The most precise equation in order to estimate the evapotranspiration (ET) of crops is the Penman-Monteith (PM). However, the PM equation needs specific data that, in the majority of Mexico’s irrigation districts, it is not available because there are few automated weather stations. For this reason, it is convenient to develop simple methods that allow to precise estimation of ET. A reliable way to estimate ET is by using the pan evaporation that, according to the revised literature, continues to be used nowadays. Investigators like to include its use in irrigation water management projects in various parts of the world. However, this method uses Kp from the FAO that is not calibrated in Mexico. The use of FAO Kp affects the precision of the results, since some variables like radiation, wind, temperature and relative humidity vary from place to place; therefore ET is under estimated or overestimated. This paper presents an original contribution across method to estimate “Kp pan evaporation and ETo monthly maps”, using information from 60 weather observatories included in The Climate Normals (1941-1970) from Mexico, based on the PM method and the class A pan evaporation. Once the Kp values were obtained from each weather observatory, the Kringing method was used. This way, by interpolating data of the triad “latitude, longitude and Kp” and “latitude, longitude and ET”, monthly normalized maps of Kp and ET were established for Mexico, except the upland areas (Sierra Madre Occidental and Sierra Madre Oriental), as well as other highland zones above 2700 meters over sea level, for the highest observatory is located in Toluca, State of Mexico (key 14-0039), at 2680 m over sea level.
Earth’s climate instability, local climate changes and the potential threat of anthropogenic climate change (one of the most discussed hypothesis nowadays), is generating abundant rainfalls and great runoffs in certain zones of the country (especially when extreme hydrometeorology events occur), and droughts in others locations. The anthropogenic climate change hypothesis presents unfavorable scenarios for the immediate future, especially for the northern part of Mexico where water is scarce. Mexico’s most important irrigation districts are located in the north, and it’s in the agricultural sector where most water is consumed, as irrigation districts use 80 of every 100 liters of water in the country with a very low efficiency (50% of water is wasted). It is precisely in this sector where water must be used effectively, by programming and properly estimating the water demand of crops.
One of the most important components of the hydrologic cycle is the evapotranspiration (ET), the estimation of which is essential in the fields of hydrology and irrigation engineering. In hydrology, the ET is needed for planning management of water resources in watersheds, and for the design of major engineering works. In irrigation engineering, the crop reference evapotranspiration is fundamental for the devising and water administration in irrigation systems. This depends on an adequate estimation of crop water requirements [
To calculate irrigation schedules it is necessary to estimate ET through some method. There are methods like the Penman-Monteith, the Hargreaves, the Radiation and the FAO 24 to estimate with certain precision such variable, yet if more accuracy is required direct measurement devices can be used, such as the energy balance method (Bowen relation), the eddy covariance method, the lysimeter method and the automated weather stations. In contrast, another and much simpler method to estimate ET is the class A pan evaporation (PE); this method is frequently used in Israel and Spain’s irrigation districts [
Mexico is introducing automated weather stations, especially in the northern part of the country; however, few users have access to the technology or the economic resources to acquire this type of stations. For this reason, developing simple and economic alternatives that allow the calculus of the ET value with an adequate precision is mandatory, either for administrating water resources and designing hydraulic projects or, in the case of irrigation engineering, for the correct determination of the irrigation frequency schedule. The Penman-Mon- teith is one of the most reliable methods but it needs data that either is not available for the user or inexistent. A version of the PM equation [
where:
ETo = Referenced crop evapotranspiration (mm・h−1)
Rn = Net radiation on crop’s surface (MJ・m−2・h−1)
G = Sensible heat flux from soil (MJ・m−2・h−1)
Cn = Numerator constant with changes reference type and calculation time step (Cn = 900, daily)
Cd = Denominator constant with changes reference type and calculation time step (Cd = 0.34, daily)
T2 = Hourly average air temperature at 2 m over the ground (˚C)
U2 = Hourly wind velocity at 2 m over ground (ms−1)
The values es and ea are calculated using the maximum and minimum temperature per hour. G value is estimated during the day with the following expression [
And during the night with:
These equations were validated using grass as the referenced crop, with a height of 0.12 m and a surface resistance of rc = 70 sm−1 y α = 0.23 (albedo).
On the other hand a simple way to calculate ET is by the use of the evapotranspiration equation that relates ET with Ev through a pan evaporation coefficient (Kp). According to [
where:
ETo = evapotranspiration of the reference crop (mm)
Ev = evaporation of the class-A pan evaporimeter (mm)
According to [
Sixty weather observatories were located and analyzed through the country. This information was obtained from The Climate Normals (1941-1970), elaborated by the now extinct Department of Agriculture and Hydraulic Resources [
On the other hand, the monthly evaporation (Ev) values in each observatory were obtained (see
Matched 1 and 5:
Class A, Pan Evaporimeter | Case A | Case B | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pan Surrounded by a Low Vegetal Cover | Pan A, Rainfed Fallow | |||||||
Average Relative Humidity % | Low < 40% | Medium | High | Low < 40% | Medium | High | ||
40% - 70% | >70% | 40% - 70% | >70% | |||||
Winds | Distance Upwind from the Green Cover (m) | Distance Upwind from Fallow Rainfed (m) | ||||||
km・d−1 | ||||||||
Weak | 0 | 0.55 | 0.65 | 0.75 | 0 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.85 |
<175 | 10 | 0.65 | 0.75 | 0.85 | 10 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 |
100 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.85 | 100 | 0.55 | 0.65 | 0.75 | |
1000 | 0.75 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 1000 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | |
Moderate | 0 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.65 | 0 | 0.65 | 0.75 | 0.8 |
175 - 425 | 10 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.75 | 10 | 0.55 | 0.65 | 0.7 |
100 | 0.65 | 0.75 | 0.8 | 100 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.65 | |
1000 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1000 | 0.45 | 0.55 | 0.6 | |
Strong | 0 | 0.45 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.65 | 0.7 |
425 - 700 | 10 | 0.55 | 0.6 | 0.65 | 10 | 0.5 | 0.55 | 0.65 |
100 | 0.6 | 0.65 | 0.7 | 100 | 0.45 | 0.5 | 0.6 | |
1000 | 0.65 | 0.7 | 0.75 | 1000 | 0.4 | 0.45 | 0.55 | |
Muy fuertes | 0 | 0.4 | 0.45 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.65 |
>700 | 10 | 0.45 | 0.55 | 0.6 | 10 | 0.45 | 0.5 | 0.55 |
100 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.65 | 100 | 0.4 | 0.45 | 0.5 | |
1000 | 0.55 | 0.6 | 0.65 | 1000 | 0.35 | 0.4 | 0.45 |
where Fs is equal to equation (1). Thus, the standard monthly Kp values were estimated for each observatory with equation 6, as shown in
With the values from
With clearing Fs from equation 6 and the Kp and ETo data from
