Open Journal of Inorganic Chemistry
Vol.07 No.03(2017), Article ID:77720,13 pages
10.4236/ojic.2017.73005

Anionic Nanochanneled Silver-Deficient Oxalatochromate(III) Complex with Hydroxonium as Counter Ion: Synthesis, Characterization and Crystal Structure

Clémence T. Eboga1, Gouet Bebga2, Yves A. Mbiangué3, Emmanuel N. Nfor4, Patrick L. Djonwouo1, Michel M. Bélombé1, Justin Nenwa1*

1Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon

2Chemistry Department, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon

3Chemistry Department, Higher Teacher Training College, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon

4Department of Chemistry, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon

Copyright © 2017 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Received: May 18, 2017; Accepted: July 15, 2017; Published: July 18, 2017

ABSTRACT

Reaction of Ba0.50[Ag2Cr(C2O4)3]・5H2O with Ag2SO4 in an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid (pH ≈ 3) yielded the silver(I)/chromium(III) oxalate salt H0.50[Ag2.50Cr(C2O4)3]・5H2O (1). Compound 1 can be best described as an anionic silver-deficient oxalatochromate(III) complex [Ag2.50Cr(C2O4)3]0.5− with nanochannels containing hydrogen-bonded water molecules and protons. Thermal analyses show significant weight losses corresponding to the elimination of water molecules of crystallization followed by the decomposition of the network.

Keywords:

Silver-Deficient Oxalatochromate(III), Water-Filled Nanochannels, Protons, Thermal Analysis, Crystal Structure

1. Introduction

Recent advances in the field of chemistry have triggered the emergence of new open framework materials with a wide range of exotic properties which are expected to promote modern technologies. These so-called “multifunctional materials” may, indeed, be exploited in many domains such as catalysis [1] [2] [3] , magnetism [4] , non-linear optics [5] , gas storage [6] [7] and separation processes [8] , to mention just a few examples. Multidentate organic ligands are usually used in the construction of open framework materials, amongst which oxalate is one of the simplest connectors potentially able to bridge metal ions in the bidentate chelating manner. The use of molecular building units such as tris(oxalato)metalate(III) anions, [MIII(C2O4)3]3-, has opened up tremendous possibilities for research in this area, giving rise to new compounds exhibiting a variety of nanostructured features [9] [10] .

In the course of the past few years, the tris-chelated chromium complex anion, [Cr(C2O4)3]3-, has been used to develop a series of silver-deficient nonmolecular coordination polymers with a variable Ag-Cr-oxalate channel lattice, formulated as [(MxAg0.50-x)(H2O)3]@[Ag2.50Cr(C2O4)3] (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.50; M = K, Cs, Ag) [11] . Obviously, this formulation suggests a broad range of flexible synthetic manoeuvres for the preparation of this category of materials. In fact, by changing in a subtle manner, the quantity of reactants in presence, new values of deficiency in Ag+ ions can be generated, and consequently, new chemical compositions of the negatively charged lattice grid [Ag3-xCr(C2O4)3]x− (0 < x ≤ 1) can be obtained.

Recently, our research group reported a closely related channel lattice network with chemical composition [Ag2.90Cr(C2O4)3]0.10−, where the silver charge deficit (0.10) per formula unit is solely compensated by an equivalent charge from 0.10 proton embedded amongst hydrogen-bonded water molecules within the channels [12] . Such systems with protons residing within “stagnating water streams” could be suitable to monitor proton transport processes in the solid state [12] [13] [14] .

In the present work, we aimed to widen the scope of this family of nanochanneled coordination polymers, a special emphasis being set on increasing the amount of protons within the channels defined by the negative host lattice grid substantially. Herein, we report a novel open framework silver-deficient oxalatochromate(III) compound, Ag2.50H0.50[Cr(C2O4)3]・5H2O (1). Its host lattice grid has the chemical composition [Ag2.50Cr(C2O4)3]0.50-, accusing a deficiency of 0.50 in Ag+ ion per formula unit which is compensated by an equivalent charge from 0.50 H+, the highest amount of protons known so far for this family of materials.

2. Experimental

2.1. Materials and Physical Measurements

Elemental analysis for carbon and hydrogen was performed on a Vario EL (Heraeus) CHNS analyzer. The infrared spectrum (4000 - 400 cm−1) of the solid sample was recorded on a Perkin-Elmer 2000 FT-IR spectrometer as KBr disks. UV/Vis spectrum of the solution was measured on an AQUALYTIC spectrophotometer in the range 300 - 800 nm. Thermal analyses (TGA and DSC) were performed with a Mettler Toledo TGA/SDTA 851 thermal analyzer. The powdered sample (ca. 15 mg) was heated in air atmosphere from 25˚C to 500˚C with a rate of 10˚C min−1.

