ABSTRACT

Elevation of acid degree values (ADV) and peroxide value (POV) indicates deterioration of nutritional and sensory qualities of dairy products during storage. Iron fortification in bovine milk cheeses in relation to lipolytic parameters and their correlations have been studied, while no such studies have been reported on caprine milk cheeses. The objectives of this study were to evaluate levels of ADV and POV of iron fortified [regular ferrous sulfate (RFS) and large microencapsulated ferrous sulfate (LMFS)] goat milk Cheddar cheeses compared to those of non-fortified control cheese (CC) and their correlations. Three batches of 3 types (CC, RFS and LMFS added) of goat milk cheeses were manufactured and stored at two temperatures (4˚C and −18˚C) for 0, 2 and 4 months. Iron was supplemented to RFS and LMFS cheeses by 8.23 g and 9.03 g per 9 kg, respectively. ADV and POV were determined using standard methods of examining dairy products (Richardson, 1985) and AOCS (1975) procedures. Results showed that ADV values for CC, RFS and LMFS cheeses for 0 and 4 month storage at 4˚C were: 0.67, 0.73, 0.64; 1.24, 1.78, 1.58, respectively, indicating significant (P < 0.05) elevations occurred in ADV for all three cheeses during 4 months storage. The cheese samples at 4 months storage showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher peroxide values compared to 0 and 2 month stored ones. The samples stored at refrigeration temperature (4˚C) revealed slightly more lipid oxidation than those stored at frozen temperature (−18˚C). Significant (P < 0.05) elevations in POV for all goat cheeses stored for 4 months and slight increases in POV at higher temperature implies that the longer time and higher temperature storage can elevate the rate of lipid oxidation in goat milk Cheddar cheeses. Correlations (r) between ADV and POV for the pooled data of three types of the caprine cheeses across storage periods were significant (P < 0.01), while r values of CC cheeses alone were negative. It was concluded that significant correlations exist between extents of lipolysis and lipid oxidation in the caprine milk Cheddar cheeses during 4 months storage.

Keywords:

Caprine Milk Cheese, Storage, Iron Fortification, ADV, POV, Correlation

1. Introduction

Quality of dairy products has been evaluated by various analytical methods. Lipolysis is the hydrolysis of lipids catalyzed by lipase enzymes, which has been a major dairy industry problem due to its implication of rancid flavor defect in milk, cheese and other dairy products [1] . Flavor deterioration resulted from lipolysis of dairy products has caused serious industry problems in storage stability and consumer acceptability [2] [3] . Lipolysis of goat milk cheeses has been estimated by acid degree value (ADV), acid value, and free fatty acid concentration, while lipid oxidation of dairy goat products can be determined by peroxide value, thiobarbuturic acid value (TBA) [1] [4] .

Numerous biochemical and physical changes can occur in dairy products during manufacturing, distribution and storage processes due to ripening and degradation of nutrients in the products [1] [4] . Lipolysis and proteolysis are two major processes in dairy products ripening controlled by a variety of chemical, physical, microbiological, textural and rheological changes which take place under controlled environmental conditions [1] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] .

Sensory and flavor qualities of dairy products are significantly influenced by levels of peptides, amino acids and free fatty acids resulting from proteolysis and lipolysis [9] [10] . Proteolysis is the most important biochemical event, which gives a major impact on flavor and texture of most cheese varieties and other fermented dairy products [1] [4] [7] [11] . The rate of protein degradation is highly associated with the accessibility of proteolytic enzymes to the dairy product substrates, which is governed by the structure and configuration of the protein matrix of fermented dairy products such as cheese and yogurt [1] . Volatile compounds produced by lipolysis and proteolysis play major roles in flavor and sensory properties of yogurts [12] [13] .

There are differences in lipolytic characteristics between goat and cow milk, due to the differences in fat moiety of the two species [1] [5] . Lipolysis and lipid oxidation are influenced by many factors, including free fatty acids, lipolytic microorganisms and enzymes, temperature, storage time, oxygen concentration, moisture content, antioxidant or pro-oxidant, etc. [1] [4] [14] . It has been shown that lipolyzed or rancid flavors are positively correlated to the levels of free fatty acid and short chain fatty acid contents. The presence of large amounts of free acids also can facilitate the rate of lipid oxidation [14] .