With the proposed methodology in this paper, new monthly values for Kp pan evaporation were estimated for the 1941-1970 period of the climatological normals of the Mexican republic. The monthly Kp pan evaporation values have a national coverage. The use of Kp maps or the isolines make the PE not only a simple method but also an applicable one to any latitude of the country. However, it is important to take in consideration that: a) in places above 2700 m over sea level there are no climatological stations (Sierra Madre occidental, sierra Madre del Sur and mountains 2700 meters over sea level, which are represented on the maps with a brown color), and the Kp evaporation pan and ETo results may or may not be precise; therefore they must be used with caution,
JAN | FEB | MAR | APR | MAY | JUN | JUL | AUG | SEP | OCT | NOV | DEC | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACAPULCO, GUERRERO | Longitude: 99˚56' | Latitude: 16˚50' | Altitude: 28 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 26.5 | 26.6 | 26.8 | 27.4 | 28.7 | 28.7 | 28.8 | 29 | 28.3 | 28.3 | 27.8 | 26.9 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 75 | 74 | 74 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 76 | 78 | 78 | 76 | 76 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 7.81 | 8.23 | 7.92 | 6.39 | 6.19 | 6.47 | 6.79 | 6.8 | 5.85 | 6.8 | 8.01 | 7.7 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 265.2 | 280.8 | 319.7 | 339.6 | 308.4 | 292.9 | 282.5 | 267.8 | 273 | 239.3 | 249.7 | 247.1 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 8.6 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 2.5 | 29.4 | 226.9 | 227.9 | 267.3 | 386.7 | 162.6 | 49.6 | 7.8 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 150.07 | 149.33 | 184.71 | 191.27 | 182.5 | 179.87 | 188.47 | 177.29 | 159 | 164.6 | 152.21 | 149.21 |
AGUASCALIENTES, AGUASCALIENTES | Longitude: 102˚18' | Latitude: 21˚53' | Altitude: 1908 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 13.8 | 15.4 | 17.9 | 20.7 | 22.5 | 21.9 | 20.6 | 20.5 | 19.7 | 18.1 | 15.9 | 14 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 57 | 52 | 46 | 43 | 46 | 59 | 65 | 67 | 69 | 64 | 59 | 61 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 7.36 | 8.09 | 8.12 | 8.05 | 8.26 | 7.28 | 7.13 | 7.4 | 6.44 | 7.59 | 7.88 | 6.83 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 194.4 | 228.1 | 302.4 | 232.4 | 206.5 | 147.7 | 114.9 | 119.2 | 123.6 | 121.8 | 132.2 | 132.2 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 16 | 8.3 | 5.7 | 16 | 13.2 | 97.6 | 107 | 108.3 | 93.6 | 40.3 | 11.1 | 20.1 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 130.73 | 166.91 | 237.59 | 264.17 | 279.43 | 224.22 | 190.61 | 185.73 | 161.41 | 156.8 | 137.86 | 118.26 |
CAMPECHE, CAMPECHE | Longitude: 90˚33' | Latitude: 19˚51' | Altitude: 5 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 23.5 | 24.3 | 26.1 | 27.8 | 28.5 | 28.7 | 28 | 28 | 27.7 | 26.7 | 24.8 | 23.6 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 79 | 76 | 73 | 72 | 73 | 75 | 77 | 79 | 80 | 79 | 80 | 80 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 5.99 | 7.08 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 6.87 | 6.26 | 6.33 | 7.15 | 5.55 | 5.8 | 6.02 | 4.91 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 87.3 | 102.8 | 113.2 | 124.4 | 93.3 | 89.8 | 99.4 | 74.3 | 54.4 | 47.5 | 71.7 | 88.1 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 17.2 | 12.5 | 13.2 | 10.1 | 60.5 | 152.4 | 2.06 | 201.4 | 221.2 | 119 | 53.9 | 26.6 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 111.21 | 130.93 | 173.85 | 200.38 | 202.36 | 177.14 | 156.47 | 157 | 139.21 | 137.71 | 112.8 | 105.47 |
CHAPINGO, ESTADO DE MÉXICO | Longitude: 95˚54' | Latitude: 19˚29' | Altitude: 2250 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 11.4 | 13 | 15.5 | 16.9 | 17.3 | 17.3 | 16.2 | 16 | 15.8 | 14.6 | 12.8 | 11.5 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 60 | 55 | 51 | 54 | 62 | 70 | 75 | 76 | 76 | 73 | 69 | 66 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 7.31 | 8.26 | 8.11 | 7.92 | 7.88 | 6.24 | 5.75 | 6.29 | 5.41 | 6.83 | 7.78 | 7.42 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 105.8 | 190.4 | 194.6 | 126.9 | 118.4 | 93.1 | 78.7 | 77.8 | 80.4 | 79.5 | 93.1 | 86.4 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 9 | 4.7 | 10.7 | 32.2 | 66.4 | 109.7 | 123.8 | 115.3 | 104.5 | 46.9 | 15.5 | 5 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 122.3 | 147.1 | 192.3 | 186.5 | 190.3 | 152.5 | 132.2 | 131.1 | 128.3 | 129.5 | 117.4 | 110 |
CHILPANCINGO, GUERRERO | Longitude: 99˚30' | Latitude: 17˚33' | Altitude: 1360 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 19.9 | 20.5 | 21.8 | 22.8 | 23.3 | 22.2 | 21.5 | 21.5 | 21.2 | 21.4 | 20.8 | 19.9 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 75 | 73 | 70 | 69 | 73 | 82 | 84 | 84 | 87 | 82 | 78 | 76 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 6.86 | 7.55 | 7.53 | 6.48 | 5.74 | 4.92 | 5.32 | 5.51 | 4.49 | 5.78 | 6.57 | 6.48 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 277.3 | 394 | 379.3 | 355.1 | 306.7 | 301.5 | 291.2 | 272.2 | 302.4 | 301.1 | 314.5 | 325.5 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 5.6 | 2 | 2.2 | 6.4 | 45.3 | 104.1 | 149 | 116.9 | 146.2 | 51.3 | 18.7 | 1.6 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 125.9 | 135.9 | 179.3 | 184.6 | 161.1 | 119.9 | 104 | 104.6 | 94.1 | 125.1 | 114 | 108.4 |
CHIHUAHUA, CHIHUAHUA | Longitude: 106˚05' | Latitude: 28˚38' | Altitude: 1423 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 9.9 | 12.2 | 15.5 | 20 | 24.1 | 27.1 | 25.6 | 24.9 | 22.6 | 18.9 | 13.8 | 10.1 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 50 | 42 | 35 | 31 | 31 | 36 | 51 | 54 | 57 | 51 | 49 | 51 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 4.93 | 6.33 | 7.49 | 8.44 | 8.6 | 8.25 | 7.74 | 6.37 | 5.19 | 6.46 | 6.15 | 4.93 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 24.1 | 344.7 | 457.9 | 428.5 | 339.6 | 272.2 | 222.9 | 227.2 | 207.1 | 198.7 | 248 | 278.2 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 7.5 | 2.8 | 3 | 3.6 | 10.5 | 34.7 | 76.6 | 79.2 | 52.4 | 17.8 | 5.1 | 7.3 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 145.55 | 163.64 | 277.85 | 311.85 | 306.31 | 285.8 | 205.73 | 160 | 135.5 | 146 | 132.33 | 139.6 |
COLIMA, COLIMA | Longitude: 103˚43' | Latitude: 19˚14' | Altitude: 494 msnm | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 22.7 | 23.1 | 23.7 | 24.9 | 26.2 | 26.3 | 25.6 | 25.5 | 25 | 25.1 | 24.3 | 23.1 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 62 | 60 | 57 | 54 | 57 | 71 | 77 | 78 | 80 | 76 | 70 | 66 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 6.79 | 7.92 | 7.26 | 6.19 | 5.01 | 4.19 | 4.01 | 4.52 | 3.68 | 5.08 | 6.55 | 5.8 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 337 | 397.4 | 449.3 | 423.4 | 422.5 | 380.2 | 319.7 | 328.3 | 341.3 | 328.3 | 384.5 | 263.5 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 21.4 | 15.5 | 8.7 | 3.9 | 7.5 | 145.9 | 215.4 | 191.6 | 212.6 | 118.1 | 13.9 | 18.4 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 165.2 | 175 | 191.5 | 187.1 | 224.2 | 180.9 | 153 | 145.9 | 131.9 | 142.8 | 157.6 | 150.3 |
COMITAN, CHIAPAS | Longitude: 92˚08' | Latitude: 16˚15' | Altitude: 1530 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 15.9 | 16.9 | 18.6 | 19.7 | 19.7 | 19.2 | 18.8 | 19.1 | 18.8 | 17.9 | 16.7 | 16.1 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 80 | 78 | 76 | 77 | 79 | 82 | 81 | 81 | 83 | 84 | 82 | 82 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 6.61 | 6.85 | 7.34 | 6.09 | 5.66 | 5.08 | 5.99 | 6.21 | 5.03 | 4.47 | 5.97 | 6.33 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 224.6 | 287.8 | 272.2 | 237.6 | 207.4 | 194.4 | 190.1 | 155.5 | 207.4 | 211.7 | 194.4 | 211.7 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 6.4 | 6.9 | 12.7 | 38.6 | 112.7 | 206 | 138.6 | 121.6 | 237.4 | 127.2 | 22.2 | 6.1 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 102.55 | 109.24 | 154.14 | 151.9 | 142 | 100.65 | 123.65 | 120.9 | 91.37 | 81.05 | 80.05 | 84.76 |