2.2. Synthesis

Ag2SO4 and H2SO4 (Riedel de Haën) were used as purchased. The precursor salt Ba0.50[Ag2Cr(C2O4)3]・5H2O was prepared as described in the literature [15] .

Powder of Ag2SO4 (0.16 g, 0.5 mmol) was added in successive small portions to a stirred aqueous solution (50 mL) of Ba0.50[Ag2Cr(C2O4)3]・5H2O (1.38 g, 2 mmol) acidified with 2 drops of concentrated H2SO4. After 2 hours of stirring at 70˚C, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and a white precipitate of BaSO4 was filtered off. The resulting indigo-blue solution was allowed to evaporate in a hood at room temperature. Elongated violet needle-shaped crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction were formed within ten days. Anal. Calcd. for C6H10.50Ag2.50CrO17 (676.30 g mol−1): C, 10.66; H, 1.56%. Found: C, 10.51; H, 1.48%. IR (KBr, cm−1): ν = 3587 (w), 3246 (w), 1623 (s), 1378 (s), 1258 (w), 899 (w), 801 (s), 543 (s), 474 (s). UV-Vis (H2O solution, nm): 430; 570.

2.3. X-Ray Crystallography

A violet crystal with dimensions 0.38 × 0.32 × 0.20 mm3 was taken directly out of the mother liquor, immersed in perfluorinated polyether, and fixed on top of a glass capillary. Graphite monochromated Mo Kα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å) was used throughout. Intensity data were collected on a Siemens SMART CCD-de- tector. The temperature was set to 293 K. Data collection was performed by a hemisphere run taking 20 frames at intervals of 0.3˚ about ω. The data were corrected for Lorentz and polarization effects. A multi-scan absorption correction using the program SADABS [16] was performed for the compound. The structure was solved and refined by the direct methods and Fourier techniques. All non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. All hydrogen atoms were placed at calculated positions and refined as riding atoms with isotropic displacement parameters. For structure solving and refinement the software package SHELXTL [17] [18] was used. The ORTEP-3 program [19] was used within the WinGX software package [20] to deal with the processed crystallographic data and artwork representations. Crystallographic data and refinement parameters are listed in Table 1.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Formation of Ag2.50H0.50[Cr(C2O4)3]・5H2O (1)

Reaction of Ag2SO4 with Ba0.50[Ag2Cr(C2O4)3]・5H2O in an aqueous solution of H2SO4 acid (pH ≈ 3) afforded the compound Ag2.50H0.50[Cr(C2O4)3]・5H2O (1) as violet needles. This acidic medium may be responsible for the easy formation of the title compound. Compound 1 is an air-stable material which does not melt up to 250˚C.

3.2. Characterization of 1

The FTIR spectrum of 1 (Figure 1) shows two broad bands at 3587 cm−1 and 3246 cm−1 which are assigned to water molecules of hydration within the channels. The bands centered at 1623 cm−1, 1378 cm−1 and 1258 cm−1 are attributed to ν(C=O), ν(C?O) and C-C stretches respectively, as expected for oxalate ligands [21] [22] . The sharp bands observed at 543 cm−1 and 474 cm−1 can be assigned to the Cr?O and Ag?O vibrations respectively [12] [15] .

The UV-V is spectrum of 1 (Figure 2) reveals two absorption bands at 430 nm (23,256 cm−1) and 570 nm (17,544 cm−1) which correspond to 4A2g(F) " 4T1g(F) and 4A2g(F) " 4T2g(F) (d-d) transitions within the octahedral complex ions [Cr(C2O4)3]3− contained in 1 respectively [12] [13] [14] [15] . Obviously, the

Table 1. Crystal data and structure refinement for 1.

Figure 1. Infrared absorption spectrum of compound 1.

Figure 2. Electronic absorption spectrum of compound 1.

present electronic absorption spectrum is virtually super imposable with that reported since the spectral informations thus obtained solely relate to the [Cr(C2O4)3]3− species.

