Inflammatory rheumatological diseases like rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis/Spondyloarthritis (AS/SpA), have been treated with NSAIDs (non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), corticosteroids, and DMARDs (disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs).These have been only partially effective for the management of symptoms, since they are rarely associated with the complete control of disease and rarely slow down radiological damage. Several cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the inflammation and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is the most important. The last decade and a half has seen advances in the form of “anti-TNF” therapies for RA and AS/SpA patients which target and neutralize the TNF cytokines, and thus reduce the disease activity. Two anti-TNF therapies have been used in India for treating DMARD resistant RA and AS/SpA for the last 13 years; Infliximab and Etanercept respectively. This paper is a description of the clinical outcomes and unmet needs/toxicities associated with the treatment of RA and AS/SpA with anti-TNF therapies (Infliximab, Etanercept), at a single rheumatology center (tertiary care, super-specialty hospital, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, New Delhi) in north India.
“Biologic therapies” for the treatment of arthritis and spondylitis have become a reality after the discovery of the role of various cytokines in the pathogenesis of these auto-immune diseases. These “biologic therapies” for arthritic disorders are mostly anti-cytokine antibodies, antibodies to other cell surface antigens, etc. These therapies are directed against TNF alpha (Anti-TNF Biologics), IL-6 (Tocilizumab), and against the CD 20 antigen of B-cells (Rituximab). While many of these are monoclonal antibodies, some exceptions to the “antibody” structure of biologics commonly in use for the same diseases, are the fusion proteins Etanercept (anti-TNF biologic) and Abatacept (co-stimulatory modulator). Abatacept is a “co-stimulatory blocker”—it blocks the T-B cell interaction.
Currently two anti-TNF biologics are available for clinical use in India and these are Infliximab (“Remicade”) and Etanercept (“Enbrel”) and have been in use in my clinic at IAH (Indraprastha-Apollo Hospitals) for 10 years. Infliximab is a molecule constructed by linking the Fc portion of the human Immunoglobulin molecule to the variable region of the mouse anti-TNF antibody. The molecule is approximately 70% human and 30% mouse. It is used for the treatment of Methotrexate (MTX) failed rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and for severe active Ankylosing Spondilitis (AS), not responding to NSAIDs. The doses are 3mg/kg infused at 0, 2, 6 weeks and then 8 weekly thereafter for RA, and 5mg/kg infused at 0, 2, 6weeks and then 8 weekly for AS/SpA. In both diseases, and especially nearly always in RA patients, Methotrexate (MTX) is used as a DMARD along with the Anti-TNF therapy. Etanercept is a fusion protein: two p-75 extracellular receptor domains of the TNF are linked to the Fc portion of the human IgG1. Although not strictly a monoclonal antibody, its role in treating RA and AS/SpA is similar to the role of Infliximab, and is used at 50 mg subcutaneous weekly with MTX (in nearly all RA patients) or 50 mg subcutaneous weekly, without MTX (in most AS/SpA patients).
The patients with RA and AS/SpA who were treated with anti-TNF therapies at Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals New Delhi, at the Rheumatology out-patient, the Rheumatology in-patient wards and the Rheumatology day care facility, from 2003 to 2013 were analyzed prospectively and retrospectively. Data were captured by a review of case records, a review of in-patient files and by telephonic interviews (wherever possible), primarily for the safety and efficacy of anti-cytokine therapies (Anti-TNF). “Treatment failures/inefficacies” were defined as high DAS 28 scores, or any two of the following: 6 or more active joints, night pains waking up patient, early morning stiffness of >one hour (joint or spine), pain on VAS > 6 on a scale of 0 - 10 (joint or spine), while continuing anti-TNF treatment. “Relapses” were defined as a similar high disease activity score, after discontinuation of anti-cytokine treatment in remitted patients. All patients with a diagnosis of RA and AS/SpA and who received at-least 6 months of therapy with Etanercept, or at-least 4 doses of Infliximab were included in the study. All patients with RA fulfilled the 1987 classification criterion for RA, and all patients with AS/SpA fulfilled the 1991 European Spondyloarthropathy Study Group criteria (“ESSG criteria”). As for AS/SpA patients; a few had early disease and were categorized as (a) severe undifferentiated spondyloarthritis (UspA) with spinal ankylosis or (b) severe psoriatic spondyloarthritis with spinal ankylosis or (c) severe enthisitis related arthritis (juvenile ERA) or (d) NSAID and DMARD resistant reactive arthritis (ReA) with spinal ankylosis . The data have been compiled without reference to patient-years’ of exposure, except with the mandate that either at-least six months’ of etanercept treatment, or at-least 4 doses of Infliximab treatment, was mandatory for inclusion. For AS/SpA patients the definition of response was the attainment of BASDAI scores of less than 4 while on treatment. The relapses of disease after discontinuation of anti-cytokine treatment, both for RA and AS/SpA patients has not been described and discussed in detail.