CORDOBA, VERACRUZ | Longitude: 96˚56' | Latitude: 18˚54' | Altitude: 924 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 17.1 | 18.2 | 20.1 | 22.4 | 23.1 | 22.8 | 21.8 | 22.3 | 21.6 | 20.6 | 18.8 | 17.7 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 81 | 78 | 75 | 72 | 74 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 82 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 2.96 | 3.26 | 3.26 | 2.3 | 2.37 | 3.56 | 3.86 | 4.42 | 3 | 3.21 | 3.08 | 2.9 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 442.2 | 439.5 | 448.4 | 423 | 376.5 | 346.9 | 287.6 | 270.7 | 339.2 | 423 | 431.5 | 423 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 38.9 | 36.5 | 38.4 | 48.3 | 106.5 | 325.8 | 380.3 | 335.2 | 438.1 | 225.8 | 73.3 | 46.4 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 46.65 | 49.81 | 80.8 | 98.71 | 103.05 | 88.2 | 86.4 | 86.43 | 76.77 | 65.64 | 57.68 | 49.14 |
COZUMEL, QUINTANA ROO | Longitude: 86˚57' | Latitude: 20˚31' | Altitude: 3 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 22.8 | 23.2 | 24.5 | 26 | 26.8 | 27.2 | 27.2 | 27.2 | 26.8 | 26 | 24.6 | 23.4 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 84 | 83 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 85 | 86 | 86 | 88 | 87 | 84 | 85 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 6.3 | 7.1 | 6.1 | 6.9 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 7 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 350.8 | 389.7 | 437.2 | 362 | 278.2 | 238.5 | 245.4 | 245.4 | 222 | 259.2 | 349.9 | 345.6 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 90.5 | 56.7 | 40.2 | 42.3 | 118.1 | 180.1 | 109.6 | 151.6 | 230.6 | 219.5 | 96.9 | 111.5 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 106 | 116 | 172 | 185 | 205 | 180 | 200 | 185 | 150 | 138 | 100 | 90 |
CULIACAN, SINALOA | Longitude: 107˚24' | Latitude: 24˚49' | Altitude: 84 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 19.6 | 20.5 | 21.7 | 24.5 | 27.3 | 29.5 | 29.4 | 28.9 | 28.7 | 27.4 | 23.7 | 20.6 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 71 | 65 | 61 | 57 | 57 | 64 | 74 | 79 | 79 | 74 | 68 | 71 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 6.11 | 6.67 | 7.42 | 7.06 | 7.95 | 7.37 | 6.18 | 6.39 | 6.51 | 7.37 | 7.11 | 5.92 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 150.3 | 158.1 | 188.4 | 213.4 | 221.2 | 226.4 | 170.2 | 142.6 | 138.2 | 138.2 | 149.5 | 137.4 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 24.9 | 8.6 | 7 | 2.8 | 0.4 | 25 | 163.7 | 228.8 | 146.5 | 41.2 | 11.2 | 38.9 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 112.5 | 135.1 | 193.9 | 229.9 | 269.8 | 247.1 | 195.9 | 169.6 | 156.3 | 165.4 | 140.8 | 113.8 |
DISTRITO FEDERAL | Longitude: 99˚12' | Latitude: 19˚24' | Altitude: 2308 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 12.6 | 14.4 | 16.6 | 17.6 | 17.8 | 17.3 | 16.1 | 16.2 | 15.7 | 15 | 13.9 | 12.7 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 54 | 48 | 44 | 45 | 53 | 64 | 70 | 72 | 72 | 66 | 61 | 58 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 5.5 | 6.88 | 6.91 | 5.6 | 5.74 | 4.57 | 4.52 | 4.91 | 4.05 | 4.9 | 5.04 | 4.43 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 122.7 | 94.2 | 104.5 | 82.1 | 80.4 | 70.8 | 61.3 | 62.2 | 51.8 | 60.5 | 58.8 | 93.3 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 9.6 | 3.5 | 9.2 | 27.1 | 52.3 | 126.1 | 155.9 | 152.8 | 135.5 | 53.5 | 15.2 | 6.1 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 80.74 | 106 | 161.21 | 155.94 | 145.14 | 115.53 | 93.24 | 9.56 | 83.32 | 80.29 | 73.26 | 64.76 |
DURANGO, DURANGO | Longitude: 101˚40' | Latitude: 24˚02' | Altitude: 1889 msnm | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 11.8 | 13.7 | 16.2 | 19.3 | 21.9 | 22.8 | 21 | 20.5 | 19.7 | 18.8 | 15.4 | 12.6 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 49 | 44 | 36 | 36 | 39 | 49 | 59 | 61 | 62 | 57 | 49 | 52 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 6.71 | 7.57 | 8.49 | 8.26 | 8.28 | 7.86 | 6.78 | 6.51 | 6.55 | 7.28 | 7.3 | 5.82 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 146.9 | 198.7 | 194.4 | 190.1 | 194.4 | 198.7 | 155.5 | 164.2 | 190.1 | 146.9 | 146 | 151.2 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 11.5 | 6.2 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 6.7 | 50.1 | 97.8 | 97.3 | 84 | 32.7 | 6.5 | 11.5 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 162.3 | 185.9 | 246.8 | 246.1 | 262.1 | 183.2 | 142.8 | 139.6 | 122.9 | 173.1 | 172.3 | 137.6 |
GUADALAJARA, JALISCO | Longitude: 103˚23' | Latitude: 20˚40' | Altitude: 1589 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 15.2 | 16.9 | 19.1 | 21.5 | 23.2 | 22.3 | 20.5 | 20.5 | 20.1 | 19 | 17.2 | 15.5 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 52 | 46 | 41 | 37 | 42 | 61 | 71 | 73 | 73 | 66 | 58 | 56 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 6.57 | 8.05 | 8.53 | 8.64 | 9.04 | 7.12 | 6.52 | 6.89 | 6.23 | 6.99 | 7.46 | 6.12 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 286 | 349.9 | 381 | 374.1 | 299.8 | 241.1 | 206.5 | 178.8 | 210 | 185.8 | 216.9 | 212.5 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 12.7 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 8.7 | 24.6 | 164.6 | 250.3 | 195.6 | 148.8 | 59.7 | 11.3 | 13.2 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 130.3 | 165.1 | 231 | 257.3 | 272.5 | 202 | 158.8 | 146.5 | 128 | 130.9 | 122.8 | 109.8 |
GUANAJUATO, GUANAJUATO | Longitude: 101˚15' | Latitude: 21˚01' | Altitude: 2050 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 14.1 | 15.8 | 18.2 | 20.3 | 21 | 20.1 | 19 | 19.1 | 18.3 | 17.6 | 16 | 14.6 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 47 | 40 | 34 | 34 | 41 | 56 | 60 | 60 | 62 | 56 | 52 | 50 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 7.82 | 8.97 | 9.23 | 8.83 | 8.19 | 7.12 | 7.02 | 7.74 | 6.67 | 7.97 | 8.22 | 7.04 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 273.9 | 38.7 | 383.6 | 262.7 | 220.3 | 270.4 | 259.2 | 252.3 | 324.9 | 253.2 | 255.7 | 242.8 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 11.6 | 3.7 | 4.6 | 20.8 | 33.1 | 129.2 | 121.2 | 118.1 | 119.8 | 42.9 | 16.2 | 10.5 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 138.9 | 168.4 | 232.9 | 258.3 | 250.7 | 204.9 | 181.6 | 180.8 | 170.2 | 174.1 | 149.2 | 132.7 |
GUAYMAS, SONORA | Longitude: 110˚54' | Latitude: 27˚55' | Altitude: 44 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 18.3 | 19.2 | 20.7 | 23.5 | 26.4 | 29.5 | 31.2 | 31.2 | 30.8 | 27.7 | 22.4 | 19.3 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 51 | 47 | 45 | 44 | 45 | 55 | 64 | 66 | 62 | 54 | 51 | 50 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 6.49 | 7.65 | 7.52 | 8.75 | 9.65 | 10.23 | 8.22 | 8.02 | 7.92 | 8.23 | 7.29 | 6.31 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 42.3 | 32.8 | 52.7 | 81.2 | 75.2 | 102 | 83.8 | 56.2 | 46.7 | 42.3 | 30.2 | 33.7 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 14.9 | 6.1 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 45.5 | 58.7 | 37.4 | 24.1 | 8.4 | 16.9 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 97.59 | 117.44 | 175.93 | 225.29 | 263.65 | 275.12 | 240.24 | 206.69 | 190 | 156.08 | 111.53 | 83.56 |
HERMOSILLO, SONORA | Longitude: 110˚58' | Latitude: 29˚04' | Altitude: 237 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 16.4 | 17.8 | 19.9 | 23.9 | 27.2 | 31.3 | 32.3 | 31.4 | 30.9 | 26.9 | 20.9 | 17.1 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 50 | 43 | 40 | 34 | 30 | 34 | 48 | 53 | 48 | 42 | 45 | 49 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 5.57 | 6.56 | 6.92 | 7.46 | 8.79 | 8.63 | 7.37 | 7.81 | 7.03 | 8.15 | 6.47 | 6.18 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 25.1 | 32 | 44.1 | 29.4 | 36.3 | 32.8 | 15.6 | 14.7 | 23.3 | 14.7 | 13.8 | 21.6 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 15.4 | 5.6 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 0.3 | 6.5 | 73.7 | 77.6 | 27.2 | 14.6 | 5.3 | 14.2 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 97.65 | 127.4 | 180.8 | 231.29 | 292.68 | 329.35 | 285.55 | 240.76 | 216.16 | 182.15 | 125.6 | 95.35 |