The TG curve of 1 depicted in Figure 3 evidences three distinct weight losses in the temperature range 50˚C - 360˚C, the first process being endothermic and the two others exothermic. In the temperature range 80˚C - 100˚C, compound 1 suffers a first weight loss of 5.86% (calc. 5.32%) corresponding the release of two out of five water molecules of hydration. A second weight loss of 23.08% (calc. 23.07%) occurs between 263˚C and 320˚C, corresponding to the decomposition of the framework with release of 5/2 CO2 + 3 H2O. From 320˚C to 360˚C, a third weight loss of 4.40% (calc. 4.58%) is consistent with the release of 1/2 CO2 + 1/2 H2O, the final residue being a mixture of Ag2O and Cr2O3.

Figure 3. TG curve (blue) and DSC curve (red) of compound 1.

3.3. Crystal Structure of 1

The solid state structure of 1, Ag2.50H0.50[Cr(C2O4)3]・5H2O, has been established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 crystallizes, like many other members of open-framework silver-deficient oxalate chromate(III) salts [11] [13] [23] [24] , in the monoclinic space group C2/c. The environment of the metallic centers in 1 is illustrated in Figure 4. Each CrIII site (Figure 4(a)) is hexacoordinated by the hydroxylic O atoms (O2, O3, O6, O7, O9, O12) of three oxalate ligands to give the well-established pseudo-octahedral [Cr(C2O4)3]3− complex anion. The three oxalate ligands of the [Cr(C2O4)3]3− complex bridge to the three crystallographycally different Ag atoms Ag1, Ag2, and Ag3. The Ag1 site (Figure 4(b)) experiences distorted pentacoordination geometry, being linked in a monodentate manner to three oxalate O atoms (O1, O4, O9) and chelated by the oxalate O atoms (O5, O8). By contrast, Ag2 and Ag3 sites (Figure 4(c), Figure 4(d)) are six-coordinate. The Ag2 ion sits on an inversion center of a strongly distorted (2 + 2 + 2) octahedron involving two chelating oxalate O atoms (O10, O11) and two monodentate oxalate O atoms (O6). The Ag3 ion is chelated by an oxalate through O1 and O4 atoms and bonded in a monodentate manner to the oxalate O atoms O10, O12, O24 and a nonbonding Ag ・・・ Ag3iii separation of 3.173(3) Å completes the hexacoordination around this site. Relevant interatomic distances and angles are given in Table 2. The Ag-O bond lengths and O-Ag-O bond angles fit well within the ranges of previous results [11] [12] [13] [23] [24] . Figure 5 shows a lattice packing of the unit cell of 1 projected down

Figure 4. Environment of the metallic centers in 1: Cr (a), Ag1 (b), Ag2 (c) and Ag3 (d).

[001] highlighting four halves of tubular channels filled with water molecules. The structure of 1 can be best described as a silver-deficient oxalatochromate(III) salt where one of the three Ag+ ions is partially replaced by H+, the anionic building blocks which delineate tubular channels being [Ag2.50Cr(C2O4)3]0.50−. Thus, it is obvious that the fractional (0.50 H+) proton balancing the charge of the anionic building block is attached to a water molecule within the channels. The compound is therefore better formulated as [H0.50H2O]@[Ag2.50Cr(C2O4)3]・4H2O. The protonated and neutral water molecules included in the channels are hydrogen-bonded to each other and to surrounding oxalate O atoms. The five water molecules of crystallization found in the crystal structure of 1 build water clusters inside the channels through hydrogen bonds shown as broken lines in Figure 6.

A large cross-section of the three-dimensional structure packing of 1 projected down [001] is depicted in Figure 7, highlighting the fact that the pseu-

Table 2. Selected bond lengths (Å) and angles (°) within the coordination spheres around the metal centers in 1.

Symmetry transformations used to generate equivalent atoms for (1): (i) ?x + 1/2, −y + 1/2, −z + 1; (ii) ?x + 1/2, y + 1/2, −z + 1/2; (iii) ?x + 1, y, −z + 3/2; (iv) −x, y, −z + 1/2; (v) x−1/2, y−1/2, z; (vi) ?x + 1/2, y−1/2, −z + 1/2; (vii) x, −y, z + 1/2.

Figure 5. Lattice packing of the unit cell of 1 projected down [001] highlighting four halves of tubular channels filled with water molecules of crystallization.

Figure 6. Five water molecules of crystallization found in the crystal structure of 1 forming water clusters inside the channels through hydrogen bonds shown as broken lines.