A total of 77 patients with RA were treated for at-least 6 months with etanercept or at-least 4 doses of Infliximab and all of them achieved low disease activity (see
In another group of 202 AS/SpA patients, where both Etanercept and Infliximab were administered for 6 months to 8 yrs (a large majority for 6 - 9 months, exceptional cases for 2 - 8 years); 3 patients were reported with tuberculosis, 2 patients with soft tissue infections of the skin, 10 patients with UTI (culture positive: 7 E-Coli, 3 with Klebsiella), one with pneumonia (off anti-TNF for several months) (see
Efficacy of Infliximab and Etanercept in RA and AS: The anti-TNF biologics have been in clinical use for over a decade in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis and spondylitis. Several double-blind, placebo-controlled trials have established the efficacy of Infliximab in controlling inflammation in RA [
. 77 patients with RA were treated for at-least 6 months with etanercept or at-least 4 doses of Infliximab and all of them achieved low disease activity.
Total RA Patients | RA Patients Efficacy/failures | RA Patients Toxicity/Unmet needs | |
---|---|---|---|
Etanercept (Anti-TNF) | 50 | All achieved LDA (ACR 50 DAS 28 < 3.2* (last assessment) Relapse rates uncertain** | 1 patient-pulm. TB, 2 patients-UTI, 2 patients-folliculitis and abscess 1 patient-lower limb vasculitis (palpable purpura) 1 patient-H. Zoster |
Infliximab (Anti-TNF) | 27 | All achieved LDA (ACR 50 DAS 28 < 3.2* (last assessment) Relapse rates uncertain** | 2 patients-broncho-pneumonia, 1 patient-UTI, 1 patient-cellulitis |
*Some patients even while on anti TNF therapy had moderate to high disease activity. Their DMARD and steroid use was subsequently modified to achieve low disease activity (LDA). The numbers of such Etanercept patients were 13, and for Infliximab patients, 7. **Many patients (approximately 25% of those who followed up post anti-cytokine treatment) had relapsed after 2-5 years of regular/ irregular DMARD therapy. After relapse seven patients of Etanercept therapy and who had discontinued Etanercept restarted etanercept and attained LDA. After relapse three patients on Etanercept therapy, but who had discontinued Etanercept, switched to Infliximab therapy and attained LDA. 4 Infliximab treated patients relapsed on discontinuation of Infliximab (variable times, 6 months to 2 years post treatment), but retreatment with Infliximab, achieved LDA in 2 patients, and 2 patients switched over to Etanercept and attained LDA.
. 202 AS/SpA patients were administered for 6 months to 8 yrs.