Acid degree value (ADV) and peroxide value (POV) are two important indices for evaluation of lipid oxidation and lipolysis of food products. Elevation of POV or ADV during storage indicates deterioration of nutritional and sensory qualities of dairy products. Fortification of iron in milk and dairy products is desired due to the deficiency of iron in milk of many dairy species including cow and goats. Iron fortification in bovine milk cheeses in relation to lipolytic parameters and their correlations have been studied, while few such studies have been reported on caprine milk cheeses. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to: 1) determine acid degree value (ADV) and peroxide value (POV) of control and iron fortified caprine milk cheeses stored at two temperatures (4˚C and −18˚C) for 0, 2 and 4 months, and 2) evaluate correlation coefficients between ADV and POV of the experimental goat cheeses in relation to the extents of lipolysis and lipid oxidation of the products.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Preparation of Control and Iron Fortified Caprine Milk Cheddar Cheeses

Goat milk Cheddar cheeses were manufactured in three batches for CC, RFS and LMFS cheeses each using the standard procedure of cow Cheddar cheese processing [15] . A 94.625 L (25 gallons) of goat milk were pasteurized and processed in a sixty gallon (188 L) size vat pasteurizer (Kusel Equipment Co., Watertown, WI) after pasteurization at 63˚C for 30 min. The milk was cooled to 31.1˚C, and 4.16 grams of lyophilized Direct Vat Set culture (R-704, Chr. Hansen’s laboratory, Inc. Hoersholm, Denmark) was dissolved in deionized water and uniformly added to the cheese vat (Kusel Equipment Co. Watertown, WI), and agitated slowly for one hour. Thirty-five ml of single strength Chymax rennet (Chr. Hansen’s laboratory, Inc. Hoersholm, Denmark) was added and stopped agitation for 30 - 45 min for coagulation. The cheese curd was cut by wire curd knives (1/2” × 1/2” × 3/4”) (Kusel Equipment Co. Watertown, WI). Ten minutes after cutting, curds were cooked by gradual increase in temperature (1˚C every 5 minutes) to 39˚C for 30 minute. After cooking the curds, whey was drained, and cheese curds were stacked by two sides in the vat for Cheddaring process by turning over the curds every 15 min for 3 times. Table salt and 0.8 gm of food grade regular ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄∙7H₂O; Fisher Scientific, Fair lawn, NJ, USA) and 0.90 gm of 700 - 800-micron medium particle size non-hydrogenated fat microencapsulated ferrous salt (Dr. Paul Lohmann Inc. Islandia, NY, USA) were added for iron fortification of the two experimental cheeses using the modified method of Arce and Ustunol [16] . The non-Fe fortified control and two Iron fortified cheese curds were hooped and pressed using a cheese press (Kusel Equipment Co., Watertown, WI) at 50 psi overnight. The pressed cheese was cut, placed in plastic pouches (Koch Inc. Kansas City, MO) and vacuum packaged (Koch Co. Kansas City, MO), and stored at 4˚C and −18˚C for storage treatments.

2.2. Analysis of Basic Nutrients

2.2.1. Moisture

Moisture content for all samples in triplicates was analyzed by laboratory oven drying for 24 hours at 105˚C [17] . Moisture content of samples was determined by subtracting dry matter weight from the original total fresh sample weight.

2.2.2. Ash

The ash content of cheese samples was determined by using an AOAC procedure [17] . Two grams of cheese sample were weighed into chemically cleaned crucibles, then the crucibles were placed in a muffle furnace at 550˚C for eight hrs for complete ashing. After ashing, the crucibles containing ash samples were placed in desiccators to cool to room temperature, then the weight of ash measured with an analytical balance. The ash content was calculated by the following formula:

$\text{Ash}\left(\%,\text{wet basis}\right)=\frac{\text{Weight of ash}\left(\text{g}\right)\times \text{1}00}{\text{Weight of cheese sample}(g)}$

2.2.3. Protein

The protein content was determined using a CEM Fastrac II analyzer (CEM cooperation, Mt. Laurel, NJ, USA), which is equipped with NMR technology, where the absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the radio-frequency region to measure N-C bonds in protein molecules of the cheese samples. The total protein content of the samples was assayed in triplicate.

2.2.4. Fat

The fat content of cheese samples was determined using the Babcock procedure [17] . Nine-gram shredded cheese samples were placed into Babcock Paley cheese bottles. Ten mL of hot (60˚C) deionized water was added to the bottle, and thoroughly mixed the samples were allowed to cool down to room temperature. Fifteen mL of sulfuric acid was added in portion-wise manner (8, 4 and 3 mL) by swirling each time after careful addition. The bottles were shaken on a mechanical shaker for at least 5 minutes, and then place in a 60˚C centrifuge for 5 minutes at 600 rpm. The bottles were removed from the water bath at 57˚C, and dried quickly. The fat was measured immediately from the bottom of the lower meniscus to the highest point of upper meniscus of the graduated neck of the bottle.

2.3. Physico-Chemical Analysis

2.3.1. pH

Ten gr of shredded cheese sample and 20 mL of distilled water were placed in Waring blender cup and blended for 2 min. The cheese sample slurry was then transferred to smaller beaker, and pH was measured in triplicate using a Fisher Scientific pH meter (Accumet AR10 pH Meter; Fisher Scientific, Fair Lawn, NJ, USA).