JALAPA, VERACRUZ | Longitude: 96˚55' | Latitude: 19˚32' | Altitude: 1427 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 14.8 | 15.7 | 17.8 | 20.1 | 20.4 | 20 | 19.4 | 19.7 | 19.2 | 17.9 | 16.4 | 15.3 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 79 | 77 | 74 | 73 | 76 | 81 | 80 | 79 | 83 | 82 | 79 | 78 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 4.36 | 4.88 | 4.61 | 4.51 | 4.46 | 4.17 | 4.77 | 5.26 | 3.74 | 3.98 | 4.5 | 4.23 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 465.3 | 507.6 | 516.1 | 465.3 | 401.9 | 372.2 | 291.9 | 275 | 346.9 | 431.5 | 461.1 | 444.2 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 43.2 | 46.1 | 54.7 | 59.8 | 101.8 | 265.8 | 209.1 | 183.5 | 260 | 128.3 | 60.4 | 41.3 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 85.8 | 87.4 | 117.3 | 137.5 | 132.2 | 121.5 | 112.9 | 121.5 | 94.1 | 96.2 | 87.2 | 82.5 |
LAGOS DE MORENO, JALISCO | Longitude: 101˚55' | Latitude: 21˚21' | Altitude: 1942 msnm | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 13.8 | 15.5 | 18.1 | 20.7 | 22.2 | 21.4 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 19 | 17.8 | 15.9 | 14.2 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 55 | 49 | 43 | 44 | 47 | 62 | 69 | 71 | 71 | 66 | 61 | 60 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 7.54 | 8 | 8.63 | 9.41 | 9.56 | 8.1 | 7.5 | 7.36 | 6.7 | 7.79 | 8.55 | 7.04 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 169.2 | 220 | 279.2 | 211.5 | 165 | 146.9 | 126.9 | 126.9 | 146.9 | 118.4 | 110 | 118.4 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 13 | 6.3 | 4.6 | 9.1 | 24.6 | 94.4 | 109.3 | 108.2 | 98.9 | 44.3 | 11.3 | 11.3 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 94 | 126 | 193 | 217 | 243 | 175 | 138 | 132 | 111 | 105 | 89 | 80 |
LA PAZ, BAJA CALFORNIA | Longitude: 110˚25' | Latitude: 24˚10' | Altitude: 10 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 17.9 | 18.8 | 19.9 | 22.2 | 24.6 | 26.5 | 29.2 | 29.7 | 29.1 | 26.6 | 22.9 | 19.5 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 69 | 62 | 62 | 61 | 60 | 59 | 60 | 64 | 65 | 64 | 64 | 65 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 7 | 7.11 | 6.65 | 6.8 | 7.1 | 7.07 | 6.84 | 6.58 | 6.7 | 6.84 | 7.07 | 6.42 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 290.3 | 284.3 | 215.1 | 274.8 | 248 | 227.2 | 182.3 | 199.6 | 214.3 | 221.2 | 265.2 | 292 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 14.7 | 3.5 | 2 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 2.4 | 13.2 | 36.4 | 65.3 | 12.7 | 5.4 | 20.1 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 169.2 | 155.9 | 184.8 | 172.8 | 173.2 | 170.2 | 182.9 | 192.3 | 182.8 | 182.8 | 172.9 | 173.5 |
LEON, GUANAJUATO | Longitude: 101˚41' | Latitude: 21˚07' | Altitude: 1885 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 15.5 | 17.1 | 19.8 | 22.2 | 23.5 | 22.2 | 20.8 | 20.8 | 20.4 | 19.2 | 17.5 | 15.8 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 60 | 55 | 49 | 47 | 51 | 61 | 66 | 67 | 67 | 63 | 59 | 61 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 5.52 | 5.95 | 5.7 | 4.86 | 5.33 | 4.72 | 4.82 | 5.21 | 4.72 | 5.66 | 6.05 | 5.15 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 127 | 19.8 | 222 | 182.3 | 125.3 | 130.5 | 114.9 | 108 | 121 | 101.1 | 109.7 | 104.5 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 10.7 | 5.3 | 5.7 | 7.8 | 28 | 117.8 | 12.9 | 138 | 109.5 | 45.7 | 13.6 | 10 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 183.8 | 212 | 287.3 | 324.8 | 328 | 257.1 | 230 | 214 | 199.8 | 206.7 | 181.6 | 172.2 |
LERDO, DURANGO | Longitude: 103˚31' | Latitude: 25˚32' | Altitude: 1135 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 12.9 | 15.7 | 19.1 | 23.4 | 26.3 | 27.8 | 27.2 | 26.5 | 24.4 | 21.1 | 16.4 | 13.7 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 47 | 38 | 33 | 31 | 32 | 41 | 46 | 49 | 55 | 53 | 48 | 50 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 6.71 | 6.82 | 6.48 | 6.6 | 5.68 | 6.73 | 6.48 | 6.19 | 6.27 | 6.48 | 7 | 6.42 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 173.7 | 184.9 | 184.9 | 118.4 | 167.6 | 171.9 | 159.8 | 146.9 | 164.2 | 146 | 158.1 | 158 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 10.5 | 6.2 | 3.9 | 5.9 | 15 | 29.4 | 34.5 | 40 | 54.3 | 28.5 | 7.7 | 8.2 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 100 | 134.4 | 199.9 | 236.4 | 271.4 | 259 | 244.2 | 221.5 | 170.4 | 139.1 | 108.5 | 88.6 |
MAZATLAN, SINALOA | Longitude: 106˚25' | Latitude: 23˚12' | Altitude: 3 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 20.1 | 20 | 20.3 | 22.2 | 24.7 | 27.2 | 28.1 | 28.4 | 28.1 | 27.1 | 24.1 | 21.5 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 76 | 75 | 77 | 76 | 76 | 75 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 78 | 73 | 73 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 6.14 | 6.97 | 7.91 | 8.34 | 8.86 | 8.17 | 6.8 | 6.93 | 6.23 | 7.58 | 6.99 | 5.89 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 190.9 | 239.3 | 229 | 235.9 | 215.1 | 234.1 | 204.8 | 176.3 | 274.8 | 219.5 | 203 | 163.3 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 15.7 | 4.2 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 0.4 | 31.3 | 153.7 | 203.9 | 227.8 | 75.3 | 14.1 | 15.2 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 78.22 | 94.88 | 140.3 | 163 | 181.07 | 166.17 | 144.57 | 118.07 | 102.21 | 100.63 | 91.79 | 71.59 |
MERIDA, YUCATAN | Longitude: 89˚39' | Latitude: 20˚59' | Altitude: 9 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 23 | 23.7 | 25.8 | 27.4 | 28 | 27.8 | 27.4 | 27.5 | 27.1 | 25.9 | 24.2 | 23.2 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 73 | 69 | 66 | 65 | 67 | 73 | 76 | 76 | 79 | 78 | 75 | 74 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 5.58 | 5.76 | 6.38 | 6.55 | 7.4 | 7.01 | 6.95 | 6.93 | 6.06 | 5.75 | 5.84 | 5.64 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 161.6 | 199.6 | 221.2 | 224.6 | 210.8 | 192.7 | 159 | 108 | 95 | 136.5 | 187.5 | 160.7 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 31.4 | 28.3 | 15.4 | 15.8 | 73.5 | 129.5 | 128.3 | 154.4 | 197.3 | 112.5 | 35.1 | 35.3 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 142 | 146.5 | 193.5 | 206.7 | 222.6 | 190.8 | 186.9 | 185.3 | 158.2 | 154.3 | 145.7 | 138.4 |
MORELIA, MICHOACAN | Longitude: 101˚11' | Latitude: 15˚42' | Altitude: 1941 msnm | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 14.4 | 16.1 | 18.3 | 20.1 | 20.9 | 20 | 18.7 | 18.6 | 18.4 | 17.5 | 16 | 14.7 | ||
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 60 | 5400 | 4900 | 4800 | 5400 | 6700 | 7200 | 7200 | 7300 | 6900 | 6600 | 6500 | ||
INSOLATION (Hs) | 5.89 | 6.7 | 7.08 | 6.34 | 5.96 | 5.01 | 4.92 | 5.66 | 6.22 | 6.02 | 6.31 | 5.4 | ||
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 189.2 | 250.6 | 249.7 | 178.8 | 145.2 | 135.6 | 103.7 | 143.4 | 164.2 | 165.9 | 204.8 | 163.3 | ||
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 14.9 | 5.2 | 4.2 | 17.3 | 43.4 | 144.9 | 170.4 | 155.9 | 132.9 | 58.7 | 16 | 12.2 | ||
EVAPORATION (mm) | 108 | 130 | 187 | 203 | 206 | 158 | 136 | 133 | 117 | 117 | 111 | 95 | ||
MONTERREY, NUEVO LEON | Longitude: 100˚18' | Latitude: 25˚40' | Altitude: 536 msnm | |||||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 14.9 | 16.9 | 20 | 24 | 26 | 27.7 | 28.4 | 28.2 | 25.8 | 22.3 | 18.1 | 15.7 | ||
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 66 | 65 | 61 | 63 | 66 | 66 | 63 | 65 | 70 | 71 | 70 | 68 | ||
INSOLATION (Hs) | 3.8 | 4.15 | 4.68 | 4.39 | 5.23 | 613 | 6.76 | 6.2 | 4.74 | 4.05 | 4.11 | 3.69 | ||
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 165 | 238.5 | 3.43 | 309.3 | 315.4 | 391.4 | 395.7 | 366.3 | 234.1 | 184 | 129.3 | 129.3 | ||
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 13 | 19.9 | 15.4 | 27.7 | 34.8 | 63.3 | 46 | 96.2 | 152.2 | 85.1 | 23.2 | 11.1 | ||
EVAPORATION (mm) | 107 | 119 | 183 | 190 | 196 | 222 | 235 | 221 | 164 | 133 | 109 | 94 | ||
