testing of vehicles related to NVH issues.

2. Basic Theory

Sound waves are characterized by the amplitude of pressure changes, which can be described by the root-mean-square (RMS) amplitude, p_rms, and is expressed in Pascal (Pa). Root-mean-square means that the instantaneous sound pressures (which can be positive or negative) are squared, averaged and the square root of the average is taken as shown in Equation (1) [11] , and Figure 1 respectively.

$p_{\text{rms}}=0.\text{7}0\text{7}{p}_{\text{max}}$ (1)

Noise is usually composed of many frequencies combined together, the wavelength (λ), which is the distance travelled by the pressure wave during one cycle, the frequency (f), which is the number of cycles per second, and is expressed in Hertz (Hz) are related togother through the following equation [12] :

$c=f\lambda$ (2)

where (c) is the speed of sound, in air it is 343 m/s, at 20˚C and 1 atmosphere pressure [13] .

The range of sound pressures that can be heard by the human ear is very large. The minimum acoustic pressure audible to the young human ear in good health, is approximately 20 × 10⁻⁶ Pa, the minimum audible level occurs at about 4000 Hz [14] . A linear scale based on the square of the sound pressure would require 10¹³ unit divisions to cover the range of human experience [15] ; a scale suitable for expressing the square of the sound pressure in units best matched to subjective response is logarithmic rather than linear. Thus the Bel [16] , was introduced which is the logarithm of the ratio of two quantities, one of which is a reference quantity. The level of sound pressure p is then said to be L_p decibels (dB) greater or less than a reference sound pressure p_ref (20 μPa) according to the following equation [3] :

$Lp=10{\log }_{10}\frac{P_{\text{rms}}^2}{P_{\text{ref}}^2}=20{\log }_{10}\frac{P_{\text{rms}}}{P_{\text{ref}}}=20{\log }_{10}{P}_{\text{rms}}-20{\log }_{10}{P}_{\text{ref}}$ (3)

3. Experiment Objectives, Setup and Procedure

The main objective of the experiment is to characterize a sound field, to find the cut off frequency for the free field of the source in each direction, so the suitable regions to take measurements in the space for future work will be known, like a case where the anechoic chamber is not available.

The major components used to execute the experiment are Bruel and Kjaer (B&K) dual channel signal analyzer Type 2032 [17] , speaker, power amplifier, and signal generator, the detailed equipment are:

1) Sound source generated from a laptop then emitted through a loud speaker, it should be mentioned here that the speaker cover was removed to get sound free on any obstacles.

2) A space to characterize the free field for that space, a large room in the engineering building at Wayne State University was chosen, this room is near Warren road (noise source) and have two glass walls from the west and the south.

3) Two Bruel & Kjaer microphones, to measure the sound pressure level at many consecutive points drawn on the base of the room, those two microphones are connected to two channel analyzer for amplification, then the signal is sent to another laptop in which the software (LabVIEW) from national instruments was installed to do the calculations and get the results.

4) Different connections to connect the hardware parts

5) A calibrator to calibrate the microphones before stating the measurements according to standards, this calibrator is a piston phone B&K type 4220, Serial No. 704798.

Figure 2 shows the sound source, points drawn on the ground, and the microphones, mic2 was near the source (leads mic1).

Figure 3 shows the laptops used for both generating sound and analyzing the

data, also the dual channel analyzer appears.

Figure 4 shows a picture for the room under test in which chairs, air

conditioning unit, glass walls, can be seen, all these things contribute in adding noise to the measurements, this is why the environment is not ideal.

In this experiment a place was selected as an origin to put the source in, from

that reference point, 9 points were marked in each direction (N, S, E, W), the distances from the source are (4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64, 80, 96) inch, these points were selected because the experiment should be executed as far from glass walls as possible to avoid reflection. 2 stands were used to mark the same points in the 45˚ for each direction, finally a direction upward was selected with the same distances, so a hemisphere space shape was obtained for the measurements.

After this stage, the software was prepared, (the bandwidth was octave band, the weighting was linear, the number of averages was 30, the sampling period was 20 second), then sound was generated by clicking start in the software, and wait for the specified time to record measurements, after finishing, the data was exported to an excel sheet in which SPL in each direction for the mentioned distances is analyzed for the selected frequency range.