2.3.2. Acid Degree Value (ADV)

ADV was determined according to the procedure of Richardson [18] . Ten grams of shredded cheese samples were placed into a Babcock bottle, along with 10 mL of BDI reagent and mixed thoroughly, then the bottles were placed in a gentle boiling water bath for approximately 15 - 20 min. The bottles were agitated after 5 min, again after 10 min in the bath, and bottles were then allowed to remain in the boiling water for 5 min to ensure clean fat separation. The sample Babcock bottles were then be placed into a centrifuge for 1 min, then water was added to bring up the fat column well within the graduated portion of the neck of bottle and centrifuged again for 1 min. After centrifugation, the bottles were placed in the water bath (57˚C) for 5 min. When the fat was separated in the graduated neck of the bottle, 1 mL (or 1 gr) of fat was transferred to an Erlenmeyer flask. The fat was dissolved in 5 ml fat solvent, and 5 drops of 1% phenolphthalein added to Erlenmeyer flasks. The samples were then titrated with 0.1 N potassium hydroxide until the faint color was changed to persist at the endpoint. The ADV value of each sample was calculated by the following formula:

$\text{ADV}=\frac{\left(\text{mL KOH for sample}-\text{mL KOH for blank}\right)\times \text{N}\times \text{1}00}{\text{Weight of Fat}}$

where N = Normality of KOH (0.1 N).

2.3.3. Peroxide Value (POV)

Peroxide value was analyzed using the AOCS procedure [19] . The lipids of cheese samples were extracted using Folch et al. [20] method. Five grams of previously extracted fat sample was weighed into a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Thirty milliliters of acetic acid-chloroform solution (3:2 v/v) was added to each sample, and contents swirled until dissolved. A 0.5 mL saturated potassium iodide was added to each sample, and shaken for one min. Thirty milliliters of distilled water was added to each sample, and the sample was shaken vigorously. One mL starch solution (1%) was added to each sample. The sample flask was titrated with 0.01 N sodium thiosulfate until the bottom layer appeared milky, which indicated the end point.

The peroxide value was calculated using the following equation:

$\text{POV}\left(\text{milliequiv}.\text{of Peroxide}/\text{1}000\text{g sample}\right)=\frac{\left[\text{titration of sample}\left(\text{mL}\right)-\text{titration of blank}\left(\text{mL}\right)\right]\times 0.0\text{1N}\times \text{1}000}{\text{Sample weight}(g)}$

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. pH

The mean pH values of CC, RFS and LMFS cheeses for 0, 2 and 4 month storage were: 5.30, 5.22, 5.26; 5.21, 5.20, 5.19; 5.16, 5.14, 5.15, respectively (Table 1). These data clearly indicated that pH values of all three cheeses were decreased as the storage time extended. The decreases in pH may suggest that more acid such

CC: Control cheese; RFS: Regular ferrous sulfate cheese; LMFS: Large microencapsulated ferrous sulfate cheese.

as lactic acid, organic acids and free fatty acids are generated in the aged cheese samples as the storage period advanced. The acid degree values in Table 2 also showed the increasing trend in all the experimental goat cheese samples at the 4 months of storage period. However, beyond 4 months storage, the decreases in pH may not continue due to the buffering components such as ammonia group would be generated from the ripening cheese proteins for further ripening of the cheese products.

3.2. ADV (Acid Degree Value)

ADV is a measure of the amount of free fatty acids generated in a food sample for a certain period of time. The ADV of fresh control cheese and two types of iron fortified cheese samples for 0, 2, and 4 months are summarized in Table 2. The ADV values at 0 and 4 month at 4˚C for control, RFS and LMFS cheeses were: 0.67, 0.73, 0.64; 1.24, 1.78, 1.58, respectively, indicating that significant (P < 0.01) elevations occurred in ADVs of all three cheeses after 4 months storage, while the differences in ADV between cheese types were not significant at 2 months of storage. The effect of storage temperature (4˚C and −18˚C) was also significant (P < 0.05) especially at 4month storage (Table 2 and Table 3). Increases in ADV values in this study are in agreement with the previous reports on goat milk cheeses [1] [5] . The 2-way interaction effects were significant on ADV values by storage period x temperature (P < 0.01) and cheese type x storage period (P < 0.05). These ADV results imply that storage time and temperature, and their interactions had significant influence on lipolysis of the experimental goat cheeses. ADV values of LMFS and RFS cheeses were higher than those of control cheese at 4 months storage, which may indicate that the added iron may have increased the amount of free fatty acids compared to the non-iron fortified control cheese. The 3-way interaction of cheese type × storage time × temperature effect was not significant on ADV, but significant (P < 0.05) on pH and POV in this study (Table 3).