OAXACA, OAXACA | Longitude: 96˚43' | Latitude: 17˚04' | Altitude: 1550 msnm | |||||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 18.3 | 19.7 | 21.9 | 23.2 | 23.3 | 21.9 | 21.1 | 21.3 | 20.7 | 20 | 19.1 | 18.3 | ||
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 52 | 48 | 47 | 48 | 53 | 61 | 61 | 61 | 65 | 61 | 57 | 53 | ||
INSOLATION (Hs) | 6.42 | 7.77 | 6.64 | 4.24 | 5.22 | 4.72 | 4.7 | 4.36 | 3.52 | 5.31 | 6.34 | 5.88 | ||
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 210 | 209.1 | 220.1 | 232.4 | 203 | 200.4 | 179.7 | 189.2 | 210 | 239.3 | 216 | 189.2 | ||
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 3.4 | 2.7 | 6.8 | 26.1 | 69.8 | 133.9 | 79.7 | 99.9 | 122.9 | 49.7 | 7.1 | 4 | ||
EVAPORATION (mm) | 118 | 146 | 200 | 204 | 189 | 140 | 127 | 128 | 111 | 126 | 118 | 112 | ||
ORIZABA, VERACRUZ | Longitude: 97˚06' | Latitude: 18˚51' | Altitude: 1284 msnm | |||||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 16.1 | 17.1 | 19.2 | 21.2 | 21.6 | 21.1 | 20.2 | 20.6 | 20.3 | 19 | 17.5 | 16.5 | ||
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 77 | 74 | 71 | 68 | 72 | 78 | 80 | 78 | 81 | 82 | 80 | 78 | ||
INSOLATION (Hs) | 4.47 | 4.59 | 4.39 | 3.82 | 3.39 | 4.06 | 4.45 | 4.76 | 3.9 | 4.45 | 4.18 | 4.29 | ||
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 380.7 | 414.5 | 414.5 | 380.7 | 329.9 | 308.8 | 353.8 | 249.6 | 304.6 | 380.7 | 384.9 | 372.2 | ||
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 42.4 | 33.6 | 34.3 | 40.7 | 119.3 | 395.7 | 421.5 | 353.5 | 357.4 | 200.1 | 75.5 | 42.7 | ||
EVAPORATION (mm) | 66.85 | 77.5 | 125.69 | 137.5 | 128 | 106.75 | 109.17 | 104.82 | 101.55 | 87.75 | 77.17 | 66 | ||
PACHUCA, HIDALGO | Longitude: 98˚44' | Latitude: 20˚08' | Altitude: 2426 msnm | |||||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 12 | 13.3 | 15.4 | 16.4 | 16.1 | 15.4 | 14.5 | 14.7 | 14.1 | 13.5 | 12.6 | 12.1 | ||
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 61 | 56 | 52 | 54 | 61 | 70 | 74 | 74 | 77 | 72 | 67 | 68 | ||
INSOLATION (Hs) | 7.88 | 8.38 | 7.94 | 7.5 | 8.02 | 6.91 | 6.99 | 7.38 | 6.03 | 7.24 | 7.81 | 7.48 | ||
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 194.4 | 267.8 | 280.8 | 194.4 | 155.5 | 129.6 | 112.3 | 99.4 | 121 | 125.3 | 138.2 | 164.2 | ||
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 10.9 | 6.1 | 11 | 30.6 | 38.9 | 64.9 | 43.5 | 48.2 | 68.2 | 31.8 | 11.6 | 5.9 | ||
EVAPORATION (mm) | 106.93 | 128.77 | 169.85 | 173 | 180.83 | 143.38 | 134.95 | 143.2 | 123.33 | 124 | 104.88 | 101.64 | ||
PIEDRAS NEGRAS, COAHUILA | Longitud: 100˚31' | Latitud: 28˚42' | Altitude: 220 msnm | |||||||||||
TEMPERATURA (˚C) | 11.1 | 14.2 | 18.2 | 22.8 | 26.4 | 29.6 | 30.7 | 30.3 | 27.2 | 22.2 | 15.6 | 11.6 | ||
HUMEDAD RELATIVA (%) | 69 | 66 | 60 | 62 | 66 | 63 | 62 | 64 | 69 | 71 | 71 | 72 | ||
PROGRESO, YUCATAN | Longitud: 89˚39' | Latitud: 21˚18' | Altitude: 8 msnm | |||||||||||
TEMPERATURA (˚C) | 22.7 | 23.2 | 24.7 | 26.1 | 26.7 | 27.2 | 27 | 27.1 | 27.1 | 26.5 | 24.6 | 23.3 | ||
HUMEDAD RELATIVA (%) | 77 | 74 | 73 | 74 | 77 | 80 | 82 | 83 | 81 | 77 | 75 | 77 | ||
INSOLACION (Hs) | 6.4 | 6.84 | 6.42 | 6.18 | 6.96 | 7.51 | 7.65 | 7.47 | 6.72 | 6.64 | 6.44 | 6.34 | ||
VELOCIDAD DEL VIENTO (Km/h) | 190.4 | 220 | 245.3 | 241.1 | 220 | 194.6 | 169.2 | 126.9 | 114.2 | 146.9 | 207.3 | 186.1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PRECIPITACION (mm) | 17.5 | 14.9 | 5.6 | 4.6 | 29.9 | 53.4 | 38.1 | 50.6 | 90.2 | 64.5 | 29.8 | 24.9 |
EVAPORACION (mm) | 83.57 | 97.71 | 144.25 | 171.55 | 182.61 | 160.65 | 152.65 | 145.61 | 130.13 | 123.45 | 93.19 | 84.09 |
PUEBLA, PUEBLA | Longitud: 98˚12' | Latitud: 19˚02' | Altitude: 2162 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURA (˚C) | 14 | 15.5 | 17.7 | 18.8 | 19.2 | 18.3 | 17.4 | 17.8 | 17.2 | 16.6 | 15.5 | 14.1 |
HUMEDAD RELATIVA (%) | 54 | 49 | 43 | 45 | 54 | 64 | 66 | 67 | 70 | 65 | 59 | 57 |
INSOLACION (Hs) | 7.72 | 8.48 | 8.28 | 8.03 | 7.59 | 6.82 | 6.71 | 7.19 | 5.69 | 7.16 | 7.67 | 7.55 |
VELOCIDAD DEL VIENTO (Km/h) | 149.5 | 169.3 | 152.9 | 134.8 | 125.3 | 126.1 | 108 | 107.1 | 137.4 | 109.7 | 146.9 | 121 |
PRECIPITACION (mm) | 7.6 | 5 | 6.1 | 27.5 | 70.3 | 147.2 | 128.3 | 162.1 | 159.2 | 72.5 | 22.6 | 6 |
EVAPORACION (mm) | 133.8 | 153.6 | 217.2 | 206.8 | 179.6 | 124.6 | 124.1 | 119.9 | 101 | 123.5 | 120.1 | 119.9 |
RIO VERDE, SAN LUIS POTOSI | Longitude: 100˚00' | Latitude: 21˚58' | Altitude: 987 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 15.3 | 17.7 | 20.3 | 23.3 | 21.9 | 25 | 24 | 24 | 22.8 | 20.3 | 17.7 | 15.8 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 73 | 70 | 64 | 64 | 66 | 69 | 73 | 72 | 77 | 76 | 76 | 75 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 5.29 | 5.91 | 6.15 | 5.84 | 6.35 | 6.24 | 6.62 | 6.69 | 5.33 | 5.39 | 5.37 | 5.1 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 167.5 | 236.9 | 287.6 | 203 | 60.7 | 165 | 144.7 | 146.4 | 145.5 | 118.4 | 122.7 | 118.4 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 10.3 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 20.1 | 31.5 | 79.1 | 63.4 | 77.9 | 104.4 | 57.2 | 17.6 | 10.3 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 72 | 95.63 | 148.79 | 168.11 | 173.55 | 164.5 | 148.06 | 144.95 | 113.45 | 96.05 | 73.89 | 63.65 |
SALINAS CRUZ, OAXACA | Longitude: 95˚12' | Latitude: 16˚10' | Altitude: 6 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 25.5 | 25.9 | 27.1 | 28.7 | 29.8 | 28.6 | 28.7 | 28.8 | 27.8 | 27.5 | 26.8 | 26 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 62 | 64 | 68 | 68 | 66 | 74 | 69 | 70 | 74 | 67 | 62 | 62 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 8.02 | 9.09 | 9.07 | 7.55 | 6.95 | 5.38 | 6.27 | 6.94 | 5.24 | 7.35 | 8.3 | 7.71 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 550.4 | 500.3 | 487.3 | 418.2 | 409.5 | 300.7 | 368.1 | 387.9 | 362 | 489 | 490.8 | 541.7 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 4.3 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 37.3 | 266.2 | 176.2 | 190.9 | 259.6 | 95.8 | 22 | 4.2 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 175.5 | 194.75 | 186.6 | 187 | 197 | 150.4 | 183.25 | 158.8 | 146.6 | 170.5 | 168 | 153.33 |
SALTILLO, COAHUILA | Longitude: 100˚59' | Latitude: 25˚27' | Altitude: 1609 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 11.7 | 13.6 | 15.7 | 19.6 | 21.5 | 22.7 | 22.6 | 22.2 | 19.9 | 17.4 | 14.4 | 12.6 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 62 | 59 | 54 | 54 | 58 | 62 | 65 | 68 | 72 | 70 | 64 | 62 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 5 | 5.85 | 6.11 | 5.58 | 6.09 | 6.69 | 6.35 | 6.37 | 5.64 | 6.07 | 5.71 | 4.54 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 171.1 | 241.9 | 335.2 | 298.1 | 299.8 | 354.2 | 353.4 | 341.3 | 224.6 | 181.4 | 156.4 | 157.2 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 9.2 | 10.6 | 5.8 | 11.4 | 22.9 | 35.3 | 39.2 | 43.7 | 46.8 | 23.2 | 10.7 | 10.6 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 117 | 141.2 | 204.3 | 230.1 | 252.5 | 240.9 | 223.3 | 214.9 | 162.3 | 138.5 | 114.3 | 109.9 |
SAN CRISTOBAL DE LAS CASAS, CHIAPAS | Longitude: 92˚38' | Latitude: 16˚44' | Altitude: 2276 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 12.3 | 13 | 14.1 | 15.2 | 15.4 | 15.6 | 15.7 | 15.6 | 15.2 | 14.4 | 13.7 | 12.3 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 81 | 79 | 78 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 80 | 81 | 81 | 81 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 6.88 | 7.16 | 6.24 | 5.67 | 5.21 | 4.49 | 5.5 | 5.87 | 3.85 | 5.12 | 6.09 | 6.32 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 300.7 | 311 | 308.4 | 280.8 | 246.2 | 220.3 | 220.3 | 224.6 | 233.3 | 267.8 | 254.9 | 276.5 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 8 | 8.4 | 17.6 | 56.5 | 116.3 | 240.8 | 165.7 | 174.8 | 242.4 | 121.8 | 35 | 13.3 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 81 | 79 | 112 | 116 | 106 | 89 | 103 | 106 | 82 | 69 | 65 | 68 |