4. Results and Discussion

The excel files exported from the software have three readings, the frequency, the sound pressure level (SPL) for microphone 1, SPL for microphone 2, the data were taken for each direction and frequency, then the SPL versus the distance was drawn, from which a logarithmic curve fit was drawn to be able to see the dB drop which guide to a free field (5 - 6 dB drop between doubled distances). The charts show the SPL versus distance for each direction and for the frequency band from (125 Hz - 16 kHz).

It should be noticed here that the cut-off frequency is when the difference in SPL values between two spectra is less than 6 dB, in all figures the graphs show the relationship between sound pressure level versus distance from the source for a specified frequency rang.

From the experimental results, the following was noticed for each direction:

1) In the east direction (Figure 5), the cut-off frequency was 2 kHz, on the other hand the free field covers the entire distance (4 - 96 inch) for the frequncies (8, 16) kHz, for the frequency 2 kHz, the ranges (8 - 16, 32 - 64 inch), and for the frequency 4 kHz, the ranges (16 - 32, 48 - 96 inch) are not a free field regions.

2) In the west direction (Figure 6) the cut-off frequency was 2 kHz, on the other hand the free field covers the entire distance (4 - 96 inch) for the entire frequncy band (2 - 16) kHz.

In this direction it was found that the cut-off frequency is 2 kHz, on the other

hand the free field covers the entire distance (4 - 96 inch) for the frequncies (2 - kHz, for the frequency 16 kHz, there is no free field regions.

3) In the north direction (Figure 7), the cut-off frequency was 2 kHz, on the

other hand the free field covers the entire distance (4 - 96 inch) for the frequncies (2 - 8) kHz, for the frequency 16 kHz, there is no free field regions.

4) In the south direction (Figure 8), the cut-off frequency was 2 kHz, on the other hand the free field covers the entire distance (4 - 96 inch) for the entire frequncy band (2 - 16) kHz.

5) In the west 45˚ direction (Figure 9), the cut-off frequency was 2 kHz, on the other hand the free field covers the entire distance (4 - 96 inch) for the entire

frequency band frequncies (2 - 16) kHz.

6) In the north 45˚ direction (Figure 10), it was found that the cut-off frequency to be 2 kHz, on the other hand the free field covers the entire distance (4

- 96 inch) for the frequncies (2, 8, 16) kHz, for the frequency 4 kHz, the range (16 - 32 inch) is not a free field regions.

7) In the south 45˚ direction (Figure 11), it was found that the cut-off frequency to be 2 kHz, on the other hand the free field covers the entire distance (4

- 96 inch) for the frequncies (2 - 8) kHz, for the frequency 16 kHz, the ranges (16 - 32) is not a free field region.

8) In the up direction (Figure 12), it was found that the cut-off frequency is 4

kHz, on the other hand the free field covers the distances (4 - 64 inch) for the frequncies (4, 8) kHz, for the frequency 16 kHz, there is no free field regions.

5. Conclusions

In this experiment, it was observed that the space where the experiment took place is a good acoustic space, this is clear from the SPL decay with distance; the reflections from the other sources affect the measurements with a low percentage. In this experiment, a human error may affect the measurements like speaking or walking while the mics capture the source sound, also the inclination of the source and the mics for 45˚ was not so accurate, the glass walls and the air conditioning unit add a noise to the measurements.

It was observed that the free field regions for the selected directions spread over a large area in the space which gives flexibility to do measurements.

In this experiment, characterization of a free field for a room in the real life was executed, how to determine the cutoff frequency in each direction, and the distances in space where the free field is found were clarified, this will give a guide to characterize other characteristics of this room like sound intensity and sound power. The determination of free field is an important issue in acoustics as it tells where the regions to avoid reflections are. Such an acoustical environment can be used to test vehicles for noise abatement aims in case the conditions for ideal test are not available.

Cite this paper

Al Zubi, M. (2018) An Experimental Method to Determine the Cut-Off Frequency of an Acoustical Free Field in a Non-Ideal Environment. Open Journal of Acoustics, 8, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4236/oja.2018.81001

References