3.3. Peroxide Value (POV)

Peroxide value is the number of milliequivalents of peroxide per kilogram of fat samples, where hydroperoxide is the primary product of lipid oxidation. POV

CC: Control Cheese; RFS: Regular ferrous Sulphate Cheese; LMFS: Large Microencapsulated Ferrous Sulphate Cheese; ^a,b,cMeans with different superscripts within a same column are significantly different (P < 0.05); ^x,y,zMeans with different superscripts within a same row are significantly different (P < 0.05).

CT: Cheese type; BA: Batch; ST: Storage Temperature; SP: Storage Period; *P < 0.05 or **P < 0.001.

values of the control and iron fortified goat milk Cheddar cheeses during four months of storage are shown in Table 4 and Figure 1.

There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in POV between storage periods for the control and iron fortified goat Cheddar cheeses (Table 4 and Figure 1). Cheeses stored at frozen temperature (−18˚C) at 4 month storage showed slightly low peroxide value than those samples stored at refrigerated temperature (4˚C), suggesting that the cheese samples stored at higher temperature may have a tendency to cause more lipid oxidation than those stored at lower temperature. Samples at 4 month storage had significantly (P < 0.05) higher peroxide values, compared to 0 and 2 month stored ones, implying that the rate of lipid oxidation can increase as the storage time extended for the goat milk Cheddar cheeses. However, the POV values observed in this study were still below the critical value of peroxide less than 1 milliequivalent peroxide/1000 g sample for fresh fat [21] , indicating that the experimental goat Cheddar cheeses had no appreciable lipolysis up to 4 months storage, so that the quality of the cheeses would be acceptable for consumption.

^a,b,cMeans with different superscript within a same row are significantly different (P < 0.05); ^x,y,zMeans with different superscript within a same column are significantly different (P < 0.05).

3.4. Correlation between ADV and POV

It is generally known that ADV is the index for lipolysis and POV depicts for lipid oxidation of animal food samples. In the study of correlation(r) between ADV and POV in dairy products, it would be expected that a positive strong relationship would exist between the two parameters in the aged cheese or other dairy products. The r values between ADV and POV for the pooled data of three types of goat cheeses across storage period and across storage temperature were significant (P < 0.05 or P < 0.001) (Table 5). The outcomes of the present study revealed that the ADVs had significant positive correlations with the POVs of the three types of goat Cheddar cheeses stored both 4˚C and −18˚C for 4 months storage period. These results may suggest that there were significant correlations

CC: Control Cheese; RFS: Regular ferrous sulphate; LMFS: Large microencapsulated ferrous sulphate; *Significant at 5% level (P < 0.05); **Significant at 1% level (P < 0.01).

between lipolysis and lipid oxidation in the experimental control and iron fortified goat milk Cheddar cheeses.

Increases in lipid oxidation can cause undesirable sensory properties such as flavor, odor and texture [21] . The increased rate of lipid oxidation have been taken place as the storage period advanced in our experimental goat cheeses, where previous reports have shown that lipid oxidation is influenced by various storage conditions, including oxygen, exposure to light, temperature, moisture, and the amount of unsaturated fatty acids [1] [22] [23] .

4. Conclusions

Lipolysis and lipid oxidation are important indices to assess organoleptic quality and consumer acceptability of dairy products including goat milk cheeses. Elevation of POV and ADV values at different storage conditions indicates the deterioration of nutritional and sensory qualities of dairy products.

In this study, ADV values were significantly increased in control and iron fortified cheeses after 4 months storage, indicating that significant lipolysis occurred during 4 months storage of the caprine Cheddar cheese products. However, the differences in ADV between cheese types were not significant at 2 months storage. The effect of storage temperature was also significant. In regard to lipid oxidation, significant differences were found in POV between control and the two iron fortified goat cheeses at different storage periods and temperatures, implying that storage period and temperature elevated the rate of lipid oxidation. Cheese samples stored for 4 month had significantly higher POV, compared to 0 and 2 month stored ones. Correlations (r) between ADV and POV for the pooled data of the control and two types iron fortified caprine Cheddar cheeses across storage periods were significant. The results of our study showed that significant correlations exist between the levels of ADV and POV in the experimental goat milk Cheddar cheeses.

It was concluded that lipolysis and lipid oxidation were generally highly correlated in the experimental goat milk cheeses. Further studies are desirable to determine for longer storage periods and more storage temperature treatments for evaluation of ADV and POV in caprine milk products.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Cite this paper

Siddique, A. and Park, Y.W. (2019) Evaluation of Correlation between Acid Degree Value and Peroxide Value in Lipolysis of Control and Iron Fortified Caprine Milk Cheeses during 4 Months Storage. Open Journal of Animal Sciences, 9, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojas.2019.91001

References