TAMPICO, TAMAULIPAS | Longitude: 97˚51' | Latitude: 22˚13' | Altitude: 12 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 18.5 | 20 | 21.8 | 24.8 | 26.8 | 27.5 | 27.9 | 28.2 | 27.3 | 26 | 22.2 | 19.9 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 81 | 81 | 80 | 82 | 81 | 82 | 80 | 80 | 81 | 79 | 79 | 80 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 5.9 | 6.6 | 5.6 | 6 | 5.9 | 6 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 5.8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 305 | 437.2 | 511.2 | 443.2 | 409.5 | 328.3 | 285.1 | 249 | 279.9 | 275.6 | 288.6 | 279.9 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 28.5 | 15.6 | 13.6 | 20.7 | 41.8 | 128.6 | 122 | 123.9 | 286.5 | 132.3 | 47.6 | 24.8 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 95 | 105 | 130 | 124 | 125 | 90 | 93 | 90 | 80 | 83 | 80 | 83 |
TAPACHULA, CHIAPAS | Longitude: 92˚16' | Latitude: 14˚51' | Altitude: 182 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 25.6 | 26.2 | 27.1 | 27.6 | 27 | 26 | 26.1 | 26.2 | 25.6 | 25.6 | 25.8 | 25.5 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 67 | 65 | 66 | 70 | 75 | 79 | 77 | 77 | 80 | 79 | 75 | 70 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 6.75 | 6.57 | 5.28 | 3.76 | 4.66 | 4.46 | 5.02 | 5.17 | 4.15 | 5 | 6.23 | 6.13 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 165 | 228.1 | 235.9 | 195.3 | 158.1 | 159.8 | 148.6 | 169.3 | 176.3 | 148.6 | 120.1 | 130.5 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 4.9 | 5 | 34.6 | 103.2 | 293 | 428.3 | 366.7 | 337.2 | 488.5 | 402.3 | 72 | 16.7 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 95 | 101 | 119 | 107 | 99 | 78 | 85 | 83 | 73 | 76 | 74 | 80 |
TLAXCALA, TLAXCALA | Longitude: 98˚14' | Latitude: 19˚19' | Altitude: 2252 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 13.9 | 15.2 | 17.4 | 18.6 | 18.5 | 18 | 17.1 | 17.3 | 17.1 | 16.6 | 15.3 | 14.3 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 50 | 46 | 43 | 46 | 53 | 64 | 66 | 66 | 67 | 60 | 55 | 53 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 6.24 | 6.49 | 5.82 | 4.72 | 5.54 | 4.96 | 4.96 | 4.94 | 4.53 | 5.93 | 6.66 | 6.28 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 232.4 | 389.7 | 357.7 | 216 | 164.2 | 120.1 | 96.8 | 95 | 129.6 | 114 | 162.4 | 198.7 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 7 | 5.8 | 6.7 | 27 | 82.7 | 149 | 158.4 | 153.5 | 134.6 | 62.1 | 23.4 | 9.4 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 123.28 | 144.72 | 204.09 | 196.52 | 187.67 | 152.33 | 141.43 | 137.68 | 117.83 | 137.33 | 122.26 | 108.46 |
TOLUCA, ESTADO DE MEXICO | Longitude: 99˚40' | Latitude: 19˚18' | Altitude: 2680 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 10 | 11.5 | 13.2 | 14.5 | 14.8 | 14.3 | 13.3 | 13.3 | 13.2 | 12.6 | 11.4 | 10.4 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 57 | 53 | 49 | 5.1 | 61 | 72 | 75 | 74 | 76 | 70 | 64 | 62 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 6.34 | 6.88 | 6.43 | 5.4 | 5.55 | 4.87 | 4.96 | 4.96 | 4.19 | 5.36 | 6.08 | 5.67 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 241.9 | 280.8 | 286 | 254.9 | 210 | 294.6 | 235.9 | 209.1 | 225.5 | 200.4 | 210.8 | 201.3 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 9.4 | 4.3 | 11 | 27 | 66.1 | 139.8 | 149.6 | 153.6 | 118.8 | 60.5 | 23.1 | 9.2 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 105 | 123 | 177 | 178 | 160 | 125 | 112 | 108 | 100 | 105 | 97 | 92 |
TULANCINGO, GUERRERO | Longitude: 98˚22' | Latitude: 20˚05' | Altitude: 2222 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 12 | 13.3 | 15.8 | 17.1 | 17.3 | 17.1 | 16.1 | 16.1 | 15.5 | 14.2 | 13 | 12 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 72 | 69 | 66 | 66 | 70 | 79 | 81 | 81 | 84 | 81 | 78 | 75 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 6.8 | 7.62 | 7.11 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 6.49 | 6.18 | 6.62 | 4.88 | 6.03 | 6.67 | 6.44 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 237.6 | 324 | 328.3 | 237.6 | 194.4 | 159.8 | 127.9 | 121 | 146.9 | 152.3 | 169.2 | 203 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 9.5 | 7.2 | 11 | 29.2 | 49.8 | 91 | 62.7 | 68.7 | 127.3 | 53.1 | 23.4 | 10.1 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 89 | 106 | 168 | 172 | 169 | 131 | 117 | 118 | 98 | 91 | 80 | 80 |
TUXTLA GUTIERREZ, CHIAPAS | Longitude: 93˚07' | Latitude: 16˚45' | Altitude: 528 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 22.2 | 23 | 25 | 26.2 | 26.8 | 25.5 | 25.2 | 25.1 | 24.8 | 24 | 23 | 22.1 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 76 | 73 | 70 | 68 | 71 | 77 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 77 | 76 | 76 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 5.54 | 6.66 | 6.12 | 4.6 | 5.2 | 4.78 | 5.5 | 5.07 | 4.29 | 4.95 | 5.81 | 5.56 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 345.6 | 354.2 | 349.9 | 315.4 | 280.8 | 241.9 | 246.2 | 254.9 | 263.5 | 311 | 302.4 | 328.3 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 0.5 | 1.4 | 18.9 | 9.1 | 68.1 | 184.9 | 148 | 159 | 188.3 | 58.6 | 12.2 | 0 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 112.97 | 130.52 | 138.32 | 189.87 | 183.19 | 118.87 | 113.16 | 115.47 | 91.9 | 100.73 | 96.63 | 96.94 |
VERACRUZ, VERACRUZ | Longitude: 96˚08' | Latitude: 19˚12' | Altitude: 16 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 21.45 | 22.1 | 23.4 | 25.8 | 27.4 | 28 | 27.8 | 28.2 | 27.7 | 26.5 | 24.3 | 22.6 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 80 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 79 | 80 | 79 | 78 | 79 | 75 | 77 | 79 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 4.85 | 6.01 | 5.32 | 5.68 | 6.34 | 6.92 | 6.69 | 7.64 | 5.4 | 6.01 | 5.27 | 4.8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 698.1 | 679.1 | 681.7 | 665.3 | 577.2 | 534.5 | 434.6 | 417.3 | 521.9 | 699 | 686.9 | 671.3 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 19.5 | 14.4 | 18.4 | 16 | 64.7 | 272.4 | 386.4 | 298.8 | 354.2 | 174.9 | 62.6 | 27.4 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 79.74 | 88.07 | 123.73 | 137.35 | 138.07 | 125.3 | 105.08 | 114.21 | 107.05 | 103.04 | 88.42 | 78.17 |
ZACATECAS, ZACATECAS | Longitude: 102˚34' | Latitude: 22˚47' | Altitude: 2612 msnm | |||||||||
TEMPERATURE (˚C) | 9.4 | 10.6 | 12.8 | 15.5 | 17 | 16.3 | 14.8 | 14.9 | 13.8 | 13.1 | 11.7 | 9.9 |
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) | 45 | 40 | 33 | 31 | 39 | 60 | 67 | 67 | 73 | 61 | 50 | 51 |
INSOLATION (Hs) | 6.93 | 7.77 | 7.7 | 7.86 | 8.78 | 7.34 | 7.28 | 7.2 | 5.99 | 6.52 | 7.57 | 6.37 |
WIND VELOCITY (Km/h) | 177.1 | 259.2 | 311 | 263.5 | 187.5 | 182.3 | 164.2 | 226.4 | 178.8 | 165.9 | 204.8 | 208.2 |
PRECIPITATION (mm) | 5 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 4.4 | 7.1 | 41.4 | 44 | 61.4 | 45.9 | 22 | 7.4 | 4.7 |
EVAPORATION (mm) | 111 | 152.92 | 217.25 | 232.27 | 241.75 | 208.08 | 152.75 | 170.18 | 169.9 | 168.62 | 127.17 | 107.83 |
Weather Station | Longitude | Latitude | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Annual |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acapulco | −99.93 | 16.83 | 0.83 | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.77 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.80 | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.82 |
Aguascalientes | −102.30 | 21.88 | 0.65 | 0.59 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.62 | 0.61 | 0.63 |
Campeche | −90.55 | 19.85 | 0.73 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.69 | 0.74 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.79 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.70 | 0.74 |
Chapingo | −98.90 | 19.48 | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.70 | 0.77 | 0.78 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.63 | 0.60 | 0.66 |
Chihuahua | −106.08 | 28.63 | 0.50 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.65 | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.78 | 0.69 | 0.55 | 0.74 |
Chilpancingo | −99.50 | 17.55 | 0.77 | 0.79 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 0.83 | 0.90 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 0.96 | 0.80 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 0.85 |
