The coordination of industry structure and employment structure is a sign and the guarantee of healthy development of the national economy. This paper analyzes the industry structure and employment structure coordination degree’s evolution and spatial pattern with deviation index. In conclusion, the relationship between industry structure and employment structure of the first industry in China is inharmonious; and the more developed economy does not mean that the relationship between the industrial structure and employment structure is more harmonious.
Coordination degree is a measure of internal elements between systems or systems in the development process of the degree of harmony with each other, reflecting the system by the disorder to order trends and is a quantitative indicator of coordination condition. Accordingly, we can learn that the industry structure and employment structure coordination degree is also a quantitative indicator, which is used to measure different stages of a country or area’s economic development, and the relationship between regional employment structure and industrial structure. It describes an asymmetric state of industrial structure and employment structure. The smaller absolute deviation structure indicates that industrial structure and employment structure are more balanced.
In the process of economic development, industry structure and employment structure have a very close relationship. In the research on industrial structure and employment structure, as early as 1940, William Petty & Colin Clark found that with the development of economy, the relative proportion of national income and labor force decreases in primary industry; the second industry and the third industry have the opposite trend [
On the basis of that, domestic scholars also have carried on the empirical analysis on the relationship between the industrial structure and employment structure. Du Lin (2013) combined data of 1978-2011 years, using deviation index of industrial structure and employment structure and studied industrial structure and employment structure coordination status in Guizhou province [
Through the above research literature, it is found that there are many explanations on industrial structure and employment structure coordination degree, more from the times series to illustrate the coordination condition between the industrial structure and employment structure, few studies on spatial difference of the industry structure and employment structure coordination degree. Therefore, this paper is on the basis of domestic and foreign scholars’ research, making an empirical analysis on spatial pattern and evolution of the industrial structure and employment structure coordination degree in China and each province, and expects to have a more comprehensive understanding on China’s industrial structure and employment structure coordination degree.
China’s industry structure and employment structure coordination degree continuously improve, while the spatial pattern characteristics are gradually revealed.
By collecting Chinese 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in three installments industry the composition of GDP and employment for 2012, and to paraphrase formula:
Industry structure and employment structure deviation = (industry proportion of GDP/industry proportion of employment) − 1, calculated China’s three industries industry structure and employment structure deviation. Then calculate total deviation. Using ArcGis9.3 software, maps out China’s industry structure and employment structure coordination degree spatial distribution maps (see
From the
The provincial industry structure and employment structure deviation degree in 2012. Source: China statistical year book: 1999-2013
industry structure and employment structure is also rising.
Into the 21st century, industry structure and employment structure coordination situation in economically developed eastern coastal areas of China has been better than most cities in the midwest. In 2000, spatial difference has been initially formed in industry structure and employment structure, in general, eastern is superior to midland, midland better than the western (see
With the formation of China’s industry structure and employment structure coordination degree, industry structure and employment structure coordination degree in each industry and region has new development characteristics.
With the push of urbanization, in 2012, the eastern coastal region’s first industry industrial structure and employment structure coordination degree has been significantly improved, and the gap between central region is
The provincial industry structure and employment deviation degree in 2000
The provincial industry structure and employment structure deviation degree in 2006
narrowing down (see
The provincial first industry industrial structure and employment structure coordination degree in 2012. Note: the deeper the color, the bigger the deviation
than in the past ten years.
Generally speaking, in 2000, spatial difference of China’s first industry industrial structure and employment structure coordination degree is the coastal area lower than the midwest; midwest is no significant difference (see
The provincial first industry industrial structure and employment structure coordination degree in 2006. Note: the deeper the color, the bigger the deviation
The provincial first industry industrial structure and employment structure coordination degree in 2000. Note: the deeper the color, the bigger the deviation
Along with the accelerated process of industrialization, most of China’s eastern coastal provinces have entered the later period of industrialization, the second industry industrial structure and employment structure coordination degree continuously improved. And signs of improvement in midwest regions are not yet clear (see Figures 7-9). At present, spatial difference of the second industry industrial structure and employment structure coordination degree is still remains huge.
In 2000, the second industry in China, the spatial difference of industry structure and employment structure coordination degree has been formed, specific performance for the east is better than central, central is better than the west. Heilongjiang, Xinjiang, Tibet, Yunnan, Guangxi and other regions the second industry industrial structure and employment structure coordination degree was significantly higher than the rest of the 26 Chinese provinces (see
Provinces second industry industrial structure and employment structure coordination degree in 2012. Note: the deeper the color, the bigger the deviation
Provinces second industry industrial structure and employment structure coordination degree in 2006. Note: the deeper the color, the bigger the deviation
Provinces second industry industrial structure and employment structure coordination degree in 2000. Note: the deeper the color, the bigger the deviation
as Zhejiang province, in 2012, its industry structure and employment structure coordination degree was only 0.0067, industry structure and employment structure highly coordinated. Thus, the development of second industry conforms to the general laws of economic development, the eastern region of the industrial structure and employment structure more coordination than the midwest region, and midwest region more coordination than the western region.
The development of the tertiary industry in China started late, so that the spatial differences of China’s tertiary industry industrial structure and employment structure coordination degree is not obvious, has not yet formed a certain spatial pattern. At this stage, the speed of absorbing labor force is accelerating of the tertiary industry, and industry structure and employment structure optimized constantly.
In 2000, China’s tertiary industry industrial structure and employment structure is highly unharmonious
regions major in Tibet, Yunnan and Hunan (see
low-level, low-quality. China’s tertiary industry industrial structure and employment structure coordination degree of the northeast and northwest is higher than the southwest region. The main reason is that the ability to absorb the labor force of the tertiary industry, the northern is superior to the southwest. In 2010, Jilin, Xinjiang the percentage of tertiary industry to absorb labor force is 41.34, 36.19, Yunnan and Guangxi is 27 and 27.14, the gap is enormous.
From the above analysis, at present stage, China’s industry structure and employment structure evolution accords with the general rules of modern economic development; the relationship between industry structure and employment structure tends to be coordinated. From the industry perspective, the relationship between first industry’s industrial structure and employment structure owes to coordinate, and its development trend is still improving the level of industrialization and transfer of surplus labor; the spatial pattern of China’s second industry’s industrial structure and employment structure coordination degree has been formed; the tertiary industry is the main driver of economic development and will be the strongest industry to absorb labor in China. From the region perspective, the more developed economy does not mean that the relationship between industrial structure and employment structure is more harmonious, especially in the primary industry. The first industry’s industrial structure and employment structure coordination degree is higher in the midwest than that in the east; the second industry’s industrial structure and employment structure coordination degree is higher in the east than that in the midwest. The tertiary industry coordination degree has a weak relationship between economic developments and has not yet formed spatial pattern. From the temporal sequence of view, a large number of rural labors still accumulate in rural; the secondary industry of eastern coastal areas to absorb the labor force is shrinking; and tertiary industry should become the new direction to transfer labor force.
From the above analysis summary, while ensuring rapid economic growth, speeding up the transformation of economic development, optimizing industrial structure, achieving employment structure optimization in economic restructuring, reasonable allocation of labor resources, promoting industrial structure and employment structure’s coordinated development, ultimately achieve economic and employment synchronization growth.
Restricted by many factors, the text isn’t perfect and needs some further study, as follows:
1) Due to poor data availability, time series index system is not perfect and may be biased to evaluation results; further in-depth studies are needed combining with relevant scientific methods.
2) Evaluation method needs to be improved. This article only applied GIS evaluation model; although it achieved a satisfactory evaluation result, do not try to combine with other advanced technologies and it can’t be compared to the optimal model.