Figure 7. Large cross-section of the three-dimensional structure packing of 1 projected down [001], emphasizing the channels which are well isolated from one another by thick walls.

do-tubes are well isolated from one another by thick walls. The nanochannel structure of 1 is reminiscent of aluminosilicate zeolites [25] , hybrid open- framework iron phosphate-oxalates [26] [27] , the family of compounds with a variable Ag-Cr-oxalate channel lattice, formulated as [(MxAg0.50-x)(H2O)3]@ [Ag2.50Cr(C2O4)3] (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.50; M = K, Cs, Ag) [11] , and most importantly, the compound, Ag11.60H0.40[Cr(C2O4)3]4・15H2O [12] . On comparing the structures of Ag11.60H0.40[Cr(C2O4)3]4・15H2O [12] and Ag2.50H0.50[Cr(C2O4)3]・5H2O (1), the two main differences seem to be: a) the composition of their lattice grids: [Ag2.90Cr(C2O4)3]0.10− in the former compound (silver charge deficit: 0.10 offset by 0.10 H+) and [Ag2.50Cr(C2O4)3]0.50− in the latter (silver charge deficit: 0.50 offset by 0.50 H+); b) their space groups: P21/n for the former compound and C2/c for the present case. It is worth noting that the equivalent charge from 0.50 H+ compensating the silver charge deficit of 0.50 in compound 1 is, to the best of

Table 3. Structural data and host lattice networks for 11 selected nanochannel Ag(I)/Cr(III) oxalate coordination polymers.

aox = dianion oxalate ().

our knowledge, the highest value observed so far for this family of materials. Structural data and compositions of a series of host lattice networks for some selected nanochannel Ag(I)/Cr(III)-oxalate complexes are summarized in Table 3, illustrating that these compounds predominantly crystallize in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c. A channel lattice network with the chemical composition [Ag2Cr(C2O4)3] was found in the structure of the compound Ba0.5Ag2 [Cr(C2O4)3]・5H2O (silver deficit: 1) [15] , yet, with excess negative charge (1−) compensated not by protons, but rather by an equivalent cationic charge from 0.5 Ba2+. In light of this latter result, it now appears likely that the proton content in Ag-Cr-oxalate channel lattices can be adjusted to the stoichiometric formula Ag2H[Cr(C2O4)3]・nH2O [13] . Such materials with protons residing within “hydrogen-bonded water molecules” in the channels are expected to exhibit very high proton conductivity [28] - [33] .

4. Conclusion

A new open framework silver-deficient complex salt, Ag2.50H0.50[Cr(C2O4)3]・5H2O (1), has been obtained from an acidic aqueous medium (pH ≈ 3) as violet elongated crystals. Compound 1 self-assembles into a 3D network with nanochannels accommodating hydrogen-bonded water molecules and protons. A feature of paramount interest in the present structure is the compensation of the negative charge (0.50−) of the lattice grid [Ag2.50Cr(C2O4)3]0.50− by exclusively an equivalent charge from 0.50 H+ embedded in the channels, the highest amount of protons, indeed, known so far for this family of compounds. In continuation of the present work, the results of which demonstrate the great synthetic flexibility for the construction of supramolecular assemblies, our forthcoming researches will definitely be focused on the preparation of other members of this family of silver-deficient coordination polymers. Our main concern, thereby, shall be targeted at the attempts to obtain both the ultimate deficiency of 1 Ag+ ion per formula unit and an equivalent charge balance of 1H+, thus leading to the ideal stoichiometric chemical composition Ag2H[Cr(C2O4)3]・nH2O [13] . Evidence of the protonic charge allowed migrating very fast up and down within the “water clusters” in the channels bears testimony to the renewed interest in this class of open framework materials. Moreover, materials of this type with large cavities may possess gas absorptive ability. Work in this direction is in progress in our lab.

Supplementary Material

Crystallographic data of compound 1 have been deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, CCDC 875775. These data can be obtained free of charge from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.

Acknowledgements

We thank Prof. You Song (Nanjing University, China) for his help with the X-ray structural analysis and valuable suggestions.

Cite this paper

Eboga, C.T., Bebga, G., Mbiangué, Y.A., Nfor, E.N., Djonwouo, P.L., Bélombé, M.M. and Nenwa, J. (2017) Anionic Nanochanneled Silver- Deficient Oxalatochromate(III) Complex with Hydroxonium as Counter Ion: Synthesis, Characterization and Crystal Structure. Open Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 7, 75-87. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojic.2017.73005

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