Colima | −103.72 | 19.68 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.95 | 1.00 | 0.84 | 0.79 | 0.83 | 0.86 | 0.82 | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.74 | 0.84 |
Comitan | −92.13 | 16.25 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.73 | 0.72 | 0.77 | 0.97 | 0.85 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.95 | 0.87 | 0.84 |
Cordoba | −96.93 | 18.90 | 1.54 | 1.56 | 1.30 | 1.16 | 1.13 | 1.21 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.14 | 1.32 | 1.26 | 1.42 | 1.26 |
Cozumel | −86.95 | 20.52 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.65 | 0.70 | 0.64 | 0.67 | 0.74 | 0.76 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.74 |
Culiacan | −107.40 | 24.82 | 0.68 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.69 | 0.76 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.72 | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.70 |
Distrito Federal | −99.20 | 19.40 | 0.91 | 0.75 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.77 | 0.84 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.89 | 0.99 | 0.84 |
Durango | −104.67 | 24.03 | 0.46 | 0.49 | 0.53 | 0.60 | 0.64 | 0.87 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.20 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.65 |
Guadalajara | −103.38 | 20.67 | 0.81 | 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.81 | 0.84 | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.78 |
Guanajuato | −101.25 | 21.02 | 0.77 | 0.45 | 0.79 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.72 | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.74 | 0.71 |
Guaymas | −110.90 | 27.92 | 0.58 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.59 | 0.63 | 0.68 | 0.73 | 0.68 | 0.69 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.63 |
Hermosillo | −110.97 | 29.07 | 0.46 | 0.44 | 0.49 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.43 | 0.49 | 0.57 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.48 |
Jalapa | −96.92 | 19.53 | 0.85 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.85 | 0.88 | 0.83 | 0.93 | 0.88 | 0.92 | 0.87 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.88 |
La Paz | −110.42 | 24.17 | 0.54 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.82 | 0.93 | 0.96 | 0.91 | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.76 | 0.67 | 0.58 | 0.76 |
Lagos de Moreno | −101.92 | 21.35 | 0.90 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.73 | 0.68 | 0.79 | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.83 |
León | −101.98 | 21.12 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.45 |
Lerdo | −103.52 | 25.53 | 0.81 | 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.57 | 0.62 | 0.67 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.78 | 0.81 | 0.84 | 0.86 | 0.70 |
Mazatlan | −106.42 | 23.20 | 1.02 | 0.92 | 0.79 | 0.77 | 0.81 | 0.90 | 1.01 | 1.20 | 1.27 | 1.24 | 1.10 | 1.14 | 0.98 |
Mérida | −89.65 | 20.93 | 0.62 | 0.67 | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.69 | 0.65 | 0.62 | 0.71 |
Monterrey | −100.30 | 25.67 | 0.61 | 0.65 | 0.69 | 0.71 | 0.79 | 0.78 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.76 | 0.73 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.74 |
Morelia | −101.18 | 19.70 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.73 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.70 | 0.78 | 0.82 | 0.88 | 0.83 | 0.78 | 0.79 | 0.75 |
Oaxaca | −96.72 | 17.07 | 0.93 | 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.71 | 0.77 | 0.90 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 91.00 | 0.91 | 0.86 |
Orizaba | −97.10 | 18.85 | 1.17 | 1.09 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.92 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.03 | 0.92 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.15 | 0.99 |
Pachuca | −98.73 | 20.13 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.76 | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.75 | 0.79 | 0.74 | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.74 |
Piedras Negras | −100.52 | 28.70 | 0.60 | 0.79 | 0.71 | 0.74 | 0.72 | 0.81 | 0.69 | 0.71 | 0.70 | 0.63 | 0.80 | 0.77 | 0.72 |
Progreso | −89.65 | 21.30 | 1.07 | 1.00 | 0.88 | 0.77 | 0.78 | 0.86 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 1.07 | 1.04 | 0.91 |
Puebla | −98.20 | 19.03 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.59 | 0.64 | 0.74 | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.97 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.74 | 0.66 | 0.75 |
Rio Verde | −100.00 | 21.93 | 0.95 | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.86 |
Salina Cruz | −95.20 | 16.17 | 1.03 | 0.86 | 1.01 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 1.12 | 0.98 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.17 | 1.01 |
Saltillo | −100.98 | 25.45 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.60 | 0.59 | 0.60 | 0.65 | 0.69 | 0.67 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.62 | 0.56 | 0.62 |
San Cristobal | −92.63 | 16.73 | 0.87 | 0.95 | 0.82 | 0.81 | 0.91 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 1.17 | 1.10 | 0.99 | 0.94 |
Tampico | −97.85 | 22.22 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.85 | 0.96 | 1.09 | 1.46 | 1.52 | 1.51 | 1.53 | 1.38 | 1.14 | 0.94 | 1.14 |
Tapachula | −92.27 | 14.92 | 1.23 | 1.24 | 1.21 | 1.17 | 1.26 | 1.43 | 1.41 | 1.48 | 1.45 | 1.39 | 1.36 | 1.29 | 1.31 |
Tlaxcala | −98.23 | 19.32 | 0.79 | 0.30 | 0.74 | 0.65 | 0.67 | 0.69 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.79 | 0.69 | 0.73 | 0.82 | 0.73 |
Toluca | −99.67 | 19.30 | 0.77 | 0.74 | 0.67 | 0.66 | 0.70 | 0.79 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.79 | 0.78 | 0.76 |
Tulancingo | −98.37 | 20.08 | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.72 | 0.80 | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.82 | 0.79 |
Tuxtla Gutierrez | −93.12 | 16.75 | 0.91 | 0.86 | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0.79 | 1.03 | 1.11 | 1.06 | 1.21 | 1.13 | 1.07 | 1.03 | 0.94 |
Veracruz | −96.13 | 19.20 | 1.27 | 1.12 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 1.11 | 1.20 | 1.45 | 1.41 | 1.30 | 1.51 | 1.39 | 1.37 | 1.23 |
Zacatecas | −102.57 | 22.78 | 0.69 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.76 | 0.68 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.63 |
b)The method only uses an average monthly data from 30 years climate normal to estimate ETo values because the monthly data were not available for each year, c)The method uses only 60 weather observatories located mainly in urban areas because in Mexico there are only 60 weather observatories, d) The interpolation method used data of weather observatories located from 3 meters over sea levels (Mazatlán Sinaloa) up 2680 meters over sea level (Toluca, Mexico), e) is important to note that if paper were results used to estimate Kp data for a given Ev, bread surrounding characteristics should be considered as indicated in the last paragraph of index 2.
On the other hand numerous studies suggest that measures must be taken when interpreting the results found with the PE method, because the location, the maintenance of the pan evaporimeter and the Kp estimation influence in the precision of the ET. For example, the size of the evaporimeter has important effects on the Kp factor in dry zones, when these are surrounded by dry and barren surfaces. In humid climates the size of the evaporimeter is less significant, however when it is placed in large crop areas, e.g. in grass crops, its size or may not be of importance [