Total AS/SpA Patients | AS/SpA Patients Efficacy/failures | AS/SpA Patients Toxicity/Unmet needs | |
---|---|---|---|
Etanercept | 62 | BASDAI < 4 achieved in nearly all patients 3 patients-inefficacy* | 1 patient-cellulitis 6 patients-UTI 1 patient-folliculitis and multiple abscesses |
Infliximab | 140 | BASDAI < 4 achieved in nearly all patients 3 patients-inefficacy* | 3 patients-pulm. TB** 4 patients-UTI 1 patient – pneumonia 1 patient- “Conjunctival tumour” (dysplastic growth) |
*Many or most patients would have relapsed after their 6 months of Etanercept therapy or 4 doses of Infliximab therapy, but since the follow-up data is incomplete, the numbers are not specified. The three patients, who had active disease in each of the etanercept and Infliximab groups even while continuing therapy with the respective anti-TNF products, had severe axial and peripheral disease. They did not attain a low BASDAI < 4 even after adjustments/changes of NSAIDs, intra-articular corticosteroids etc, and were lost to follow-up. **One patient developed pulmonary TB after the second dose of Infliximab, but successfully completed anti-TB treatment. Subsequently, this patient has been administered Infliximab intermittently, for the next 8 years. Two patients developed pulmonary TB after 5 doses of Infliximab and both were successfully treated with anti-TB treatment; one of these two patients has subsequently been treated successfully with etanercept.
In this cohort of patients seen at IAH New Delhi, the efficacy of Infliximab was similar. A few patients who had close clinical and radiological follow-ups, there was slowing down of erosive changes and a reduced joint space narrowing, associated with a reduction of DAS-28 changes. A few patients who started Infliximab therapy early in the AS disease process, had reduced functional deterioration, similar to the international studies.
Etanercept also achieved similar clinical success in RA and AS patients. In RA patients, the combination of Etanercept and MTX was superior to MTX alone in both early and advanced disease [
As seen in
Basic Biology of the mechanism of the Anti-TNF: The role of TNF-α has been established as significant in the patho-physiology of inflammatory arthritis and spondylitis [
Unmet needs Anti TNF therapy: Infusion reactions like nausea and headaches are very common, but mostly benign [
Neutralizing antibodies are formed in patients treated with Infliximab therapy and these anti-bodies are directed against epitopes found on the mouse part of the antibody. These lead to allergic reactions as also to the reduced efficacy of the medication. Since, Etanercept is a humanized construct, only 3% of the patients treated with it develop antibodies to its molecular structure. Patients treated with Infliximab may develop antibodies to its molecular structure in as high as 53% of the patients [
A few patients both in the RA and AS/SpA group of patients, developed hypersensitivity and urticarial reactions (see
When used in animals anti TNF therapy increases the susceptibility to infections with intracellular organisms, but the incidence of other pathogens remains unchanged. The pathogens involved in human clinical trials are mycobacterium tuberculosis [
Skin and soft tissue infections were commonest in the patients treated at IAH for both AS and RA (see
The risk of lymphoma and lung cancer in patients with RA is higher than the background rate, and theoretically, this rate may be further enhanced by anti-TNF treatments. The severity and duration of RA and the concomitant use of immune modulators like MTX further increases the risk [
From the available data it appears that only one patient from the entire set of anti-TNF patients treated at IAH, developed a tumor; this was a conjunctival growth with dyplasia and was successfully treated. No patient had an overt drug induced lupus in the anti-TNF treated patients, but a formal evaluation of Anti-Nuclear antibodies (ANA) was done only in 7 patients for various reasons (fever, skin rash, serositis etc), and all were reported negative. No patients with de-myelination or worsening of CHF were reported from this cohort. From the available information on all patients, both on follow-up and from case records and telephonic interviews, the incidence and prevalence of unmet needs and toxicities, is similar to larger international studies, but the data is incomplete given the long interval of inclusion (2003 - 2013), the very high rate of treatment discontinuations and poor follow-ups.
To conclude, the era of biologic therapy has truly arrived and the treatment of inflammatory-rheumatic disorders has seen a paradigm shift. There are many agents for the treatment of RA and AS/SpA, including many biologic agents, so the current treatment strategies differ from country to country and from center to center. High costs, TB and infections are some of the unmet needs related to the use of anti-cytokine biologics. Moreover which biologic is to be used in which patient and when this has to be discontinued (if at all), are also some of the unanswered questions related to the use of anti-cytokine biologics. “Treat to target” and low disease activity achievement are the goals of therapy. Recommendations on the use of anti-cytokine biologic antibodies and non cytokine biologics have been published in the past [
Dr. Sundeep Upadhyay has received educational and travel grants from Johnson and Johnson (Janssen), and Pfizer, and has also served on advisory boards of these companies.