Estimating ET to determine calendars or water demand remains a main problem in the irrigation districts, even when there are a variety of direct and indirect methods. For example, an indirect and precise method like the Penman-Monteith needs data that in most cases are either not available for the user, or inexistent. The ET calculus through automated weather stations is a direct and precise method, but its elevated cost makes it difficult to use. Automated weather stations have a good precision to measure climatological parameters and calculate ET, though the cost is extremely high as well. There is a simple method to estimate ET using the class A pan evaporimeter (PE), which can perform ET estimations in a simple and economic way (the cost of the PE is 500 American dollars approximately), but if the right Kp pan evaporation values are not used, the accuracy of these estimations will not be satisfactory. This paper presents a method to estimate “Kp pan evaporation and ETo
Weather Station | Longitude | Latitude | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Annual |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acapulco | −99.93 | 16.83 | 124.18 | 126.16 | 153.33 | 146.61 | 151.68 | 148.10 | 154.71 | 154.05 | 133.63 | 126.25 | 126.25 | 119.34 | 1670.40 |
Aguascalientes | −102.30 | 21.88 | 84.91 | 98.64 | 148.30 | 155.96 | 166.89 | 137.36 | 129.59 | 126.27 | 107.31 | 102.58 | 85.10 | 72.69 | 1415.58 |
Campeche | −90.55 | 19.85 | 80.87 | 91.87 | 121.83 | 134.02 | 140.19 | 130.72 | 134.03 | 134.99 | 109.86 | 101.42 | 84.97 | 74.08 | 1338.86 |
Chapingo | −98.90 | 19.48 | 71.26 | 88.80 | 121.06 | 119.71 | 123.96 | 106.05 | 102.32 | 102.07 | 88.11 | 86.79 | 73.96 | 66.09 | 1150.29 |
Chihuahua | −106.08 | 28.63 | 72.98 | 100.27 | 166.73 | 203.74 | 224.89 | 210.40 | 180.40 | 160.31 | 125.87 | 114.22 | 91.51 | 77.17 | 1728.50 |
Chilpancingo | −99.50 | 17.55 | 96.74 | 107.90 | 139.24 | 140.01 | 134.21 | 108.21 | 108.04 | 107.60 | 90.00 | 99.94 | 96.01 | 94.81 | 1322.70 |
Colima | −103.72 | 19.68 | 131.15 | 141.98 | 181.57 | 186.87 | 188.91 | 142.61 | 126.61 | 126.03 | 108.41 | 118.55 | 125.41 | 111.23 | 1689.33 |
Comitan | −92.13 | 16.25 | 78.45 | 83.73 | 112.03 | 109.19 | 109.25 | 97.68 | 105.70 | 106.41 | 91.68 | 82.04 | 76.28 | 73.59 | 1126.02 |
Cordoba | −96.93 | 18.90 | 72.06 | 77.82 | 105.35 | 114.70 | 116.96 | 106.34 | 106.73 | 106.77 | 87.82 | 86.57 | 72.79 | 69.75 | 1123.65 |
Cozumel | −86.95 | 20.52 | 87.83 | 93.63 | 119.92 | 130.53 | 133.45 | 125.11 | 128.54 | 124.72 | 110.96 | 104.94 | 95.87 | 87.85 | 1343.34 |
Culiacan | −107.40 | 24.82 | 76.39 | 86.85 | 126.09 | 148.29 | 177.34 | 170.54 | 148.09 | 137.08 | 123.36 | 119.00 | 96.22 | 75.53 | 1484.86 |
Distrito Federal | −99.20 | 19.40 | 73.72 | 79.18 | 108.97 | 106.03 | 111.91 | 97.11 | 95.45 | 94.54 | 80.59 | 78.78 | 65.37 | 63.94 | 1055.59 |
Durango | −104.67 | 24.03 | 74.35 | 91.49 | 131.99 | 147.70 | 167.46 | 158.64 | 138.25 | 129.69 | 117.65 | 106.70 | 87.17 | 72.51 | 1423.59 |
Guadalajara | −103.38 | 20.67 | 105.68 | 126.55 | 176.57 | 197.79 | 197.73 | 147.08 | 128.00 | 122.74 | 110.12 | 108.54 | 100.29 | 90.44 | 1611.52 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Guanajuato | −101.25 | 21.02 | 107.33 | 75.72 | 183.22 | 173.52 | 168.56 | 147.67 | 141.31 | 141.45 | 127.40 | 123.83 | 107.89 | 98.12 | 1596.01 |
Guaymas | −110.90 | 27.92 | 56.44 | 63.44 | 98.10 | 130.22 | 155.34 | 172.61 | 162.53 | 151.00 | 129.54 | 107.78 | 68.60 | 53.44 | 1349.03 |
Hermosillo | −110.97 | 29.07 | 44.88 | 56.12 | 89.41 | 103.92 | 134.76 | 140.65 | 138.79 | 137.16 | 112.86 | 90.87 | 56.53 | 45.01 | 1150.94 |
Jalapa | −96.92 | 19.53 | 73.07 | 78.58 | 106.58 | 116.42 | 116.13 | 100.39 | 104.89 | 107.32 | 86.95 | 84.10 | 77.89 | 74.04 | 1126.34 |
La Paz | −110.42 | 24.17 | 91.68 | 101.72 | 119.37 | 141.85 | 160.86 | 163.12 | 166.68 | 164.41 | 151.59 | 138.42 | 155.44 | 100.71 | 1615.85 |
Lagos de Moreno | −101.92 | 21.35 | 84.61 | 100.64 | 151.52 | 158.07 | 164.32 | 138.61 | 128.15 | 121.74 | 107.47 | 101.66 | 84.08 | 73.09 | 1413.96 |
León | −101.98 | 21.12 | 75.23 | 91.40 | 130.28 | 132.51 | 132.97 | 119.71 | 115.08 | 112.36 | 100.56 | 95.16 | 80.97 | 69.75 | 1255.99 |
Lerdo | −103.52 | 25.53 | 80.71 | 95.45 | 134.30 | 135.34 | 169.60 | 172.36 | 168.01 | 153.62 | 133.68 | 113.34 | 91.07 | 76.20 | 1523.69 |
Mazatlan | −106.42 | 23.20 | 79.94 | 86.99 | 110.94 | 125.84 | 145.96 | 150.32 | 145.58 | 142.08 | 129.99 | 124.41 | 100.71 | 81.38 | 1424.14 |
Mérida | −89.65 | 20.93 | 88.19 | 98.67 | 137.62 | 151.00 | 163.69 | 146.32 | 142.54 | 135.55 | 114.79 | 106.29 | 94.71 | 85.70 | 1465.07 |
Monterrey | −100.30 | 25.67 | 64.82 | 77.48 | 125.51 | 135.83 | 155.07 | 172.84 | 193.99 | 178.42 | 124.55 | 96.96 | 68.72 | 59.47 | 1453.65 |
Morelia | −101.18 | 19.70 | 83.36 | 100.12 | 136.66 | 132.77 | 131.19 | 111.28 | 105.61 | 109.26 | 103.40 | 97.01 | 86.35 | 74.68 | 1271.71 |
Oaxaca | −96.72 | 17.07 | 109.59 | 118.27 | 149.74 | 144.26 | 146.10 | 126.41 | 124.35 | 122.52 | 108.05 | 118.64 | 107.81 | 101.61 | 1477.36 |
Orizaba | −97.10 | 18.85 | 78.42 | 84.68 | 113.02 | 122.75 | 118.28 | 106.29 | 107.00 | 107.62 | 92.68 | 88.58 | 76.85 | 75.67 | 1172.14 |
Pachuca | −98.73 | 20.13 | 81.22 | 95.62 | 128.82 | 124.43 | 125.82 | 107.83 | 106.59 | 106.04 | 88.45 | 87.39 | 75.83 | 73.96 | 1202.01 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Piedras Negras | −100.52 | 28.70 | 62.90 | 78.68 | 123.82 | 147.31 | 169.94 | 201.55 | 220.34 | 196.67 | 143.70 | 107.35 | 71.12 | 55.72 | 1579.09 |
Progreso | −89.65 | 21.30 | 89.05 | 97.65 | 126.70 | 132.63 | 142.47 | 138.48 | 140.35 | 134.59 | 118.83 | 114.09 | 99.99 | 87.76 | 1422.58 |
Puebla | −98.20 | 19.03 | 87.11 | 98.30 | 128.59 | 131.88 | 132.57 | 117.70 | 115.49 | 116.02 | 98.95 | 97.80 | 88.92 | 79.68 | 1293.01 |
Rio Verde | −100.00 | 21.93 | 68.39 | 82.40 | 124.72 | 128.04 | 131.78 | 130.36 | 132.72 | 130.37 | 104.84 | 91.03 | 71.04 | 62.51 | 1258.21 |
Salina Cruz | −95.20 | 16.17 | 180.48 | 166.23 | 188.67 | 182.02 | 195.97 | 146.01 | 173.62 | 177.82 | 143.44 | 180.15 | 179.18 | 179.23 | 2092.80 |
Saltillo | −100.98 | 25.45 | 64.30 | 79.11 | 122.81 | 135.46 | 151.48 | 156.03 | 154.04 | 143.08 | 107.55 | 92.25 | 71.25 | 62.08 | 1339.44 |
San Cristobal | −92.63 | 16.73 | 70.55 | 74.77 | 92.05 | 94.31 | 96.15 | 89.32 | 97.73 | 100.03 | 81.83 | 80.71 | 71.57 | 67.62 | 1016.12 |
Tampico | −97.85 | 22.22 | 76.03 | 84.11 | 110.06 | 118.85 | 135.95 | 131.55 | 141.63 | 135.92 | 122.36 | 144.65 | 91.29 | 78.36 | 1340.77 |
Tapachula | −92.27 | 14.92 | 116.54 | 125.35 | 143.76 | 124.72 | 124.67 | 111.90 | 119.79 | 122.99 | 105.63 | 106.02 | 101.00 | 102.86 | 1405.23 |
Tlaxcala | −98.23 | 19.32 | 96.99 | 120.56 | 150.82 | 128.44 | 126.05 | 105.83 | 103.97 | 101.42 | 93.49 | 94.68 | 89.43 | 89.10 | 1300.78 |
Toluca | −99.67 | 19.30 | 80.66 | 90.43 | 119.08 | 177.33 | 112.78 | 98.53 | 94.87 | 93.03 | 81.00 | 83.63 | 76.50 | 71.34 | 1119.16 |
Tulancingo | −98.37 | 20.08 | 72.47 | 84.11 | 113.79 | 117.69 | 121.02 | 104.86 | 102.77 | 102.50 | 82.02 | 80.23 | 68.76 | 65.88 | 1116.10 |
Tuxtla Gutierrez | −93.12 | 16.75 | 102.78 | 112.01 | 143.73 | 141.83 | 145.15 | 121.96 | 125.68 | 122.35 | 111.49 | 114.03 | 103.60 | 99.98 | 1444.60 |
Veracruz | −96.13 | 19.20 | 101.49 | 98.20 | 118.99 | 130.98 | 153.16 | 150.64 | 152.68 | 160.68 | 138.75 | 155.51 | 122.79 | 106.78 | 1590.65 |
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Zacatecas | −102.57 | 22.78 | 77.04 | 94.77 | 138.37 | 149.16 | 149.96 | 123.54 | 116.53 | 114.99 | 90.72 | 89.72 | 85.69 | 75.72 | 1306.19 |
monthly maps”, using information from 60 weather observatories included in The Climate Normals (1941-1970) from Mexico, based on the PM method and the class A pan evaporation. Once the Kp values were obtained from each weather observatory, the Kringing method was used. This way, by interpolating data of the triad “latitude, longitude and Kp” and “latitude, longitude and ET”, monthly normalized maps of Kp and ET were established for Mexico, except the upland areas (Sierra Madre Occidental and Sierra Madre Oriental), as well as other highland zones above 2700 meters over sea level, for the highest observatory is located in Toluca, State of Mexico (key 14-0039), at 2680 m over sea level. For their relevance in this paper is presented 12 ETo maps and 12 Kp maps.